Abstract
Diospyros bambuseti is a rare species endemic to Thailand that was previously known only from type specimens. The only male specimens of this species were collected in 1930 from a bamboo forest in Aranya Prathet district, now Sa Kaeo Province, Thailand. Both male and female plants were rediscovered in Surat Thani Province, upper Peninsular Thailand during 2015–2020. In this work, we provide an emended description, detailed ecological data, photographs, and illustrations of recently collected specimens. We performed lectotypification and investigated the phylogenetic placement and sister taxa of D. bambuseti based on the DNA sequences of eight plastid regions. D. bambuseti is closely related to D. ehretioides, D. fasiculosa, and D. venosa. Finally, we provide a detailed morphological comparison of D. bambuseti with related species.
References
<p>Bakhuizen van den Brink, R.C. (1933) Enumeration of Malayan Ebenaceae. <em>The Gardens Bulletin Straits Settlements</em> 7: 161–189.</p>
<p>Bakhuizen van den Brink, R.C. (1936–1955) Revisio ebenacearum Malayensium. <em>Bulletin du Jardin Botanique. Buitenzorg, sèrie</em> 3, 15 (1–5): 1–515.</p>
<p>Bentham, G. & Hooker, J.D. (1876) <em>Genera Plantarum </em>2 (2). London, L. Reeve & Co., Ltd.,746 pp.</p>
<p>Blume, C.L. (1827) <em>Barringtonia</em>. <em>Bijdragen tot de Flora van Nederlandsch Indië</em>. Ter Lands Drukkerij, Batavia, pp. 1096–1197.</p>
<p>Candolle, A.P. de (1844) Ebenaceae. <em>In</em>: Candolle, A.P. de (Ed.) <em>Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis</em> 8. Fortin, Masson & Sociorum, Paris, pp. 209–243.</p>
<p>Don, G. (1837) <em>A general history of the Dichlamydeous plants: comprising complete descriptions of the different orders; together with the characters of the genera and species, and an enumeration of the cultivated varieties; the scientific names accentuated, their etymologies explained, and the classes and orders illustrated by engravings, and preceded by introductions to the Linnaean and natural systems, and a glossary of the terms used</em> 4. C. J. G. and F. Rivington, London, 908 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.119075</p>
<p>Doyle, J.J. & Doyle, J.L. (1987) A rapid DNA isolation procedure for small quantities of fresh leaf tissue. <em>Phytochemical</em> <em>Bulletin</em> 19: 11–15.</p>
<p>Duangjai, S., Wallnöfer, B., Samuel, R., Munzinger, J. & Chase, M.W. (2006) Generic delimitation and relationships in Ebenaceae <em>sensu</em> <em>lato</em>: evidence from six plastid DNA regions. <em>American Journal of Botany</em> 93: 1808–1827. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.93.12.1808</p>
<p>Duangjai, S., Samuel, R., Munzinger, J., Forest, F., Wallnöfer, B., Barfuss, M.H.J., Fischer, G. & Chase, M.W. (2009) A multi-locus plastid phylogenetic analysis of the pantropical genus <em>Diospyros</em> (Ebenaceae), with an emphasis on the radiation and biogeographic origins of the New Caledonian endemic species. <em>Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution</em> 52: 602–620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2009.04.021</p>
<p>Duangjai, S., Sinbumroong, A. & Suddee, S. (2018) <em>Diospyros</em> <em>phengklaii</em> (Ebenaceae), a new species from south-west Thailand. <em>Thai Forest Bulletin (Botany)</em> 46: 34–39.https://doi.org/10.20531/tfb.2018.46.1.05</p>
<p>Duangjai, S., Rueangruea, S. Phutthai, T., Middleton, D. & Suddee, S. (2020). <em>Diospyros phuwuaensis </em>(Ebenaceae), a new species from North-Eastern Thailand. <em>Thai Forest Bulletin (Botany)</em> 48: 34–44.https://doi.org/10.20531/tfb.2020.48.1.06</p>
<p>Fletcher, H.R. (1937) XXXIX Contributions to the flora of Siam: Additamentum XLIV. <em>Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information (Royal Gardens, Kew) </em>1937 (7): 371–392. https://doi.org/10.2307/4107174</p>
<p>Fitch, W.M. (1971) Toward defining the course of evolution: minimum change for a specific tree topology. <em>Systematic Zoology</em> 20: 406–416. https://doi.org/10.2307/2412116</p>
<p>Fosberg, F.R. (1938) Notes on plants of the Pacific Islands. I. <em>Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club</em> 65: 607–614. https://doi.org/10.2307/2481061</p>
<p>Hiern, W.P. (1873) A monograph of Ebenaceae. <em>Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society</em> 12: 27–300. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.25923</p>
<p>Hooker, J.D. & Thomson, T. (1872) Bixineae. <em>In</em>: Hooker, J.D. (Ed.) <em>Flora of British India</em>, vol. 1. L. Reeve & Co., London, UK, pp. 189–197.</p>
<p>Jessup, L.W. (2014) A taxonomic revision of <em>Diospyros</em> L. (Ebenaceae) in Australia. <em>Austrobaileya </em>9: 155–197.</p>
<p>Kurz, W.S. (1870) <em>Report on the Vegetation of the Andaman Islands</em> ed. 2. 42 pp.</p>
<p>Lecomte, H. (1930) Ebénacées. <em>In</em>: Lecomte, H., Humbert, H. & Gagnepain, F. (Eds.) <em>Flore Générale de l’Indo-Chine</em>, vol. 3. Masson, Paris, pp. 915–978.</p>
<p>Lee, S.K., Gilbert, M.G. & White, F. (1996) Ebenaceae. <em>In</em>: Wu, Z.Y. & Raven, P.H. (Eds.) <em>Flora of China,</em> vol. 15. Science Press, Beijing & Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, pp. 215–234.</p>
<p>Linnaeus, C. (1753) <em>Species plantarum</em>. Salvius, Stockholm, 1057 pp.</p>
<p>Linnaeus, C. (1762) <em>Species plantarum</em>, ed. 2, vol. 1. Impensis Laurentii Salvii, Holmiæ, Stockholm, 784 pp.</p>
<p>Linnaeus, C. (1774) <em>Systema vegetabilium, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum caracteribuset differentiis</em>. Johan Andreas Myrray, Gottinsae, 844 pp.</p>
<p>IUCN Standard and Petitions Committee (2019) Guidelines for using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 14. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Committee. Available from: http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf (accessed 1 April 2021)</p>
<p>Miller, M.A., Pfeiffer, W. & Schwartz, T. (2010) Creating the CIPRES Science Gateway for inference of large phylogenetic trees. <em>Proceedings of the Gateway Computing Environments Workshop</em> (GCE). 14 Nov. 2010, New Orleans, pp. 1–8.</p>
<p>Ng, F.S.P. (1978) Ebenaceae. <em>In</em>: Ng, F.S.P. (Ed.) <em>Tree Flora of Malaya,</em> vol. 3. Longman, pp. 56–94.</p>
<p>Ng, F.S.P. (2001) New species, varieties and reductions of <em>Diospyros</em> (Ebenaceae) in Borneo and Peninsular Malaysia including Peninsular Thailand. <em>Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore</em> 53: 291–313.</p>
<p>Nylander, J.A.A. (2004) <em>MrModeltest</em> v2. Program distributed by the author. Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University.</p>
<p>Parmentier, P. (1892) Histologie Comparée des Ébénacées dans ses rapports avec la morphologie et l’histoire généalogique de ces plantes. <em>Annales de l’Universite de Lyon</em> 6 (2): 1–155.</p>
<p>Payens, J.P.D.W. (1967) A monograph of the genus <em>Barringtonia</em> (Lecythidaceae). <em>Blumea</em> 15: 158–263.</p>
<p>Phengklai, C. (1981) Ebenaceae. <em>In</em>: Smitinand, T. & Larsen, K. (Eds.) <em>Flora of Thailand</em> 2(4). The TISTR Press, Bangkok, pp. 281–392.</p>
<p>Phengklai, C. (2005) Two new species of <em>Diospyros</em> (Ebenaceae) from Thailand. <em>Thai Forest Bulletin (Botany)</em> 33: 157–160.</p>
<p>Pierre, L. (1898) <em>Flore forestieÌre de la Cochinchine</em> vol. 4. O. Doin, Paris, t. 385.</p>
<p>Rannala, B. & Yang, Z. (1996) Probability distribution of molecular evolutionary trees: a new method of phylogenetic inference. <em>Journal of Molecular Evolution</em> 43: 304–311. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02338839</p>
<p>Ronquist, F., Teslenko, M., van der Mark, P., Ayres, D.L., Darling, A., Höhna, S., Larget, B., Liu, L., Suchard, M.A. & Huelsenbeck, J.P. (2012) MrBayes 3.2: efficient Bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space. <em>Systematic Biology</em> 61: 539–542. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/sys029</p>
<p>Singh, V. (2005) <em>Monograph on Indian Diospyros L. (persimmon, ebony) Ebenaceae</em>. Botanical Survey of India, Kolkata, India, 323 pp.</p>
<p>Swofford, D.L. (2002) <em>PAUP*: Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (*and Other Methods)</em>, Version 4.0b10. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts.</p>
<p>Symington, C.F. (1938) Notes on Malayan Dipterocarpaceae IV. <em>Gardens’ Bulletin Straits Settlements</em> 9: 319–354.</p>
<p>Thiers, B. (2018) Index Herbariorum: A global directory of public herbaria and associated staff. New York Botanical Garden’s virtual Herbarium. Available from: http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/ (accessed 25 September 2018)</p>
<p>Turland, N.J., Wiersema, J.H., Barrie, F.R., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D.L., Herendeen, P.S., Knapp, S., Kusber, W.H., Li, D.Z., Marhold, K., May, T.W., McNeill, J., Monro, A.M., Prado, J., Price, M.J. & Smith G.F. (Eds.) (2018) <em>International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen</em>. China, July 2017 [Regnum Vegetabile 159] Koeltz Botanical Books, Glashütten, 254 pp. https://doi.org/10.12705/Code.2018</p>
<p>von Mueller, F.J.H. (1866) <em>Fragmenta phytographiae Australiae</em>, vol. 5. Auctoritate Guberni Coloniae Victoriae, Melbourne, 240 pp.</p>
<p>von Mueller, F.J.H. (1867) <em>Australian vegetation, indigenous or introduced, considered especially in its bearings on the occupation of the territory, and with a view of unfolding its resources</em>. Intercolonial Exhibition. 35.</p>
<p>White, F. (1993a) Flore de la Nouvelle-Calédonie et Dépendances. 19. Ébénacées. Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, pp. 3–89.</p>
<p>White, F. (1993b) Twenty-two new and little-known species of <em>Diospyros</em> (Ebenaceae) from New Caledonia with comments on section Maba. <em>Bulletin du Museìum National d’Histoire Naturelle Section B, Adansonia, botanique, phytochimie</em> 14: 179–222.</p>
<p>Willdenow, C.L. (1794) <em>Phytographia seu Descriptio Rariorum Minus Cognitarum Plantarum </em>1. Walther, Erlangae, p. 4.</p>
<p>Yang, Z. & Rannala, B. (1997) Bayesian phylogenetic inference using DNA sequences: a Markov Chain Monte Carlo method. <em>Molecular Biology and Evolution</em> 14: 717–724. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025811</p>
<p>Bakhuizen van den Brink, R.C. (1936–1955) Revisio ebenacearum Malayensium. <em>Bulletin du Jardin Botanique. Buitenzorg, sèrie</em> 3, 15 (1–5): 1–515.</p>
<p>Bentham, G. & Hooker, J.D. (1876) <em>Genera Plantarum </em>2 (2). London, L. Reeve & Co., Ltd.,746 pp.</p>
<p>Blume, C.L. (1827) <em>Barringtonia</em>. <em>Bijdragen tot de Flora van Nederlandsch Indië</em>. Ter Lands Drukkerij, Batavia, pp. 1096–1197.</p>
<p>Candolle, A.P. de (1844) Ebenaceae. <em>In</em>: Candolle, A.P. de (Ed.) <em>Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis</em> 8. Fortin, Masson & Sociorum, Paris, pp. 209–243.</p>
<p>Don, G. (1837) <em>A general history of the Dichlamydeous plants: comprising complete descriptions of the different orders; together with the characters of the genera and species, and an enumeration of the cultivated varieties; the scientific names accentuated, their etymologies explained, and the classes and orders illustrated by engravings, and preceded by introductions to the Linnaean and natural systems, and a glossary of the terms used</em> 4. C. J. G. and F. Rivington, London, 908 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.119075</p>
<p>Doyle, J.J. & Doyle, J.L. (1987) A rapid DNA isolation procedure for small quantities of fresh leaf tissue. <em>Phytochemical</em> <em>Bulletin</em> 19: 11–15.</p>
<p>Duangjai, S., Wallnöfer, B., Samuel, R., Munzinger, J. & Chase, M.W. (2006) Generic delimitation and relationships in Ebenaceae <em>sensu</em> <em>lato</em>: evidence from six plastid DNA regions. <em>American Journal of Botany</em> 93: 1808–1827. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.93.12.1808</p>
<p>Duangjai, S., Samuel, R., Munzinger, J., Forest, F., Wallnöfer, B., Barfuss, M.H.J., Fischer, G. & Chase, M.W. (2009) A multi-locus plastid phylogenetic analysis of the pantropical genus <em>Diospyros</em> (Ebenaceae), with an emphasis on the radiation and biogeographic origins of the New Caledonian endemic species. <em>Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution</em> 52: 602–620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2009.04.021</p>
<p>Duangjai, S., Sinbumroong, A. & Suddee, S. (2018) <em>Diospyros</em> <em>phengklaii</em> (Ebenaceae), a new species from south-west Thailand. <em>Thai Forest Bulletin (Botany)</em> 46: 34–39.https://doi.org/10.20531/tfb.2018.46.1.05</p>
<p>Duangjai, S., Rueangruea, S. Phutthai, T., Middleton, D. & Suddee, S. (2020). <em>Diospyros phuwuaensis </em>(Ebenaceae), a new species from North-Eastern Thailand. <em>Thai Forest Bulletin (Botany)</em> 48: 34–44.https://doi.org/10.20531/tfb.2020.48.1.06</p>
<p>Fletcher, H.R. (1937) XXXIX Contributions to the flora of Siam: Additamentum XLIV. <em>Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information (Royal Gardens, Kew) </em>1937 (7): 371–392. https://doi.org/10.2307/4107174</p>
<p>Fitch, W.M. (1971) Toward defining the course of evolution: minimum change for a specific tree topology. <em>Systematic Zoology</em> 20: 406–416. https://doi.org/10.2307/2412116</p>
<p>Fosberg, F.R. (1938) Notes on plants of the Pacific Islands. I. <em>Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club</em> 65: 607–614. https://doi.org/10.2307/2481061</p>
<p>Hiern, W.P. (1873) A monograph of Ebenaceae. <em>Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society</em> 12: 27–300. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.25923</p>
<p>Hooker, J.D. & Thomson, T. (1872) Bixineae. <em>In</em>: Hooker, J.D. (Ed.) <em>Flora of British India</em>, vol. 1. L. Reeve & Co., London, UK, pp. 189–197.</p>
<p>Jessup, L.W. (2014) A taxonomic revision of <em>Diospyros</em> L. (Ebenaceae) in Australia. <em>Austrobaileya </em>9: 155–197.</p>
<p>Kurz, W.S. (1870) <em>Report on the Vegetation of the Andaman Islands</em> ed. 2. 42 pp.</p>
<p>Lecomte, H. (1930) Ebénacées. <em>In</em>: Lecomte, H., Humbert, H. & Gagnepain, F. (Eds.) <em>Flore Générale de l’Indo-Chine</em>, vol. 3. Masson, Paris, pp. 915–978.</p>
<p>Lee, S.K., Gilbert, M.G. & White, F. (1996) Ebenaceae. <em>In</em>: Wu, Z.Y. & Raven, P.H. (Eds.) <em>Flora of China,</em> vol. 15. Science Press, Beijing & Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, pp. 215–234.</p>
<p>Linnaeus, C. (1753) <em>Species plantarum</em>. Salvius, Stockholm, 1057 pp.</p>
<p>Linnaeus, C. (1762) <em>Species plantarum</em>, ed. 2, vol. 1. Impensis Laurentii Salvii, Holmiæ, Stockholm, 784 pp.</p>
<p>Linnaeus, C. (1774) <em>Systema vegetabilium, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum caracteribuset differentiis</em>. Johan Andreas Myrray, Gottinsae, 844 pp.</p>
<p>IUCN Standard and Petitions Committee (2019) Guidelines for using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 14. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Committee. Available from: http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf (accessed 1 April 2021)</p>
<p>Miller, M.A., Pfeiffer, W. & Schwartz, T. (2010) Creating the CIPRES Science Gateway for inference of large phylogenetic trees. <em>Proceedings of the Gateway Computing Environments Workshop</em> (GCE). 14 Nov. 2010, New Orleans, pp. 1–8.</p>
<p>Ng, F.S.P. (1978) Ebenaceae. <em>In</em>: Ng, F.S.P. (Ed.) <em>Tree Flora of Malaya,</em> vol. 3. Longman, pp. 56–94.</p>
<p>Ng, F.S.P. (2001) New species, varieties and reductions of <em>Diospyros</em> (Ebenaceae) in Borneo and Peninsular Malaysia including Peninsular Thailand. <em>Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore</em> 53: 291–313.</p>
<p>Nylander, J.A.A. (2004) <em>MrModeltest</em> v2. Program distributed by the author. Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University.</p>
<p>Parmentier, P. (1892) Histologie Comparée des Ébénacées dans ses rapports avec la morphologie et l’histoire généalogique de ces plantes. <em>Annales de l’Universite de Lyon</em> 6 (2): 1–155.</p>
<p>Payens, J.P.D.W. (1967) A monograph of the genus <em>Barringtonia</em> (Lecythidaceae). <em>Blumea</em> 15: 158–263.</p>
<p>Phengklai, C. (1981) Ebenaceae. <em>In</em>: Smitinand, T. & Larsen, K. (Eds.) <em>Flora of Thailand</em> 2(4). The TISTR Press, Bangkok, pp. 281–392.</p>
<p>Phengklai, C. (2005) Two new species of <em>Diospyros</em> (Ebenaceae) from Thailand. <em>Thai Forest Bulletin (Botany)</em> 33: 157–160.</p>
<p>Pierre, L. (1898) <em>Flore forestieÌre de la Cochinchine</em> vol. 4. O. Doin, Paris, t. 385.</p>
<p>Rannala, B. & Yang, Z. (1996) Probability distribution of molecular evolutionary trees: a new method of phylogenetic inference. <em>Journal of Molecular Evolution</em> 43: 304–311. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02338839</p>
<p>Ronquist, F., Teslenko, M., van der Mark, P., Ayres, D.L., Darling, A., Höhna, S., Larget, B., Liu, L., Suchard, M.A. & Huelsenbeck, J.P. (2012) MrBayes 3.2: efficient Bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space. <em>Systematic Biology</em> 61: 539–542. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/sys029</p>
<p>Singh, V. (2005) <em>Monograph on Indian Diospyros L. (persimmon, ebony) Ebenaceae</em>. Botanical Survey of India, Kolkata, India, 323 pp.</p>
<p>Swofford, D.L. (2002) <em>PAUP*: Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (*and Other Methods)</em>, Version 4.0b10. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts.</p>
<p>Symington, C.F. (1938) Notes on Malayan Dipterocarpaceae IV. <em>Gardens’ Bulletin Straits Settlements</em> 9: 319–354.</p>
<p>Thiers, B. (2018) Index Herbariorum: A global directory of public herbaria and associated staff. New York Botanical Garden’s virtual Herbarium. Available from: http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/ (accessed 25 September 2018)</p>
<p>Turland, N.J., Wiersema, J.H., Barrie, F.R., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D.L., Herendeen, P.S., Knapp, S., Kusber, W.H., Li, D.Z., Marhold, K., May, T.W., McNeill, J., Monro, A.M., Prado, J., Price, M.J. & Smith G.F. (Eds.) (2018) <em>International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen</em>. China, July 2017 [Regnum Vegetabile 159] Koeltz Botanical Books, Glashütten, 254 pp. https://doi.org/10.12705/Code.2018</p>
<p>von Mueller, F.J.H. (1866) <em>Fragmenta phytographiae Australiae</em>, vol. 5. Auctoritate Guberni Coloniae Victoriae, Melbourne, 240 pp.</p>
<p>von Mueller, F.J.H. (1867) <em>Australian vegetation, indigenous or introduced, considered especially in its bearings on the occupation of the territory, and with a view of unfolding its resources</em>. Intercolonial Exhibition. 35.</p>
<p>White, F. (1993a) Flore de la Nouvelle-Calédonie et Dépendances. 19. Ébénacées. Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, pp. 3–89.</p>
<p>White, F. (1993b) Twenty-two new and little-known species of <em>Diospyros</em> (Ebenaceae) from New Caledonia with comments on section Maba. <em>Bulletin du Museìum National d’Histoire Naturelle Section B, Adansonia, botanique, phytochimie</em> 14: 179–222.</p>
<p>Willdenow, C.L. (1794) <em>Phytographia seu Descriptio Rariorum Minus Cognitarum Plantarum </em>1. Walther, Erlangae, p. 4.</p>
<p>Yang, Z. & Rannala, B. (1997) Bayesian phylogenetic inference using DNA sequences: a Markov Chain Monte Carlo method. <em>Molecular Biology and Evolution</em> 14: 717–724. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025811</p>