Abstract
Two species of Podostemaceae, with few previous georeferenced records West of the Andes in northern South America, are reported across the Andes in the region. Our records document a wider range of the Podostemaceae in the tropical Andes and result from recent floristic explorations in Andean rivers in Ecuador and Colombia. These new records are of use for future research in the group, as well as for conservation projects in rivers. We call for international collaborative projects supporting local collectors and institutions in Latin America to bolster research in the under-collected river plants and assess their distribution. We extend the invitation to local scientists to get their feet wet and collect plants in river-rapids and waterfalls.
References
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Baggio, R.A., Firkowski, C.R., Boeger, M.R.T. & Boeger, W.A. (2013) Differentiation within and between river basins of Podostemum irgangii (Podostemaceae), a rapid-water macrophyte of southern Brazil. Aquatic Botany 107: 33–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquabot.2013.01.007
Bedoya, A.M., Leaché, A.D. & Olmstead, R.G. (2021) Andean uplift, drainage basin formation, and the evolution of plants living in fast—flowing aquatic ecosystems in northern South America. New Phytologist: 232: 2175–2190. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.17649
Bedoya, A.M. & Olmstead, R.G. (2022) Strange but common in isolated environments: new records of Marathrum (Podostemaceae) in rivers of Colombia. Aquatic Botany 177: 103483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquabot.2021.103483
Berry, P.E. (2004) Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana, Vol. 8. incl. Podostemaceae. Missouri Bot. Garden.
Bicudo, T.C., Sacek, V. & Paes de Almeida, R. (2020) Reappraisal of the relative importance of dynamic topography and Andean orogeny on Amazon landscape evolution. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 546: 116423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2020.116423
Bove, C.P., Philbrick, C.T. & Lorenço, A.R. (2020) A new species of Lophogyne s.l. (Podostemaceae) from the Amazonian savanna of Amapá, Brazil. Phytotaxa 474 (2): 172–178. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.474.2.7
Boschman, L.M. (2021) Andean mountain building since the Late Cretaceous: A paleoelevation reconstruction. Earth-Science Reviews 220: 103640. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103640
Cheek, M. & Lebbie, A. (2018) Lebbiea (Podostemaceae-Podostemoideae), a new, nearly extinct genus with foliose tepals, in Sierra Leone. A. Hemp (ed.). PLOS ONE 13: e0203603. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0203603
Cheek, M., Séné, O. & Ngansop, E. (2020) Three new Critically Endangered Inversodicraea (Podostemaceae) species from Tropical Africa: I. senei, I. tanzaniensis and I. botswana. Kew Bulletin 75: 31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12225-020-09889-1
Cook, C.D.K. & Rutishauser, R. (2007) Podostemaceae. In: Kubitzki, K. (Ed.) Flowering Plants · Eudicots. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 304–344. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-32219-1_40
Davis, C.D., Epps, C.W., Flitcroft, R.L. & Banks, M.A. (2018) Refining and defining riverscape genetics: How rivers influence population genetic structure. WIREs Water 5: e1269. https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1269
Goodwin, Z.A., Harris, D.J., Filer, D., Wood, J.R.I. & Scotland, R.W. (2015) Widespread mistaken identity in tropical plant collections. Current Biology 25: R1066–R1067. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.10.002
Hellquist, C.E., Hellquist, C.B. & Whipple, J.J. (2014) New records for rare and under-collected aquatic vascular planrs for Yellowstone National Park. Madroño 61: 159–176. https://doi.org/10.3120/0024-9637-61.2.159
Hoorn, C., Wesselingh, F.P., ter Steege, H., Bermudez, M.A., Mora, A., Sevink, J., Sanmartin, I., Sanchez-Meseguer, A., Anderson, C.L., Figueiredo, J.P., Jaramillo, C., Riff, D., Negri, F.R., Hooghiemstra, H., Lundberg, J., Stadler, T., Sarkinen, T. & Antonelli, A. (2010) Amazonia Through Time: Andean Uplift, Climate Change, Landscape Evolution, and Biodiversity. Science 330: 927–931. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1194585
Hoyos-Gómez, S.E. & Bernal, R. (2018) Rheophytes of the Samaná Norte River, Colombia: A Hydroelectric Project Threatens an Endemic Flora. Tropical Conservation Science 11: 194008291875681. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940082918756816
Jørgensen, P.M. & León-Yánez, S. (1999) Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares del Ecuador. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden.
Katayama, N., Kato, M. & Imaichi, R. (2016) Habitat specificity enhances genetic differentiation in two species of aquatic Podostemaceae in Japan. American Journal of Botany 103: 317–324. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1500385
Lees, A.C., Peres, C.A., Fearnside, P.M., Schneider, M. & Zuanon, J.A.S. (2016) Hydropower and the future of Amazonian biodiversity. Biodiversity and Conservation 25: 451–466. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-016-1072-3
Mello, A.S. de, Tavares, A.S. & Trevisan, R. (2011) Podostemaceae in Southern Brazil. Rodriguésia 62: 867–885. https://doi.org/10.1590/S2175-78602011000400013
Paz-Vinas, I., Loot, G., Stevens, V.M. & Blanchet, S. (2015) Evolutionary processes driving spatial patterns of intraspecific genetic diversity in river ecosystems. Molecular Ecology 24: 4586–4604. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.13345
Philbrick, C.T. & Bove, C.P. (2019) Nomenclatural changes allow for a broadened circumscription of Lophogyne Tul. to reflect a prominent Neotropical clade of Podostemaceae (Podostemoideae). Phytotaxa 400 (2): 81–86. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.400.2.5
Philbrick, C.T. & Novelo, R.A. (1995) New World Podostemaceae: Ecological and Evolutionary Enigmas. Brittonia 47: 210–222. https://doi.org/10.2307/2806959
Philbrick, C.T. & Novelo, R.A. (1998) Flowering phenology, pollen flow, and seed production in Marathrum rubrum (Podostemaceae). Aquatic Botany 62: 199–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3770(98)00090-4
POWO. (2021) Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Available from: http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/ (accessed 22 June 2022)
Royen, P. van. (1951) The Podostemaceae of the New World. I. Proefschrift, P. Harte, Bergen op Zoom, pp. 1–151, 16 pls. Reissued in Med. Bot. Mus. Herb. Rijksuniv. Utrecht 107: 1–151, 16 pls
Royen, P. van. (1953) The Podostemaceae of the New World. II. Acta Botanica Neerlandica 2: 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1438-8677.1953.tb00265.x
Ruokolainen, K., Moulatlet, G.M., Zuquim, G., Hoorn, C. & Tuomisto, H. (2019) Geologically recent rearrangements in central Amazonia river network and their importance for the riverine barrier hypothesis. Frontiers in Biogeography 11: e45046. https://doi.org/10.21425/F5FBG45046
Rutishauser, R. (1995) Developmental patterns of leaves in Podostemaceae compared with more typical flowering plants: saltational evolution and fuzzy morphology. Canadian Journal of Botany 73: 1305–1317. https://doi.org/10.1139/b95-142
Rutishauser, R., Novelo, R.A. & Philbrick, C.T. (1999) Developmental Morphology of New World Podostemaceae: Marathrum and Vanroyenella. International Journal of Plant Sciences 160: 29–45. https://doi.org/10.1086/314097
Schenk, J.J., Herschlag, R. & Thomas, D.W. (2015) Describing a New Species into a Polyphyletic Genus: Taxonomic Novelty in Ledermanniella s.l. (Podostemaceae) from Cameroon. Systematic Botany 40: 539–552. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364415X688330
Tippery, N.P., Philbrick, C.T., Bove, C.P. & Les, D.H. (2011) Systematics and phylogeny of Neotropical riverweeds (Podostemaceae: Podostemoideae). Systematics Botany 36: 105–118. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X553180
Tsukamoto, Y., Yonezawa, S., Katayama, N. & Isagi, Y. (2021) Detection of Endangered Aquatic Plants in Rapid Streams Using Environmental DNA. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 8: 622291. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2020.622291
Willis, J.C. (1915) The origin of the Tristichaceae and Podostemaceae. Annals of Botany 29: 299–306. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a089547
Baggio, R.A., Firkowski, C.R., Boeger, M.R.T. & Boeger, W.A. (2013) Differentiation within and between river basins of Podostemum irgangii (Podostemaceae), a rapid-water macrophyte of southern Brazil. Aquatic Botany 107: 33–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquabot.2013.01.007
Bedoya, A.M., Leaché, A.D. & Olmstead, R.G. (2021) Andean uplift, drainage basin formation, and the evolution of plants living in fast—flowing aquatic ecosystems in northern South America. New Phytologist: 232: 2175–2190. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.17649
Bedoya, A.M. & Olmstead, R.G. (2022) Strange but common in isolated environments: new records of Marathrum (Podostemaceae) in rivers of Colombia. Aquatic Botany 177: 103483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquabot.2021.103483
Berry, P.E. (2004) Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana, Vol. 8. incl. Podostemaceae. Missouri Bot. Garden.
Bicudo, T.C., Sacek, V. & Paes de Almeida, R. (2020) Reappraisal of the relative importance of dynamic topography and Andean orogeny on Amazon landscape evolution. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 546: 116423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2020.116423
Bove, C.P., Philbrick, C.T. & Lorenço, A.R. (2020) A new species of Lophogyne s.l. (Podostemaceae) from the Amazonian savanna of Amapá, Brazil. Phytotaxa 474 (2): 172–178. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.474.2.7
Boschman, L.M. (2021) Andean mountain building since the Late Cretaceous: A paleoelevation reconstruction. Earth-Science Reviews 220: 103640. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103640
Cheek, M. & Lebbie, A. (2018) Lebbiea (Podostemaceae-Podostemoideae), a new, nearly extinct genus with foliose tepals, in Sierra Leone. A. Hemp (ed.). PLOS ONE 13: e0203603. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0203603
Cheek, M., Séné, O. & Ngansop, E. (2020) Three new Critically Endangered Inversodicraea (Podostemaceae) species from Tropical Africa: I. senei, I. tanzaniensis and I. botswana. Kew Bulletin 75: 31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12225-020-09889-1
Cook, C.D.K. & Rutishauser, R. (2007) Podostemaceae. In: Kubitzki, K. (Ed.) Flowering Plants · Eudicots. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 304–344. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-32219-1_40
Davis, C.D., Epps, C.W., Flitcroft, R.L. & Banks, M.A. (2018) Refining and defining riverscape genetics: How rivers influence population genetic structure. WIREs Water 5: e1269. https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1269
Goodwin, Z.A., Harris, D.J., Filer, D., Wood, J.R.I. & Scotland, R.W. (2015) Widespread mistaken identity in tropical plant collections. Current Biology 25: R1066–R1067. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.10.002
Hellquist, C.E., Hellquist, C.B. & Whipple, J.J. (2014) New records for rare and under-collected aquatic vascular planrs for Yellowstone National Park. Madroño 61: 159–176. https://doi.org/10.3120/0024-9637-61.2.159
Hoorn, C., Wesselingh, F.P., ter Steege, H., Bermudez, M.A., Mora, A., Sevink, J., Sanmartin, I., Sanchez-Meseguer, A., Anderson, C.L., Figueiredo, J.P., Jaramillo, C., Riff, D., Negri, F.R., Hooghiemstra, H., Lundberg, J., Stadler, T., Sarkinen, T. & Antonelli, A. (2010) Amazonia Through Time: Andean Uplift, Climate Change, Landscape Evolution, and Biodiversity. Science 330: 927–931. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1194585
Hoyos-Gómez, S.E. & Bernal, R. (2018) Rheophytes of the Samaná Norte River, Colombia: A Hydroelectric Project Threatens an Endemic Flora. Tropical Conservation Science 11: 194008291875681. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940082918756816
Jørgensen, P.M. & León-Yánez, S. (1999) Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares del Ecuador. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden.
Katayama, N., Kato, M. & Imaichi, R. (2016) Habitat specificity enhances genetic differentiation in two species of aquatic Podostemaceae in Japan. American Journal of Botany 103: 317–324. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1500385
Lees, A.C., Peres, C.A., Fearnside, P.M., Schneider, M. & Zuanon, J.A.S. (2016) Hydropower and the future of Amazonian biodiversity. Biodiversity and Conservation 25: 451–466. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-016-1072-3
Mello, A.S. de, Tavares, A.S. & Trevisan, R. (2011) Podostemaceae in Southern Brazil. Rodriguésia 62: 867–885. https://doi.org/10.1590/S2175-78602011000400013
Paz-Vinas, I., Loot, G., Stevens, V.M. & Blanchet, S. (2015) Evolutionary processes driving spatial patterns of intraspecific genetic diversity in river ecosystems. Molecular Ecology 24: 4586–4604. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.13345
Philbrick, C.T. & Bove, C.P. (2019) Nomenclatural changes allow for a broadened circumscription of Lophogyne Tul. to reflect a prominent Neotropical clade of Podostemaceae (Podostemoideae). Phytotaxa 400 (2): 81–86. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.400.2.5
Philbrick, C.T. & Novelo, R.A. (1995) New World Podostemaceae: Ecological and Evolutionary Enigmas. Brittonia 47: 210–222. https://doi.org/10.2307/2806959
Philbrick, C.T. & Novelo, R.A. (1998) Flowering phenology, pollen flow, and seed production in Marathrum rubrum (Podostemaceae). Aquatic Botany 62: 199–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3770(98)00090-4
POWO. (2021) Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Available from: http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/ (accessed 22 June 2022)
Royen, P. van. (1951) The Podostemaceae of the New World. I. Proefschrift, P. Harte, Bergen op Zoom, pp. 1–151, 16 pls. Reissued in Med. Bot. Mus. Herb. Rijksuniv. Utrecht 107: 1–151, 16 pls
Royen, P. van. (1953) The Podostemaceae of the New World. II. Acta Botanica Neerlandica 2: 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1438-8677.1953.tb00265.x
Ruokolainen, K., Moulatlet, G.M., Zuquim, G., Hoorn, C. & Tuomisto, H. (2019) Geologically recent rearrangements in central Amazonia river network and their importance for the riverine barrier hypothesis. Frontiers in Biogeography 11: e45046. https://doi.org/10.21425/F5FBG45046
Rutishauser, R. (1995) Developmental patterns of leaves in Podostemaceae compared with more typical flowering plants: saltational evolution and fuzzy morphology. Canadian Journal of Botany 73: 1305–1317. https://doi.org/10.1139/b95-142
Rutishauser, R., Novelo, R.A. & Philbrick, C.T. (1999) Developmental Morphology of New World Podostemaceae: Marathrum and Vanroyenella. International Journal of Plant Sciences 160: 29–45. https://doi.org/10.1086/314097
Schenk, J.J., Herschlag, R. & Thomas, D.W. (2015) Describing a New Species into a Polyphyletic Genus: Taxonomic Novelty in Ledermanniella s.l. (Podostemaceae) from Cameroon. Systematic Botany 40: 539–552. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364415X688330
Tippery, N.P., Philbrick, C.T., Bove, C.P. & Les, D.H. (2011) Systematics and phylogeny of Neotropical riverweeds (Podostemaceae: Podostemoideae). Systematics Botany 36: 105–118. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X553180
Tsukamoto, Y., Yonezawa, S., Katayama, N. & Isagi, Y. (2021) Detection of Endangered Aquatic Plants in Rapid Streams Using Environmental DNA. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 8: 622291. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2020.622291
Willis, J.C. (1915) The origin of the Tristichaceae and Podostemaceae. Annals of Botany 29: 299–306. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a089547