Abstract
Two species of Podostemaceae, with few previous georeferenced records West of the Andes in northern South America, are reported across the Andes in the region. Our records document a wider range of the Podostemaceae in the tropical Andes and result from recent floristic explorations in Andean rivers in Ecuador and Colombia. These new records are of use for future research in the group, as well as for conservation projects in rivers. We call for international collaborative projects supporting local collectors and institutions in Latin America to bolster research in the under-collected river plants and assess their distribution. We extend the invitation to local scientists to get their feet wet and collect plants in river-rapids and waterfalls.
References
<p>Anderson, V.J., Horton, B.K., Saylor, J.E., Mora, A., Tesón, E., Breecker, D.O. & Ketcham, R.A. (2016) Andean topographic growth and basement uplift in southern Colombia: Implications for the evolution of the Magdalena, Orinoco, and Amazon river systems. <em>Geosphere</em> 12: 1235–1256. https://doi.org/10.1130/GES01294.1</p>
<p>Baggio, R.A., Firkowski, C.R., Boeger, M.R.T. & Boeger, W.A. (2013) Differentiation within and between river basins of <em>Podostemum irgangii</em> (Podostemaceae), a rapid-water macrophyte of southern Brazil. <em>Aquatic Botany</em> 107: 33–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquabot.2013.01.007</p>
<p>Bedoya, A.M., Leaché, A.D. & Olmstead, R.G. (2021) Andean uplift, drainage basin formation, and the evolution of plants living in fast—flowing aquatic ecosystems in northern South America. <em>New Phytologist</em>: 232: 2175–2190. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.17649</p>
<p>Bedoya, A.M. & Olmstead, R.G. (2022) Strange but common in isolated environments: new records of <em>Marathrum</em> (Podostemaceae) in rivers of Colombia. <em>Aquatic Botany</em> 177: 103483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquabot.2021.103483</p>
<p>Berry, P.E. (2004) <em>Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana</em>, Vol. 8. incl. Podostemaceae. Missouri Bot. Garden.</p>
<p>Bicudo, T.C., Sacek, V. & Paes de Almeida, R. (2020) Reappraisal of the relative importance of dynamic topography and Andean orogeny on Amazon landscape evolution. <em>Earth and Planetary Science Letters</em> 546: 116423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2020.116423</p>
<p>Bove, C.P., Philbrick, C.T. & Lorenço, A.R. (2020) A new species of <em>Lophogyne s.l.</em> (Podostemaceae) from the Amazonian savanna of Amapá, Brazil. <em>Phytotaxa </em>474 (2): 172–178. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.474.2.7</p>
<p>Boschman, L.M. (2021) Andean mountain building since the Late Cretaceous: A paleoelevation reconstruction. <em>Earth-Science Reviews</em> 220: 103640. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103640</p>
<p>Cheek, M. & Lebbie, A. (2018) <em>Lebbiea</em> (Podostemaceae-Podostemoideae), a new, nearly extinct genus with foliose tepals, in Sierra Leone. A. Hemp (ed.). <em>PLOS ONE</em> 13: e0203603. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0203603</p>
<p>Cheek, M., Séné, O. & Ngansop, E. (2020) Three new Critically Endangered <em>Inversodicraea</em> (Podostemaceae) species from Tropical Africa: I. senei, I. tanzaniensis and I. botswana. <em>Kew Bulletin</em> 75: 31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12225-020-09889-1</p>
<p>Cook, C.D.K. & Rutishauser, R. (2007) Podostemaceae. <em>In</em>: Kubitzki, K. (Ed.) <em>Flowering Plants · Eudicots</em>. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 304–344. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-32219-1_40</p>
<p>Davis, C.D., Epps, C.W., Flitcroft, R.L. & Banks, M.A. (2018) Refining and defining riverscape genetics: How rivers influence population genetic structure. <em>WIREs Water</em> 5: e1269. https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1269</p>
<p>Goodwin, Z.A., Harris, D.J., Filer, D., Wood, J.R.I. & Scotland, R.W. (2015) Widespread mistaken identity in tropical plant collections. <em>Current Biology</em> 25: R1066–R1067. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.10.002</p>
<p>Hellquist, C.E., Hellquist, C.B. & Whipple, J.J. (2014) New records for rare and under-collected aquatic vascular planrs for Yellowstone National Park. <em>Madroño</em> 61: 159–176. https://doi.org/10.3120/0024-9637-61.2.159</p>
<p>Hoorn, C., Wesselingh, F.P., ter Steege, H., Bermudez, M.A., Mora, A., Sevink, J., Sanmartin, I., Sanchez-Meseguer, A., Anderson, C.L., Figueiredo, J.P., Jaramillo, C., Riff, D., Negri, F.R., Hooghiemstra, H., Lundberg, J., Stadler, T., Sarkinen, T. & Antonelli, A. (2010) Amazonia Through Time: Andean Uplift, Climate Change, Landscape Evolution, and Biodiversity. <em>Science</em> 330: 927–931. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1194585</p>
<p>Hoyos-Gómez, S.E. & Bernal, R. (2018) Rheophytes of the Samaná Norte River, Colombia: A Hydroelectric Project Threatens an Endemic Flora. <em>Tropical Conservation Science</em> 11: 194008291875681. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940082918756816</p>
<p>Jørgensen, P.M. & León-Yánez, S. (1999) <em>Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares del Ecuador. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden</em>.</p>
<p>Katayama, N., Kato, M. & Imaichi, R. (2016) Habitat specificity enhances genetic differentiation in two species of aquatic Podostemaceae in Japan. <em>American Journal of Botany</em> 103: 317–324. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1500385</p>
<p>Lees, A.C., Peres, C.A., Fearnside, P.M., Schneider, M. & Zuanon, J.A.S. (2016) Hydropower and the future of Amazonian biodiversity. <em>Biodiversity and Conservation</em> 25: 451–466. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-016-1072-3</p>
<p>Mello, A.S. de, Tavares, A.S. & Trevisan, R. (2011) Podostemaceae in Southern Brazil. <em>Rodriguésia</em> 62: 867–885. https://doi.org/10.1590/S2175-78602011000400013</p>
<p>Paz-Vinas, I., Loot, G., Stevens, V.M. & Blanchet, S. (2015) Evolutionary processes driving spatial patterns of intraspecific genetic diversity in river ecosystems. <em>Molecular Ecology</em> 24: 4586–4604. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.13345</p>
<p>Philbrick, C.T. & Bove, C.P. (2019) Nomenclatural changes allow for a broadened circumscription of <em>Lophogyne</em> Tul. to reflect a prominent Neotropical clade of Podostemaceae (Podostemoideae). <em>Phytotaxa </em>400 (2): 81–86. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.400.2.5</p>
<p>Philbrick, C.T. & Novelo, R.A. (1995) New World Podostemaceae: Ecological and Evolutionary Enigmas. <em>Brittonia</em> 47: 210–222. https://doi.org/10.2307/2806959</p>
<p>Philbrick, C.T. & Novelo, R.A. (1998) Flowering phenology, pollen flow, and seed production in <em>Marathrum rubrum</em> (Podostemaceae). <em>Aquatic Botany</em> 62: 199–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3770(98)00090-4</p>
<p>POWO. (2021) Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Available from: http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/ (accessed 22 June 2022)</p>
<p>Royen, P. van. (1951) The Podostemaceae of the New World. I. Proefschrift, P. Harte, Bergen op Zoom, pp. 1–151, 16 pls. Reissued in <em>Med. Bot. Mus. Herb. Rijksuniv. Utrecht</em> 107: 1–151, 16 pls</p>
<p>Royen, P. van. (1953) The Podostemaceae of the New World. II.<em> Acta Botanica Neerlandica</em> 2: 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1438-8677.1953.tb00265.x</p>
<p>Ruokolainen, K., Moulatlet, G.M., Zuquim, G., Hoorn, C. & Tuomisto, H. (2019) Geologically recent rearrangements in central Amazonia river network and their importance for the riverine barrier hypothesis. <em>Frontiers in Biogeography</em> 11: e45046. https://doi.org/10.21425/F5FBG45046</p>
<p>Rutishauser, R. (1995) Developmental patterns of leaves in Podostemaceae compared with more typical flowering plants: saltational evolution and fuzzy morphology. <em>Canadian Journal of Botany</em> 73: 1305–1317. https://doi.org/10.1139/b95-142</p>
<p>Rutishauser, R., Novelo, R.A. & Philbrick, C.T. (1999) Developmental Morphology of New World Podostemaceae: <em>Marathrum and Vanroyenella</em>. <em>International Journal of Plant Sciences</em> 160: 29–45. https://doi.org/10.1086/314097</p>
<p>Schenk, J.J., Herschlag, R. & Thomas, D.W. (2015) Describing a New Species into a Polyphyletic Genus: Taxonomic Novelty in <em>Ledermanniella</em> s.l. (Podostemaceae) from Cameroon. <em>Systematic Botany</em> 40: 539–552. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364415X688330</p>
<p>Tippery, N.P., Philbrick, C.T., Bove, C.P. & Les, D.H. (2011) Systematics and phylogeny of Neotropical riverweeds (Podostemaceae: Podostemoideae). <em>Systematics Botany</em> 36: 105–118. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X553180</p>
<p>Tsukamoto, Y., Yonezawa, S., Katayama, N. & Isagi, Y. (2021) Detection of Endangered Aquatic Plants in Rapid Streams Using Environmental DNA. <em>Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution</em> 8: 622291. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2020.622291</p>
<p>Willis, J.C. (1915) The origin of the Tristichaceae and Podostemaceae. <em>Annals of Botany</em> 29: 299–306. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a089547</p>
<p>Baggio, R.A., Firkowski, C.R., Boeger, M.R.T. & Boeger, W.A. (2013) Differentiation within and between river basins of <em>Podostemum irgangii</em> (Podostemaceae), a rapid-water macrophyte of southern Brazil. <em>Aquatic Botany</em> 107: 33–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquabot.2013.01.007</p>
<p>Bedoya, A.M., Leaché, A.D. & Olmstead, R.G. (2021) Andean uplift, drainage basin formation, and the evolution of plants living in fast—flowing aquatic ecosystems in northern South America. <em>New Phytologist</em>: 232: 2175–2190. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.17649</p>
<p>Bedoya, A.M. & Olmstead, R.G. (2022) Strange but common in isolated environments: new records of <em>Marathrum</em> (Podostemaceae) in rivers of Colombia. <em>Aquatic Botany</em> 177: 103483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquabot.2021.103483</p>
<p>Berry, P.E. (2004) <em>Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana</em>, Vol. 8. incl. Podostemaceae. Missouri Bot. Garden.</p>
<p>Bicudo, T.C., Sacek, V. & Paes de Almeida, R. (2020) Reappraisal of the relative importance of dynamic topography and Andean orogeny on Amazon landscape evolution. <em>Earth and Planetary Science Letters</em> 546: 116423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2020.116423</p>
<p>Bove, C.P., Philbrick, C.T. & Lorenço, A.R. (2020) A new species of <em>Lophogyne s.l.</em> (Podostemaceae) from the Amazonian savanna of Amapá, Brazil. <em>Phytotaxa </em>474 (2): 172–178. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.474.2.7</p>
<p>Boschman, L.M. (2021) Andean mountain building since the Late Cretaceous: A paleoelevation reconstruction. <em>Earth-Science Reviews</em> 220: 103640. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103640</p>
<p>Cheek, M. & Lebbie, A. (2018) <em>Lebbiea</em> (Podostemaceae-Podostemoideae), a new, nearly extinct genus with foliose tepals, in Sierra Leone. A. Hemp (ed.). <em>PLOS ONE</em> 13: e0203603. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0203603</p>
<p>Cheek, M., Séné, O. & Ngansop, E. (2020) Three new Critically Endangered <em>Inversodicraea</em> (Podostemaceae) species from Tropical Africa: I. senei, I. tanzaniensis and I. botswana. <em>Kew Bulletin</em> 75: 31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12225-020-09889-1</p>
<p>Cook, C.D.K. & Rutishauser, R. (2007) Podostemaceae. <em>In</em>: Kubitzki, K. (Ed.) <em>Flowering Plants · Eudicots</em>. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 304–344. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-32219-1_40</p>
<p>Davis, C.D., Epps, C.W., Flitcroft, R.L. & Banks, M.A. (2018) Refining and defining riverscape genetics: How rivers influence population genetic structure. <em>WIREs Water</em> 5: e1269. https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1269</p>
<p>Goodwin, Z.A., Harris, D.J., Filer, D., Wood, J.R.I. & Scotland, R.W. (2015) Widespread mistaken identity in tropical plant collections. <em>Current Biology</em> 25: R1066–R1067. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.10.002</p>
<p>Hellquist, C.E., Hellquist, C.B. & Whipple, J.J. (2014) New records for rare and under-collected aquatic vascular planrs for Yellowstone National Park. <em>Madroño</em> 61: 159–176. https://doi.org/10.3120/0024-9637-61.2.159</p>
<p>Hoorn, C., Wesselingh, F.P., ter Steege, H., Bermudez, M.A., Mora, A., Sevink, J., Sanmartin, I., Sanchez-Meseguer, A., Anderson, C.L., Figueiredo, J.P., Jaramillo, C., Riff, D., Negri, F.R., Hooghiemstra, H., Lundberg, J., Stadler, T., Sarkinen, T. & Antonelli, A. (2010) Amazonia Through Time: Andean Uplift, Climate Change, Landscape Evolution, and Biodiversity. <em>Science</em> 330: 927–931. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1194585</p>
<p>Hoyos-Gómez, S.E. & Bernal, R. (2018) Rheophytes of the Samaná Norte River, Colombia: A Hydroelectric Project Threatens an Endemic Flora. <em>Tropical Conservation Science</em> 11: 194008291875681. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940082918756816</p>
<p>Jørgensen, P.M. & León-Yánez, S. (1999) <em>Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares del Ecuador. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden</em>.</p>
<p>Katayama, N., Kato, M. & Imaichi, R. (2016) Habitat specificity enhances genetic differentiation in two species of aquatic Podostemaceae in Japan. <em>American Journal of Botany</em> 103: 317–324. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1500385</p>
<p>Lees, A.C., Peres, C.A., Fearnside, P.M., Schneider, M. & Zuanon, J.A.S. (2016) Hydropower and the future of Amazonian biodiversity. <em>Biodiversity and Conservation</em> 25: 451–466. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-016-1072-3</p>
<p>Mello, A.S. de, Tavares, A.S. & Trevisan, R. (2011) Podostemaceae in Southern Brazil. <em>Rodriguésia</em> 62: 867–885. https://doi.org/10.1590/S2175-78602011000400013</p>
<p>Paz-Vinas, I., Loot, G., Stevens, V.M. & Blanchet, S. (2015) Evolutionary processes driving spatial patterns of intraspecific genetic diversity in river ecosystems. <em>Molecular Ecology</em> 24: 4586–4604. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.13345</p>
<p>Philbrick, C.T. & Bove, C.P. (2019) Nomenclatural changes allow for a broadened circumscription of <em>Lophogyne</em> Tul. to reflect a prominent Neotropical clade of Podostemaceae (Podostemoideae). <em>Phytotaxa </em>400 (2): 81–86. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.400.2.5</p>
<p>Philbrick, C.T. & Novelo, R.A. (1995) New World Podostemaceae: Ecological and Evolutionary Enigmas. <em>Brittonia</em> 47: 210–222. https://doi.org/10.2307/2806959</p>
<p>Philbrick, C.T. & Novelo, R.A. (1998) Flowering phenology, pollen flow, and seed production in <em>Marathrum rubrum</em> (Podostemaceae). <em>Aquatic Botany</em> 62: 199–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3770(98)00090-4</p>
<p>POWO. (2021) Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Available from: http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/ (accessed 22 June 2022)</p>
<p>Royen, P. van. (1951) The Podostemaceae of the New World. I. Proefschrift, P. Harte, Bergen op Zoom, pp. 1–151, 16 pls. Reissued in <em>Med. Bot. Mus. Herb. Rijksuniv. Utrecht</em> 107: 1–151, 16 pls</p>
<p>Royen, P. van. (1953) The Podostemaceae of the New World. II.<em> Acta Botanica Neerlandica</em> 2: 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1438-8677.1953.tb00265.x</p>
<p>Ruokolainen, K., Moulatlet, G.M., Zuquim, G., Hoorn, C. & Tuomisto, H. (2019) Geologically recent rearrangements in central Amazonia river network and their importance for the riverine barrier hypothesis. <em>Frontiers in Biogeography</em> 11: e45046. https://doi.org/10.21425/F5FBG45046</p>
<p>Rutishauser, R. (1995) Developmental patterns of leaves in Podostemaceae compared with more typical flowering plants: saltational evolution and fuzzy morphology. <em>Canadian Journal of Botany</em> 73: 1305–1317. https://doi.org/10.1139/b95-142</p>
<p>Rutishauser, R., Novelo, R.A. & Philbrick, C.T. (1999) Developmental Morphology of New World Podostemaceae: <em>Marathrum and Vanroyenella</em>. <em>International Journal of Plant Sciences</em> 160: 29–45. https://doi.org/10.1086/314097</p>
<p>Schenk, J.J., Herschlag, R. & Thomas, D.W. (2015) Describing a New Species into a Polyphyletic Genus: Taxonomic Novelty in <em>Ledermanniella</em> s.l. (Podostemaceae) from Cameroon. <em>Systematic Botany</em> 40: 539–552. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364415X688330</p>
<p>Tippery, N.P., Philbrick, C.T., Bove, C.P. & Les, D.H. (2011) Systematics and phylogeny of Neotropical riverweeds (Podostemaceae: Podostemoideae). <em>Systematics Botany</em> 36: 105–118. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X553180</p>
<p>Tsukamoto, Y., Yonezawa, S., Katayama, N. & Isagi, Y. (2021) Detection of Endangered Aquatic Plants in Rapid Streams Using Environmental DNA. <em>Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution</em> 8: 622291. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2020.622291</p>
<p>Willis, J.C. (1915) The origin of the Tristichaceae and Podostemaceae. <em>Annals of Botany</em> 29: 299–306. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a089547</p>