Abstract
During our investigations on the freshwater diatoms from Qinghai Province, China, four sympatric Surirella taxa belonging to the group Pinnatae were analysed. Based on morphological observations derived from light and scanning electron microscopy, three of these four taxa were identified as: S. minuta, S. lacrimula, and S. brebissonii var. kuetzingii. The fourth taxon is described as Surirella liubingii sp. nov., a new species with a unique combination of characteristics. These include the distribution pattern of its costa-stria bundles (CSBs) alternating with its over-fibula costae (OFCs), which is formed by the distinctly elevated CSBs on the valve face, mostly composed of three costae, and OFCs with a remarkedly lower position. Other characteristics include the presence of robust fibulae extending to the valve midline, the presence of only one portula between two adjacent fibulae, and a “pseudoseptum” extending internally from the valve margin. From the observations on these four Surirella taxa, we described and discussed two types of fibula (one in which the fibula nearly reaches the valve midline and one with short fibula) and two types of portula morphology (one with only one portula between two adjacent fibulae and the other with 2–4 portulae between two adjacent fibulae).
References
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<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Brébisson, A. de. (1838) Considerations sur les diatomées et essai d’une classification des genres et des espèces appartenant à cette famille, par A. de Brébisson, auteur de la Flore de Normandie, etc. Falaise & Paris: Brée l’Ainée Imprimeur-Libraire; Meilhac. pp. [i], [1]–20 [error pages bound?]. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.64353</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Caglar, M., Bulut, H. & Selamoglu, Z. (2022) Epipsammic diatom fauna of Karabey Creek in Türkiye. Survey in Fisheries Sciences 9 (1): 65–77. https://doi.org/10.18331/SFS2022.9.1.6</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Dedi?, A., Plenkovi?-Moraj, A., Kralj Borojevi?, K. & Hafner, D. (2015) The first report on periphytic diatoms on artificial and natural substrate in the karstic spring Bunica, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Acta Botanica Croatica 74 (2): 393–406. https://doi.org/10.1515/botcro-2015-0029</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ehrenberg, C.G. (1838) Die Infusionsthierchen als vollkommene Organismen. In Ein Blick in das tiefere organische Leben der Natur. Leipzig, Verlag von Leopold Voss. pp. 548., 64 pls. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.58475</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ehrenberg, C.G. (1845) Über das Kleinste organische Leben an meheren bisher nicht untersuchten Erdpunkten. Bericht über die zur Bekanntmachung geeigneten Verhandlungen der Königlich-Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 10: 304–322.</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">English, J.D. & Potapova, M.G. (2012) Ontogenetic and interspecific valve shape variation in the Pinnatae group of the genus Surirella and the description of S. lacrimula sp. nov. Diatom Research 27 (1): 9–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.2011.642950</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Kociolek, J.P., You, Q., Liu, Q., Liu, Y. & Wang, Q. (2020) Continental diatom biodiversity discovery and description in China: 1848 through 2019. PhytoKeys 160: 45–97. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.160.54193</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Krammer, K. & Lange-Bertalot, H. (1987) Morphology and taxonomy of Surirella ovalis and related taxa. Diatom Research 2 (1): 77–95. https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.1987.9704986</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Kützing, F.T. (1849) Species algarum. Lipsiae [Leipzig]: F.A. Brockhaus. pp. [i]–vi, [1]–922.</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Lange-Bertalot, H., Hofmann, G., Werum, M. & Cantonati, M. (2017) Freshwater benthic diatoms of Central Europe. Over 800 common species used in ecological assessment. Emglish edition with updated taxonomy and added species. In: Cantonati, M., Kelly, M.G. & Lange-Beralot, H. (eds.) Koeltz Botanical Books, Schmitten-Oberreifenberg, Germany, 942 pp.</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Liu, B., Blanco, S., Ector, L., Liu, Z.-X. & Ai, J. (2019) Surirella wulingensis sp. nov. and fine structure of S. tientsinensis Skvortzov (Bacillariophyceae) from China. Fottea 19 (2): 151–162. https://doi.org/10.5507/fot.2019.006</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Liu, B., Kociolek, J.P. & Ector, L. (2021) Surirella dongtingensis sp. nov. and ultrastructure of S. undulata (Bacillariophyta) from China. Botany Letters 168 (1): 32–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/23818107.2020.1756908</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Liu, J., Wei, G., Hu, R., Zhang, C. & Han, B. (2013) Atlas of benthic diatoms in the Dongjiang River of the Pearl River Basin. China Environmental Press, Beijing. 108 pp., 42 plates. [In Chinese]</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Long, J.-Y., Kociolek, J.P., Williams, D.M., Liu, B., Mo, W.-H. & Chen, J.-H. (2022) Two new freshwater species of Surirella (Bacillariophyta) from the Wuling Mountains, China. PhytoKeys 201: 35–49. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.201.7962</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Paddock, T.B.B. & Sims, P.A. (1977) A preliminary survey of the raphe structure of some advanced groups of diatoms (Epithemiaceae, Surirellaceae). Nova Hedwigia, Behifete 54: 291–322.</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ruck, E.C. & Kociolek, J.P. (2004) Preliminary phylogeny of the family Surirellaceae (Bacillariophyta). Bibliotheca Diatomologica 50: 1–236.</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ruck, E.C., Nakov, T., Alverson, A.J. & Theriot, E.C. (2016) Phylogeny, ecology, morphological evolution, and reclassification of the diatom orders Surirellales and Rhopalodiales. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 103: 155–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2016.07.023</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Safiallah, S., Saadatmand, S., Kheiri, S. & Iranbakhsh, A. (2020) Biodiversity of diatoms in the Kashkan River in the Zagros Mountains, western Iran. The Iranian Journal of Botany 26 (2): 141–161. https://doi.org/10.22092/ijb.2020.351698.1296</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Seeligmann, C. & Maidana, N. (2019) Diatomeas perifíticas de un río de montaña (Tucumán, Argentina). Lilloa 56 (1): 64–91. https://doi.org/10.30550/j.lil/2019.56.1/5</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Skvortzow, B.W. (1927) Diatoms from Tientsin, North China. Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 65: 102–109.</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Szczepocka, E., Nowicka-Krawczyk, P. & Kruk, A. (2018) Deceptive ecological status of urban streams and rivers—evidence from diatom indices. Ecosphere 9 (7): e02310. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.2310</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Turpin, P.J.F. (1828) Observations sur le nouveau genre Surirella. Mémoires du Musée d’Histoire Naturelle 16: 361–368.</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Van de Vijver, B., Cocquyt, C., De Haan, M., Kopalová, K. & Zidarova, R. (2013) The genus Surirella (Bacillariophyta) in the sub-Antarctic and maritime Antarctic region. Diatom Research 28 (1): 93–108. https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.2012.739975</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Wang, Q. (2018) Flora Algarum Sinicarum Aquae Dulcis, volume XXII. Bacillariophyta, Aulonoraphidinales. Science Press, Beijing. 166 pp, 155 plates. [In Chinese]</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Zhu, H. & Chen, J. (2000) Bacillariophyta of the Xizang Plateau. Science Press, Beijing. 353 pp. [In Chinese]</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Brébisson, A. de. (1838) Considerations sur les diatomées et essai d’une classification des genres et des espèces appartenant à cette famille, par A. de Brébisson, auteur de la Flore de Normandie, etc. Falaise & Paris: Brée l’Ainée Imprimeur-Libraire; Meilhac. pp. [i], [1]–20 [error pages bound?]. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.64353</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Caglar, M., Bulut, H. & Selamoglu, Z. (2022) Epipsammic diatom fauna of Karabey Creek in Türkiye. Survey in Fisheries Sciences 9 (1): 65–77. https://doi.org/10.18331/SFS2022.9.1.6</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Dedi?, A., Plenkovi?-Moraj, A., Kralj Borojevi?, K. & Hafner, D. (2015) The first report on periphytic diatoms on artificial and natural substrate in the karstic spring Bunica, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Acta Botanica Croatica 74 (2): 393–406. https://doi.org/10.1515/botcro-2015-0029</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ehrenberg, C.G. (1838) Die Infusionsthierchen als vollkommene Organismen. In Ein Blick in das tiefere organische Leben der Natur. Leipzig, Verlag von Leopold Voss. pp. 548., 64 pls. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.58475</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ehrenberg, C.G. (1845) Über das Kleinste organische Leben an meheren bisher nicht untersuchten Erdpunkten. Bericht über die zur Bekanntmachung geeigneten Verhandlungen der Königlich-Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 10: 304–322.</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">English, J.D. & Potapova, M.G. (2012) Ontogenetic and interspecific valve shape variation in the Pinnatae group of the genus Surirella and the description of S. lacrimula sp. nov. Diatom Research 27 (1): 9–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.2011.642950</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Kociolek, J.P., You, Q., Liu, Q., Liu, Y. & Wang, Q. (2020) Continental diatom biodiversity discovery and description in China: 1848 through 2019. PhytoKeys 160: 45–97. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.160.54193</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Krammer, K. & Lange-Bertalot, H. (1987) Morphology and taxonomy of Surirella ovalis and related taxa. Diatom Research 2 (1): 77–95. https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.1987.9704986</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Kützing, F.T. (1849) Species algarum. Lipsiae [Leipzig]: F.A. Brockhaus. pp. [i]–vi, [1]–922.</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Lange-Bertalot, H., Hofmann, G., Werum, M. & Cantonati, M. (2017) Freshwater benthic diatoms of Central Europe. Over 800 common species used in ecological assessment. Emglish edition with updated taxonomy and added species. In: Cantonati, M., Kelly, M.G. & Lange-Beralot, H. (eds.) Koeltz Botanical Books, Schmitten-Oberreifenberg, Germany, 942 pp.</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Liu, B., Blanco, S., Ector, L., Liu, Z.-X. & Ai, J. (2019) Surirella wulingensis sp. nov. and fine structure of S. tientsinensis Skvortzov (Bacillariophyceae) from China. Fottea 19 (2): 151–162. https://doi.org/10.5507/fot.2019.006</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Liu, B., Kociolek, J.P. & Ector, L. (2021) Surirella dongtingensis sp. nov. and ultrastructure of S. undulata (Bacillariophyta) from China. Botany Letters 168 (1): 32–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/23818107.2020.1756908</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Liu, J., Wei, G., Hu, R., Zhang, C. & Han, B. (2013) Atlas of benthic diatoms in the Dongjiang River of the Pearl River Basin. China Environmental Press, Beijing. 108 pp., 42 plates. [In Chinese]</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Long, J.-Y., Kociolek, J.P., Williams, D.M., Liu, B., Mo, W.-H. & Chen, J.-H. (2022) Two new freshwater species of Surirella (Bacillariophyta) from the Wuling Mountains, China. PhytoKeys 201: 35–49. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.201.7962</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Paddock, T.B.B. & Sims, P.A. (1977) A preliminary survey of the raphe structure of some advanced groups of diatoms (Epithemiaceae, Surirellaceae). Nova Hedwigia, Behifete 54: 291–322.</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ruck, E.C. & Kociolek, J.P. (2004) Preliminary phylogeny of the family Surirellaceae (Bacillariophyta). Bibliotheca Diatomologica 50: 1–236.</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ruck, E.C., Nakov, T., Alverson, A.J. & Theriot, E.C. (2016) Phylogeny, ecology, morphological evolution, and reclassification of the diatom orders Surirellales and Rhopalodiales. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 103: 155–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2016.07.023</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Safiallah, S., Saadatmand, S., Kheiri, S. & Iranbakhsh, A. (2020) Biodiversity of diatoms in the Kashkan River in the Zagros Mountains, western Iran. The Iranian Journal of Botany 26 (2): 141–161. https://doi.org/10.22092/ijb.2020.351698.1296</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Seeligmann, C. & Maidana, N. (2019) Diatomeas perifíticas de un río de montaña (Tucumán, Argentina). Lilloa 56 (1): 64–91. https://doi.org/10.30550/j.lil/2019.56.1/5</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Skvortzow, B.W. (1927) Diatoms from Tientsin, North China. Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 65: 102–109.</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Szczepocka, E., Nowicka-Krawczyk, P. & Kruk, A. (2018) Deceptive ecological status of urban streams and rivers—evidence from diatom indices. Ecosphere 9 (7): e02310. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.2310</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Turpin, P.J.F. (1828) Observations sur le nouveau genre Surirella. Mémoires du Musée d’Histoire Naturelle 16: 361–368.</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Van de Vijver, B., Cocquyt, C., De Haan, M., Kopalová, K. & Zidarova, R. (2013) The genus Surirella (Bacillariophyta) in the sub-Antarctic and maritime Antarctic region. Diatom Research 28 (1): 93–108. https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.2012.739975</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Wang, Q. (2018) Flora Algarum Sinicarum Aquae Dulcis, volume XXII. Bacillariophyta, Aulonoraphidinales. Science Press, Beijing. 166 pp, 155 plates. [In Chinese]</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Zhu, H. & Chen, J. (2000) Bacillariophyta of the Xizang Plateau. Science Press, Beijing. 353 pp. [In Chinese]</span></span></span>