Abstract
This paper presents a re-evaluation of the taxonomic identity of Gastrodia foetida based on molecular and morphological data. The taxon was described from Iriomote Island, Ryukyu Islands, Japan, and has often been treated as a synonym of G. nipponica from Wakayama Prefecture, Honshu, Japan. In contrast, we showed that the genetic divergence between G. foetida and G. nipponica is much more significant than that between G. foetida and G. takeshimensis. Additionally, G. foetida can be distinguished from G. nipponica by a few morphological traits, particularly a more dilated column toward a little below the middle. Therefore, we propose that G. foetida is recognized as a distinct species based primarily on molecular phylogenetic evidence followed by morphological evidence. Our investigation strongly suggested that these species exhibit distinct geographic separation: G. nipponica is restricted in mainland Japan (north of the Ryukyu Islands), whereas G. foetida is mainly distributed on the more southern areas (the Ryukyu Islands and possibly Taiwan).
References
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Suetsugu, K. (2017) Two new species of Gastrodia (Gastrodieae, Epidendroideae, Orchidaceae) from Okinawa Island, Ryukyu Islands, Japan. Phytotaxa 302 (3): 251–258. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.302.3.4
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Suetsugu, K. (2021) Gastrodia longiflora (Orchidaceae: Epidendroideae: Gastrodieae), a new mycoheterotrophic species from Ishigaki Island, Ryukyu Islands, Japan. Phytotaxa 502 (1): 107–110. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.502.1.9
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Suetsugu K. & Fukunaga, H. (2017) A new locality of Lecanorchis tabugawaensis (Orchidaceae) from Fukuejima Island, Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan. Bunrui 17: 71–73. https://doi.org/10.18942/bunrui.01701-11
Suetsugu, K., Fukushima, K., Makino, T., Ikematsu, S., Sakamoto, T. & Kimura, S. (2023) Transcriptomic heterochrony and completely cleistogamous flower development in the mycoheterotrophic orchid Gastrodia. New Phytologist 237: 323–338. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.18495
Suetsugu, K., Suleiman, M. & Tsukaya, H. (2018) A new species of Gastrodia (Gastrodieae, Epidendroideae, Orchidaceae) from the Maliau Basin Conservation Area, Sabah, Borneo. Phytotaxa 367 (1): 78–84. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.367.1.9
Tan, Y.H., Hsu, T.C., Pan, B., Li, J.W. & Liu, Q. (2012) Gastrodia albidoides (orchidaceae: Epidendroideae), a new species from Yunnan, China. Phytotaxa 66 (1): 38–42. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.66.1.6
Thiers, B. (2022) Index Herbariorum, New York Botanical Garden. Available from: http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/ (6 October, 2022)
Tsukaya, H. & Hidayat, A. (2016) A new species of Gastrodia (Orchidaceae: Gastrodieae, Epidendroideae) from Java. Phytotaxa 273 (1): 77–80. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.273.1.9
Tuyama, T. (1939) Plantæ Boninenses Novæ vel Criticæ. XII. The Botanical Magazine (Tokyo) 53: 1–7. https://doi.org/10.15281/jplantres1887.53.1
Bandara, C., Priyankara, T., Atthanagoda, A.G., Lakkana, T., Ediriweera, S. & Kumar, P. (2020) Gastrodia gunatillekeorum (Gastrodieae, Epidendroideae, Orchidaceae), a new species from a lowland rainforest of Sri Lanka. Phytotaxa 436 (1): 55–62. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.436.1.5
Brown, R. (1810) Prodromus florae novae Hollandae et insulae Van-Diemen. 1st ed. Taylor, London, 592 pp.
Cribb, P., Fischer, E. & Killmann, D. (2010) A revision of Gastrodia (Orchidaceae: Epidendroideae, Gastrodieae) in tropical Africa. Kew Bulletin 65: 315–321. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12225-010-9193-4
Honda, M. (1932) On a new species of Didymoplexis. The Botanical Magazine (Tokyo) 46: 168. https://doi.org/10.15281/jplantres1887.46.168
Hsu, T.C., Chung, S.W. & Kuo, C.M. (2012) Supplements to the orchid flora of Taiwan (vi). Taiwania 57: 271–277.
Hsu, T.-C., Fanerii, M., Yang, T.-Y.A., Pitisopa, F. & Li, C.-W. (2016) Gastrodia isabelensis and G. solomonensis (Gastrodieae, Epidendroideae, Orchidaceae): two new species representing a new generic record in the Solomon Islands. Phytotaxa 270 (2): 137–145. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.270.2.6
Hsu, T.C. & Kuo, C.M. (2010) Supplements to the orchid flora of Taiwan (IV): Four additions to the genus Gastrodia. Taiwania 55: 243–248.
Kishikawa, K., Suetsugu, K., Kyogoku, D., Ogaki, K., Iga, D., Shutoh, K., Isagi, Y. & Kaneko, S. (2019) Development of microsatellite markers for the completely cleistogamous species Gastrodia takeshimensis (Orchidaceae) that are transferable to its chasmogamous sister G. nipponica. Genes & Genetic Systems 94: 95–98. https://doi.org/10.1266/ggs.18-00057
Koidzumi, G. (1940) Contributiones ad cognitionem florae Asiae Orientalis. Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 9: 71. https://doi.org/10.18942/bunruichiri.KJ00002594589
Langella, O. (2007) Populations ver. 1.2. 30: population genetic software (individuals or populations distances, phylogenetic trees). [http://bioinformatics.org/?tryphon/populations/]
Lin, T.-P. (2019) The orchid flora of Taiwan: A collection of line drawings. National Taiwan University Press, Taipei, 1012 pp.
Ma, L., Chen, X., Liu, J. & Chen, S. (2019) Gastrodia fujianensis (Orchidaceae, Epidendroideae, Gastrodieae), a new species from China. Phytotaxa 391 (4): 269–272. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.391.4.5
Metusala, D. & Supriatna, J. (2017) Gastrodia bambu (Orchidaceae: Epidendroideae), a new species from Java, Indonesia. Phytotaxa 317 (3): 211–218. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.317.3.5
Nei, M., Tajima, F. & Tateno, Y. (1983) Accuracy of estimated phylogenetic trees from molecular data - II. Gene frequency data. Journal of Molecular Evolution 19: 153–170. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02300753
Ogaki, K., Suetsugu, K., Kishikawa, K., Kyogoku, D., Shutoh, K., Isagi, Y. & Kaneko, S. (2019) New microsatellite markers recognize differences in tandem repeats among four related Gastrodia species (Orchidaceae). Genes & Genetic Systems 94: 225–229. https://doi.org/10.1266/ggs.19-00025
Ong, P. & O’Byrne, P. (2012) Two new species of Gastrodia from Terengganu, Peninsular Malaysia. Malesian Orchid Journal 10: 7–16.
Pelser, P.B., Doble, K.J.S., O’BYRNE, P., Ormerod, P. & Barcelona, J.F. (2016) Gastrodia cajanoae (Orchidaceae: Epidendroideae: Gastrodieae), a new species from the Philippines. Phytotaxa 266 (1): 53–56. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.266.1.9
Suetsugu, K. (2013) Gastrodia takeshimensis (Orchidaceae), a new mycoheterotrophic species from Japan. Annales Botanici Fennici 50: 375–378. https://doi.org/10.5735/085.050.0613
Suetsugu, K. (2014) Gastrodia flexistyloides (Orchidaceae), a new mycoheterotrophic plant with complete cleistogamy from Japan. Phytotaxa 175 (5): 270–274. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.175.5.5
Suetsugu, K. (2016) Gastrodia kuroshimensis (Orchidaceae), a new mycoheterotrophic and complete cleistogamous plant from Japan. Phytotaxa 278 (3): 265–272. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.278.3.6
Suetsugu, K. (2017) Two new species of Gastrodia (Gastrodieae, Epidendroideae, Orchidaceae) from Okinawa Island, Ryukyu Islands, Japan. Phytotaxa 302 (3): 251–258. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.302.3.4
Suetsugu, K. (2018) The northernmost locality of the mycoheterotrophic orchid Gastrodia flexistyloides from Fukuejima island, Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan. Japan. Journal of Japanese Botany 93: 61–64.
Suetsugu, K. (2019) Gastrodia amamiana (Orchidaceae; Epidendroideae; Gastrodieae), a new completely cleistogamous species from Japan. Phytotaxa 413 (3): 225–230. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.413.3.3
Suetsugu, K. (2021) Gastrodia longiflora (Orchidaceae: Epidendroideae: Gastrodieae), a new mycoheterotrophic species from Ishigaki Island, Ryukyu Islands, Japan. Phytotaxa 502 (1): 107–110. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.502.1.9
Suetsugu, K. (2022) Living in the shadows: Gastrodia orchids lack functional leaves and open flowers. Plants, People, Planet 4: 418–422. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp3.10281
Suetsugu K. & Fukunaga, H. (2017) A new locality of Lecanorchis tabugawaensis (Orchidaceae) from Fukuejima Island, Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan. Bunrui 17: 71–73. https://doi.org/10.18942/bunrui.01701-11
Suetsugu, K., Fukushima, K., Makino, T., Ikematsu, S., Sakamoto, T. & Kimura, S. (2023) Transcriptomic heterochrony and completely cleistogamous flower development in the mycoheterotrophic orchid Gastrodia. New Phytologist 237: 323–338. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.18495
Suetsugu, K., Suleiman, M. & Tsukaya, H. (2018) A new species of Gastrodia (Gastrodieae, Epidendroideae, Orchidaceae) from the Maliau Basin Conservation Area, Sabah, Borneo. Phytotaxa 367 (1): 78–84. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.367.1.9
Tan, Y.H., Hsu, T.C., Pan, B., Li, J.W. & Liu, Q. (2012) Gastrodia albidoides (orchidaceae: Epidendroideae), a new species from Yunnan, China. Phytotaxa 66 (1): 38–42. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.66.1.6
Thiers, B. (2022) Index Herbariorum, New York Botanical Garden. Available from: http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/ (6 October, 2022)
Tsukaya, H. & Hidayat, A. (2016) A new species of Gastrodia (Orchidaceae: Gastrodieae, Epidendroideae) from Java. Phytotaxa 273 (1): 77–80. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.273.1.9
Tuyama, T. (1939) Plantæ Boninenses Novæ vel Criticæ. XII. The Botanical Magazine (Tokyo) 53: 1–7. https://doi.org/10.15281/jplantres1887.53.1