Abstract
An updated checklist of the family Burmanniaceae in Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam is provided. The checklist comprises a single genus, Burmannia, and 15 species, of which one is fully autotrophic, six species are partially mycoheterotrophic, and eight species are fully mycoheterotrophic (non-photosynthetic). Burmannia itoana earlier known only from Japan and China is reported from Vietnam for the first time, based on our collections of this species from northern and southern parts of the country. The newly recorded species, as well as a selection of several other Vietnamese species of Burmannia, are illustrated with analytical photographs of floral structure. A key for identification of Burmannia in the countries of Eastern Indochina is presented.
References
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<p>Bolin, J.F., Tennakoon, K.U., Majid, M.B.A. & Cameron, D.D. (2017) Isotopic evidence of partial mycoheterotrophy in <em>Burmannia coelestis</em> (Burmanniaceae). <em>Plant Species Biology</em> 32 (1): 74–80. https://doi.org/10.1111/1442-1984.12116</p>
<p>Cho, S.H., Chhang, P. & Kim, Y.D. (2016) <em>A checklist for the seed plants of Cambodia</em>. National Institute of Biological Resources, Ministry of Environment, Incheon, 272 pp.</p>
<p>Dang, V.S., Tagane, S., Toyama, H., Yahara, T., Naiki, A., Nguyen, H.Q. & Tran, H. (2015) A new record of <em>Burmannia championii</em> Thwaites (Burmanniaceae) from Southern Vietnam. <em>Journal of Biotechnology</em> 13 (14A): 1393–1396.</p>
<p>Don, D. (1825) <em>Prodromus florae Nepalensis</em>. J. Gale, London, 256 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.86</p>
<p>Francis, D., Mohan, V., Venugopal, D.K. & Nampy, S. (2021) <em>Burmannia munnarensis</em> (Burmanniaceae) a new species and rediscovery of <em>B. indica</em> after 110 years from southern Western Ghats, Kerala, India. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 507 (1): 105–112. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.507.1.6</p>
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<p>Govaerts, R., Saunders, R.M.K., Maas-van de Kamer, H., Maas-van de Kamer, P. & Zhang, D.X. (2011) <em>World checklist of Burmanniaceae</em>. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Available from: http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/ (Accessed 9 September 2021)</p>
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<p>Hsieh, S.I., Lee, C.T., Yeh, C.L. & Wu, J.H. (2011) The pixies of the forest floor – <em>Burmannia itoana</em> Makino. <em>Nature Conservation Quarterly</em> 76: 16–19. [in Chinese] https://dx.doi.org/10.29738%2fNCQ.201112.0003</p>
<p>Jacquemyn, H. & Merckx, V.S.F.T. (2019) Mycorrhizal symbioses and the evolution of trophic modes in plants. <em>Journal of Ecology</em> 107 (4): 1567–1581. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.13165</p>
<p>Jonker, F.P. (1938) A monograph of the Burmanniaceae. <em>Mededeelingen van het Botanisch Museum en Herbarium van de Rijks Universiteit te Utrecht (Utrecht)</em> 51: 1–279.</p>
<p>Li, X., Zhang, K., Qian, X., Wu, M. & Zhang, D. (2020) <em>Burmannia decurrens</em> (Burmanniaceae), a new mycoheterotrophic species from southwestern Guangdong, China. <em>Nordic Journal of Botany</em> 38 (9): e02718. https://doi.org/10.1111/njb.02718</p>
<p>Linnaeus, C. (1753) <em>Species Plantarum</em> 1. Imprensis Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm. 560 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.669</p>
<p>Maas, P.J.M., Maas-van de Kamer, H., van Benthem, J., Snelders, H.C.M. & Rübsamen, T. (1986) Burmanniaceae. <em>Flora Neotropica Monograph</em> 42: 1–189.</p>
<p>Maas-Van de Kamer, H. (1998) Burmanniaceae. <em>In</em>: Kubitzki, K. (Ed.) <em>Families and genera of vascular plants, Vol. 3: Monocotyledons, Lilianae (except Orchidaceae)</em>. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, pp. 154–164. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03533-7_21</p>
<p>Makino, T. (1913) Observations on the flora of Japan. <em>Botanical Magazine</em> 27 (313): 1–5. [https://doi.org/10.15281/jplantres1887.27.313_1b, https://doi.org/10.15281/jplantres1887.27.324_243]</p>
<p>Merckx, V.S.F.T. (2013) Mycoheterotrophy: an introduction. <em>In</em>: Merckx, V.S.F.T. (Ed.) <em>Mycoheterotrophy: The biology of plants living on fungi</em>. Springer Science+Business Media, New York, pp. 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5209-6_1</p>
<p>Merckx, V.S.F.T., Freudenstein, J.V., Kissling, J., Christenhusz, M.J.M., Stotler, R.E., Crandall-Stotler, B., Wickett, N., Rudall, P.J., Maasvan de Kamer, H. & Maas, P.J.M. (2013) Taxonomy and classification. <em>In</em>: Merckx, V.S.F.T. (Ed.) <em>Mycoheterotrophy: The biology of plants living on fungi</em>. Springer Science+Business Media, New York, pp. 19–101. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5209-6_2</p>
<p>Miers, J. (1841) On some new Brazilian plants allied to the natural order Burmanniaceæ. <em>Transactions of the Linnean Society of London</em> 18 (4): 535–556. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1838.tb00203.x</p>
<p>Newman, M., Ketphanh, S., Svengsuksa, B., Thomas, P., Sengdala, K., Lamxay, V. & Armstrong, K. (2007a) <em>A checklist of the vascular plants of Lao PDR</em>. Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, 394 pp.</p>
<p>Newman, M., Thomas, P., Lanorsavanh, S., Ketphanh, S., Svengsuksa, B. & Lamxay, V. (2007b) New records of angiosperms and pteridophytes in the flora of Laos. <em>Edinburgh Journal of Botany</em> 64 (2): 225–251. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0960428607000923</p>
<p>Nguyen, T.D. (2003) 239. Burmanniaceae Blume, 1827. <em>In</em>: Nguyen, T.B. (Ed.) <em>Checklist of plant species of Vietnam</em>. Vol. 2. Agriculture Publishing House, Hanoi, pp. 26–27. [in Vietnamese]</p>
<p>Nuraliev, M.S., Zhang, D., Kuznetsov, A.N. & Kuznetsova, S.P. (2018) Two new records of non-photosynthetic <em>Burmannia</em> species (Burmanniaceae) from Laos and Vietnam. <em>Wulfenia</em> 25: 52–56.</p>
<p>Ohashi, H., Leou, C.S. & Hsieh, T.H. (2000) 18. Burmanniaceae. <em>In</em>: Huang, T.C. (Ed.) <em>Flora of Taiwan</em>, 2nd ed., 5. Editorial Committee, Taipei, pp. 141–144.</p>
<p>Pham-Hoang, H. (2000) <em>An illustrated flora of Vietnam</em>. Vol. 3. Youth Publishing House, Ho Chi Minh City, 1020 pp. [in Vietnamese]</p>
<p>Ridley, H. (1904) New Malayan plants. <em>Journal of the Straits Branch Royal Asiatic Society</em> 41: 31–51.</p>
<p>Thwaites, G.H.K. (1864) Burmanniaceae. <em>In:</em> Thwaites, G.H.K. & Hooker, J.D. (Eds.) <em>Enumeratio plantarum Zeylaniae</em>. Dulao, London, 325 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.574</p>
<p>Trimen, H. (1898) <em>A hand-book to the flora of Ceylon</em> 4. Dulau & Co., London, 384 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.10864</p>
<p>Tsukaya, H. (2016) Burmanniaceae. <em>In</em>: Iwatsuki, K., Boufford, D.E. & Ohba, H. (Eds<em>.</em>) <em>Flora of Japan</em>. Vol. IVb. Kodansha LTD, Tokyo, pp. 194–197.</p>
<p>Yudina, S.V., Kocyan, A., Truong, B.V., Vislobokov, N.A., Lyskov, D.F., Nuraliev, M.S. & Remizowa, M.V. (2022) Structure and development of flowers and inflorescences in <em>Burmannia</em> (Burmanniaceae, Dioscoreales). <em>Frontiers in Plant Science </em>13: 849276. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.849276</p>
<p>Wu, D., Zhang, D. & Saunders, R.M.K. (2010) Burmanniaceae. <em>In</em>: Wu, Z.Y., Raven, P.H. & Hong, D.Y. (Eds.) <em>Flora of China</em>, 23. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden, Beijing and St. Louis, pp. 121–124.</p>
<p>Wu, T.L. (1977) Burmanniaceae. <em>In</em>: Wu, T.L. (Ed.) <em>Flora Hainanica</em> 4. Science Press, Beijing, pp. 182–185. [in Chinese]</p>
<p>Wu, T.L. & Chen, S.J. (1981) Burmanniaceae. <em>In</em>: Wu, T.L. (Ed.) <em>Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae</em> 16 (2). Science Press, Beijing, pp. 169–175. [in Chinese]</p>
<p>Zhang, D. (1999) <em>Systematics of Burmannia L. (Burmanniaceae) in the Old World</em>. Unpublished PhD thesis, The University of Hong Kong, 331 pp.</p>
<p>Zhang, D. & Saunders, R.M.K. (2000) Systematics of the <em>Burmannia coelestis</em> complex (Burmanniaceae). <em>Nordic Journal of Botany</em> 20 (4): 385–394. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-1051.2000.tb01578.x</p>
<p>Zhao, Z., Li, X., Liu, M.F., Merckx, V.S.F.T., Saunders, R.M.K. & Zhang, D. (2021) Specificity of assemblage, not fungal partner species, explains mycorrhizal partnerships of mycoheterotrophic <em>Burmannia</em> plants. <em>The ISME Journal</em> 15 (6): 1614–1627. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-020-00874-x</p>
<p>Beccari, O. (1878) <em>Malesia: raccolta di osservazioni botaniche intorno alle piante dell’arcipelago Indo-Malese e Papuano pubblicata da Odoardo Beccari, destinata principalmente a descrivere ed illustrare le piante da esso raccolte in quelle regioni durante i viaggi eseguiti dall’anno 1865 all’anno 1878, volume 1</em>. Genova, Tip. del R. Instituto Sordo-muti, 379 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.79357</p>
<p>Blume, C.L. (1827) <em>Enumeratio Plantarum Javae</em> 1. J.W. van Leeuwen, Leiden, 98 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.44901</p>
<p>Bolin, J.F., Tennakoon, K.U., Majid, M.B.A. & Cameron, D.D. (2017) Isotopic evidence of partial mycoheterotrophy in <em>Burmannia coelestis</em> (Burmanniaceae). <em>Plant Species Biology</em> 32 (1): 74–80. https://doi.org/10.1111/1442-1984.12116</p>
<p>Cho, S.H., Chhang, P. & Kim, Y.D. (2016) <em>A checklist for the seed plants of Cambodia</em>. National Institute of Biological Resources, Ministry of Environment, Incheon, 272 pp.</p>
<p>Dang, V.S., Tagane, S., Toyama, H., Yahara, T., Naiki, A., Nguyen, H.Q. & Tran, H. (2015) A new record of <em>Burmannia championii</em> Thwaites (Burmanniaceae) from Southern Vietnam. <em>Journal of Biotechnology</em> 13 (14A): 1393–1396.</p>
<p>Don, D. (1825) <em>Prodromus florae Nepalensis</em>. J. Gale, London, 256 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.86</p>
<p>Francis, D., Mohan, V., Venugopal, D.K. & Nampy, S. (2021) <em>Burmannia munnarensis</em> (Burmanniaceae) a new species and rediscovery of <em>B. indica</em> after 110 years from southern Western Ghats, Kerala, India. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 507 (1): 105–112. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.507.1.6</p>
<p>Gagnepain, F. (1907) Quelques <em>Burmannia</em> asiatiques nouveaux de l’Herbier du Muséum. <em>Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France</em> 54 (5): 459–465. https://doi.org/10.1080/00378941.1907.10831293</p>
<p>Gagnepain, F. (1908) Burmanniacées. <em>In</em>: Lecomte, H. & Gagnepain, F. (Eds.) <em>Flore générale de l’Indo-Chine</em>, vol. 6. Masson & Cie, Paris, pp. 18–25.</p>
<p>Gandoger, M.M. (1919) Sertum plantarum novarum. Pars secunda. <em>Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France</em> 66 (5): 286–307. https://doi.org/10.1080/00378941.1919.10836696</p>
<p>Govaerts, R., Saunders, R.M.K., Maas-van de Kamer, H., Maas-van de Kamer, P. & Zhang, D.X. (2011) <em>World checklist of Burmanniaceae</em>. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Available from: http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/ (Accessed 9 September 2021)</p>
<p>Hooker, J.D. (1888) Order CXLVII. Burmanniaceae. <em>In</em>: Hooker, J.D. (Ed.) <em>Flora of British India. Vol. 5. Chenopodiaceae to Orchidaceae</em>. L. Reeve & Co., London, pp. 664–667. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.678</p>
<p>Hsieh, S.I., Lee, C.T., Yeh, C.L. & Wu, J.H. (2011) The pixies of the forest floor – <em>Burmannia itoana</em> Makino. <em>Nature Conservation Quarterly</em> 76: 16–19. [in Chinese] https://dx.doi.org/10.29738%2fNCQ.201112.0003</p>
<p>Jacquemyn, H. & Merckx, V.S.F.T. (2019) Mycorrhizal symbioses and the evolution of trophic modes in plants. <em>Journal of Ecology</em> 107 (4): 1567–1581. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.13165</p>
<p>Jonker, F.P. (1938) A monograph of the Burmanniaceae. <em>Mededeelingen van het Botanisch Museum en Herbarium van de Rijks Universiteit te Utrecht (Utrecht)</em> 51: 1–279.</p>
<p>Li, X., Zhang, K., Qian, X., Wu, M. & Zhang, D. (2020) <em>Burmannia decurrens</em> (Burmanniaceae), a new mycoheterotrophic species from southwestern Guangdong, China. <em>Nordic Journal of Botany</em> 38 (9): e02718. https://doi.org/10.1111/njb.02718</p>
<p>Linnaeus, C. (1753) <em>Species Plantarum</em> 1. Imprensis Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm. 560 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.669</p>
<p>Maas, P.J.M., Maas-van de Kamer, H., van Benthem, J., Snelders, H.C.M. & Rübsamen, T. (1986) Burmanniaceae. <em>Flora Neotropica Monograph</em> 42: 1–189.</p>
<p>Maas-Van de Kamer, H. (1998) Burmanniaceae. <em>In</em>: Kubitzki, K. (Ed.) <em>Families and genera of vascular plants, Vol. 3: Monocotyledons, Lilianae (except Orchidaceae)</em>. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, pp. 154–164. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03533-7_21</p>
<p>Makino, T. (1913) Observations on the flora of Japan. <em>Botanical Magazine</em> 27 (313): 1–5. [https://doi.org/10.15281/jplantres1887.27.313_1b, https://doi.org/10.15281/jplantres1887.27.324_243]</p>
<p>Merckx, V.S.F.T. (2013) Mycoheterotrophy: an introduction. <em>In</em>: Merckx, V.S.F.T. (Ed.) <em>Mycoheterotrophy: The biology of plants living on fungi</em>. Springer Science+Business Media, New York, pp. 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5209-6_1</p>
<p>Merckx, V.S.F.T., Freudenstein, J.V., Kissling, J., Christenhusz, M.J.M., Stotler, R.E., Crandall-Stotler, B., Wickett, N., Rudall, P.J., Maasvan de Kamer, H. & Maas, P.J.M. (2013) Taxonomy and classification. <em>In</em>: Merckx, V.S.F.T. (Ed.) <em>Mycoheterotrophy: The biology of plants living on fungi</em>. Springer Science+Business Media, New York, pp. 19–101. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5209-6_2</p>
<p>Miers, J. (1841) On some new Brazilian plants allied to the natural order Burmanniaceæ. <em>Transactions of the Linnean Society of London</em> 18 (4): 535–556. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1838.tb00203.x</p>
<p>Newman, M., Ketphanh, S., Svengsuksa, B., Thomas, P., Sengdala, K., Lamxay, V. & Armstrong, K. (2007a) <em>A checklist of the vascular plants of Lao PDR</em>. Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, 394 pp.</p>
<p>Newman, M., Thomas, P., Lanorsavanh, S., Ketphanh, S., Svengsuksa, B. & Lamxay, V. (2007b) New records of angiosperms and pteridophytes in the flora of Laos. <em>Edinburgh Journal of Botany</em> 64 (2): 225–251. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0960428607000923</p>
<p>Nguyen, T.D. (2003) 239. Burmanniaceae Blume, 1827. <em>In</em>: Nguyen, T.B. (Ed.) <em>Checklist of plant species of Vietnam</em>. Vol. 2. Agriculture Publishing House, Hanoi, pp. 26–27. [in Vietnamese]</p>
<p>Nuraliev, M.S., Zhang, D., Kuznetsov, A.N. & Kuznetsova, S.P. (2018) Two new records of non-photosynthetic <em>Burmannia</em> species (Burmanniaceae) from Laos and Vietnam. <em>Wulfenia</em> 25: 52–56.</p>
<p>Ohashi, H., Leou, C.S. & Hsieh, T.H. (2000) 18. Burmanniaceae. <em>In</em>: Huang, T.C. (Ed.) <em>Flora of Taiwan</em>, 2nd ed., 5. Editorial Committee, Taipei, pp. 141–144.</p>
<p>Pham-Hoang, H. (2000) <em>An illustrated flora of Vietnam</em>. Vol. 3. Youth Publishing House, Ho Chi Minh City, 1020 pp. [in Vietnamese]</p>
<p>Ridley, H. (1904) New Malayan plants. <em>Journal of the Straits Branch Royal Asiatic Society</em> 41: 31–51.</p>
<p>Thwaites, G.H.K. (1864) Burmanniaceae. <em>In:</em> Thwaites, G.H.K. & Hooker, J.D. (Eds.) <em>Enumeratio plantarum Zeylaniae</em>. Dulao, London, 325 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.574</p>
<p>Trimen, H. (1898) <em>A hand-book to the flora of Ceylon</em> 4. Dulau & Co., London, 384 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.10864</p>
<p>Tsukaya, H. (2016) Burmanniaceae. <em>In</em>: Iwatsuki, K., Boufford, D.E. & Ohba, H. (Eds<em>.</em>) <em>Flora of Japan</em>. Vol. IVb. Kodansha LTD, Tokyo, pp. 194–197.</p>
<p>Yudina, S.V., Kocyan, A., Truong, B.V., Vislobokov, N.A., Lyskov, D.F., Nuraliev, M.S. & Remizowa, M.V. (2022) Structure and development of flowers and inflorescences in <em>Burmannia</em> (Burmanniaceae, Dioscoreales). <em>Frontiers in Plant Science </em>13: 849276. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.849276</p>
<p>Wu, D., Zhang, D. & Saunders, R.M.K. (2010) Burmanniaceae. <em>In</em>: Wu, Z.Y., Raven, P.H. & Hong, D.Y. (Eds.) <em>Flora of China</em>, 23. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden, Beijing and St. Louis, pp. 121–124.</p>
<p>Wu, T.L. (1977) Burmanniaceae. <em>In</em>: Wu, T.L. (Ed.) <em>Flora Hainanica</em> 4. Science Press, Beijing, pp. 182–185. [in Chinese]</p>
<p>Wu, T.L. & Chen, S.J. (1981) Burmanniaceae. <em>In</em>: Wu, T.L. (Ed.) <em>Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae</em> 16 (2). Science Press, Beijing, pp. 169–175. [in Chinese]</p>
<p>Zhang, D. (1999) <em>Systematics of Burmannia L. (Burmanniaceae) in the Old World</em>. Unpublished PhD thesis, The University of Hong Kong, 331 pp.</p>
<p>Zhang, D. & Saunders, R.M.K. (2000) Systematics of the <em>Burmannia coelestis</em> complex (Burmanniaceae). <em>Nordic Journal of Botany</em> 20 (4): 385–394. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-1051.2000.tb01578.x</p>
<p>Zhao, Z., Li, X., Liu, M.F., Merckx, V.S.F.T., Saunders, R.M.K. & Zhang, D. (2021) Specificity of assemblage, not fungal partner species, explains mycorrhizal partnerships of mycoheterotrophic <em>Burmannia</em> plants. <em>The ISME Journal</em> 15 (6): 1614–1627. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-020-00874-x</p>