Abstract
The taxonomic concept for Navarretia minima, when treated as a species or as a subspecies of N. leucocephala, has drifted dramatically from the protologue and original material on which the name is based. Taxonomic concepts from regional floristic works are reviewed to understand the historical context of this drift. Navarretia minima is re-established in a manner consistent with the protologue and original material. Navarretia furnissii is placed in synonymy under N. minima, and a new combination, N. leucocephala subsp. suksdorfii comb. et stat. nov., is established as the proper name for plants that morphologically fit the contemporary, prevailing concept for N. leucocephala subsp. minima. This new combination is based on N. suksdorfii, a taxon that has either been ignored or considered in synonymy under N. minima. Lectotypification is provided for both N. minima and N. suksdorfii.
References
<p>Brand, A. (1907) <em>Navarretia</em>. <em>In: </em>Engler, A. (Ed.) <em>Das Pflanzenreich </em>IV (250). W. Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 151–168.</p>
<p>Bray, E.C. & Bray, M.C. (1976) <em>Joseph N. Nicollet on the plains and prairies: the expeditions of 1838–39, with journals, letters, and notes on the Dakota Indians.</em> St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society, St. Paul, Minnesota, 308 pp.</p>
<p>Bentham, G. (1833) <em>Collomia coccinea</em>. <em>Edward’s Botanical Register </em>19: pl. 1622.</p>
<p>Bentham, G. (1849) <em>Plantas Hartwegianas. </em>Imprimis Mexicanas, 393 pp.</p>
<p>Björk, C.R. (2002) A new subspecies of <em>Navarretia leucocephala </em>(Polemoniaceae) from vernal pools in eastern Washington. <em>Madroño </em>49: 165–168. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41425462</p>
<p>CCH (2022+) <em>Consortium of California herbaria</em>. Available from: https://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/consortium/ (accessed 20 August–30 September 2022)</p>
<p>CMH (2022+) <em>Consortium of Midwest herbaria</em>. Available from: https://midwestherbaria.org/portal/ (accessed 1–30 September 2022)</p>
<p>CPNH (2022+) <em>Consortium of Pacific Northwest herbaria</em>. Available from: http://www.pnwherbaria.org (accessed 20 August–30 September 2022)</p>
<p>Crampton, B. (1954) Morphological and ecological considerations in the classification of <em>Navarretia</em> (Polemoniaceae). <em>Madroño</em> 12: 225–238. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41423515</p>
<p>Cronquist, A., Holmgren, A.H., Holmgren, N.H. & Reveal, J.L. (1972) <em>Intermountain flora: vascular plants of the Intermountain West, U.S.A., vol. 1, geological and botanical history of the region. </em>Hafner Publishing Company, Inc., New York. 270 pp.</p>
<p>Cronquist, A. (1959) Polemoniaceae. <em>In</em>: Hitchcock, C.L., Cronquist, A., Ownbey, M. & Thompson, J.W. (Eds.) <em>Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest, part 3: Ericaceae through Campanulaceae.</em> University of Washington Press, Seattle, Washington, pp. 95–145.</p>
<p>Cronquist, A. (1984) Polemoniaceae. <em>In</em>: Cronquist, A., Holmgren, A.H., Holmgren, N.H., Reveal, J.L. & Holmgren, P.K. (Eds.) <em>Intermountain flora: vascular plants of the Intermountain West, U.S.A.,vol. 4, subclass Asteridae (except Asteraceae)</em>. New York Botanical Garden. Bronx, New York, pp. 86–155.</p>
<p>Day, A.G. (1993a) New taxa and nomenclatural changes in <em>Allophyllum</em>, <em>Gilia</em>, and <em>Navarretia </em>(Polemoniaceae). <em>Novon </em>3: 331–340. https://doi.org/10.2307/3391379</p>
<p>Day, A.G. (1993b) <em>Navarretia</em>. <em>In: </em>Hickman, J.C. (Ed.) <em>the Jepson Manual, higher plants of California</em>. Univ. California Press, Berkeley, pp. 844–849.</p>
<p>Dorn, R.D. (1977) <em>Manual of the vascular plants of Wyoming, </em>vol. 2. Garland Publishing, Inc., New York, 1498 pp.</p>
<p>Gowen, D. & Johnson, L.A. (2020) On the taxonomic status of the varieties of <em>Chorizanthe angustifolia</em> (Polygonaceae). <em>Phytotaxa</em> 455 (1): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.455.1.1</p>
<p>Gray, A. (1870) Revision of the North American Polemoniaceae. <em>Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences</em> 8: 247–282.</p>
<p>Gray, A. (1876) <em>Botany of California</em>. University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 494 pp.</p>
<p>Gray, A. (1878) <em>Synoptical flora of North America</em>, vol. 2, pt. 1. American Book Company, New York, 402 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.10847</p>
<p>Gray, A. (1882) Contributions to North American botany. <em>Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences</em> 17: 163–230. https://doi.org/10.2307/25138649</p>
<p>Greene, E.L. (1887) Some American Polemoniaceae I. <em>Pittonia </em>1: 120−139.</p>
<p>Graustein, J.E. (1967) <em>Thomas Nuttall, naturalist: explorations in America</em>. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, pp. 481. https://doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674282223</p>
<p>Hooker, W.J. (1838) <em>Flora Boreali-Americana, </em>vol. 2, part 8. Parisiis et Argentorati, apud fratres Levrault, pp. 49–96.</p>
<p>Howell, T.J. (1901) <em>A flora of Northwest America</em>, vol. 1, Fasc. 5. Published by the author, Portland, Oregon, 816 pp.</p>
<p>iDigBio (2022+) <em>Integrated digitized biocollections</em>. Available from: https://portal.idigbio.org (accessed 20 August–30 September 2022)</p>
<p>IRHN (2022+) <em>Intermountain region herbarium network</em>. Available from: https://www.intermountainbiota.org/portal/ (accessed 20 August–30 September 2022)</p>
<p>Jepson, W.L. (1925) <em>A manual of the flowering plants of California</em>. Univ. of California Press, Berkeley, 1238 pp.</p>
<p>Jepson, W.L. (1943) <em>A flora of California</em>, vol. 3, pt. 2. Univ. California Press, Berkeley, 466 pp.</p>
<p>Johnson, L.A. & Cairns-Heath, H. (2010) Decrypting cryptic species: morphological and molecular evidence for recognizing <em>Navarretia linearifolia </em>as distinct from <em>N. sinistra</em>. (Polemoniaceae). <em>Systematic Botany </em>35: 618–628. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364410792495791</p>
<p>Johnson<strong>, </strong>L.A. (2012) <em>Navarretia</em>. <em>In</em>: Baldwin, B.G., Goldman, D.H., Keil, D.J., Patterson, R., Rosatti, T.J. & Wilken, D.H. (Eds.) <em>The Jepson manual: higher plants of California</em>, 2nd Ed., University of California Press, Berkeley, pp. 1062–1068.</p>
<p>Johnson, L.A., Chan, L.M., Burr, K. & Hendrickson, D. (2012) <em>Navarretia furnissii</em> (Polemoniaceae), a new diploid species from the intermountain western United States distinguished from tetraploid <em>Navarretia saximontana. Phytotaxa</em> 42: 51–61. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.42.1.7</p>
<p>Johnson, L.A. & Gowen, D. (2017) <em>ex uno, multis</em>: taxonomic revision in <em>Navarretia divaricata </em>(Polemoniaceae) and the diagnosis of cryptic and near-cryptic species. <em>Phytokeys </em>91: 39–83. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.91.21530</p>
<p>Johnson, L.A. (2019) Phylogenetic and taxonomic complexity among the vernal pool species and near relatives of <em>Navarretia </em>section <em>Navarretia. In:</em> Schlising, R.A., Gottschalk Fisher, E.E., Guilliams, C.M. & Castro, B. (Eds.) <em>Vernal pool landscapes: past, present and future. </em>Studies from the herbarium number 20. California State University, Chico, California, pp. 169–190.</p>
<p>JSTOR (2022+) <em>Global plants</em>. Available from: https://plants.jstor.org (accessed 20 August–30 September 2022)</p>
<p>Kearney, T.H. & Peebles, R.H. (1951) <em>Arizona flora</em>. Univ. of California Press, Berkeley, 1032 pp.</p>
<p>Mason, H.L. (1946) Five new species of <em>Navarretia</em>. <em>Madroño </em>8: 196–200. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41422572</p>
<p>Mason, H.L. (1951) Polemoniaceae. <em>In: </em>Abrams, L. (Ed.) <em>Illustrated flora of the Pacific States, </em>vol. 3<em>. </em>Stanford University Press, Stanford, 396–474.</p>
<p>Moran, R. (1977) New or renovated Polemoniaceae from Baja California (<em>Ipomopsis, Linanthus, Navarretia</em>). <em>Madroño </em>24: 141–159. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41424104</p>
<p>Moss, E.H. (1959) <em>Flora of Alberta</em>. University of Toronto Press, 546 pp.</p>
<p>Nuttall, T. (1848) Descriptions of plants collected by Mr. William Gambel in the Rocky Mountains and Upper California. <em>Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia </em>4: 7–26. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.44139</p>
<p>Peck, M.E. (1941) <em>A manual of the higher plants of Oregon</em>. Binfords & Mort, Hillsboro, Oregon, 866 pp.</p>
<p>Pennell, F.W. (1936) Travels and scientific collections of Thomas Nuttall. <em>Bartonia</em> 18: 1–51. https://www.jstor.org/stable/44898486</p>
<p>Porter, J.M. & Patterson, R.W. (2015) A fistful of Polemoniaceae: new names and combinations. <em>Aliso</em> 32: article 2. https://doi.org/10.5642/aliso.20143202.02.02</p>
<p>Ruiz, L.H. & Pavoìn, J.A. (1794) <em>Florae Peruvianae, et Chilensis Prodromus</em>. Impr. De Sancha, Madrid, 792 pp.</p>
<p>Reveal, J.L. & Spevak, V.S. (1967) Publication dates and current names of 144 names proposed in two 1848 Thomas Nuttall articles. <em>Taxon </em>16: 407–414. https://doi.org/10.2307/1216412</p>
<p>Spencer, S.C. & Spencer, A.E. (2003) <em>Navarretia willamettensis </em>and <em>Navarretia saximontana </em>(Polemoniaceae), new species from ephemeral wetlands of western North America. <em>Madroño </em>50: 196–199. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41425515</p>
<p>Steudel, E.T. (1840) <em>Nomenclator Botanicus, Edito secunda, </em>vol. 1. Stuttgartiae and Tubingae, 852 pp.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>St. John, H., English, C.S. Jr., Jones, G.N., Palmer, R., Sprague, R., Warren, F.A. & Weitman, G. (1928) New and noteworthy northwestern plants. <em>Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington</em> 41: 191–199.</p>
<p>Suksdorf, W.N. (1906) Washingtonische Pflanzen. II. <em>Allegmeine Botanische Zeitschrift für Systematik, Floristik, Pflanzengeograpie </em>12: 26–27.</p>
<p>Thiers, B. (2020+) [continuously updated]. <em>Index herbariorum: A global directory of public herbaria and associated staff</em>. New York Botanical Gardens Virtual Herbarium. Available from: http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/ (accessed 15 May 2020)</p>
<p>Weber, W.A. (1944) The botanical collections of Wilhelm N. Suksdorf, 1850–1932. <em>Research Studies of the State College of Washington</em> 12: 51–121.</p>
<p>Weber, W.A. (1990) <em>Colorado flora: eastern slope</em>. University Press of Colorado, Niwot, Colorado, 396 pp.</p>
<p>Wilken, D.H. (1986) Polemoniaceae. <em>In:</em> McGregor, R.L., Barkley, T.M., Brooks, R.E. & Schofield, E.K. (Eds.) <em>Flora of the Great Plains</em>. University Press of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, pp. 666–677.</p>
<p>Bray, E.C. & Bray, M.C. (1976) <em>Joseph N. Nicollet on the plains and prairies: the expeditions of 1838–39, with journals, letters, and notes on the Dakota Indians.</em> St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society, St. Paul, Minnesota, 308 pp.</p>
<p>Bentham, G. (1833) <em>Collomia coccinea</em>. <em>Edward’s Botanical Register </em>19: pl. 1622.</p>
<p>Bentham, G. (1849) <em>Plantas Hartwegianas. </em>Imprimis Mexicanas, 393 pp.</p>
<p>Björk, C.R. (2002) A new subspecies of <em>Navarretia leucocephala </em>(Polemoniaceae) from vernal pools in eastern Washington. <em>Madroño </em>49: 165–168. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41425462</p>
<p>CCH (2022+) <em>Consortium of California herbaria</em>. Available from: https://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/consortium/ (accessed 20 August–30 September 2022)</p>
<p>CMH (2022+) <em>Consortium of Midwest herbaria</em>. Available from: https://midwestherbaria.org/portal/ (accessed 1–30 September 2022)</p>
<p>CPNH (2022+) <em>Consortium of Pacific Northwest herbaria</em>. Available from: http://www.pnwherbaria.org (accessed 20 August–30 September 2022)</p>
<p>Crampton, B. (1954) Morphological and ecological considerations in the classification of <em>Navarretia</em> (Polemoniaceae). <em>Madroño</em> 12: 225–238. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41423515</p>
<p>Cronquist, A., Holmgren, A.H., Holmgren, N.H. & Reveal, J.L. (1972) <em>Intermountain flora: vascular plants of the Intermountain West, U.S.A., vol. 1, geological and botanical history of the region. </em>Hafner Publishing Company, Inc., New York. 270 pp.</p>
<p>Cronquist, A. (1959) Polemoniaceae. <em>In</em>: Hitchcock, C.L., Cronquist, A., Ownbey, M. & Thompson, J.W. (Eds.) <em>Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest, part 3: Ericaceae through Campanulaceae.</em> University of Washington Press, Seattle, Washington, pp. 95–145.</p>
<p>Cronquist, A. (1984) Polemoniaceae. <em>In</em>: Cronquist, A., Holmgren, A.H., Holmgren, N.H., Reveal, J.L. & Holmgren, P.K. (Eds.) <em>Intermountain flora: vascular plants of the Intermountain West, U.S.A.,vol. 4, subclass Asteridae (except Asteraceae)</em>. New York Botanical Garden. Bronx, New York, pp. 86–155.</p>
<p>Day, A.G. (1993a) New taxa and nomenclatural changes in <em>Allophyllum</em>, <em>Gilia</em>, and <em>Navarretia </em>(Polemoniaceae). <em>Novon </em>3: 331–340. https://doi.org/10.2307/3391379</p>
<p>Day, A.G. (1993b) <em>Navarretia</em>. <em>In: </em>Hickman, J.C. (Ed.) <em>the Jepson Manual, higher plants of California</em>. Univ. California Press, Berkeley, pp. 844–849.</p>
<p>Dorn, R.D. (1977) <em>Manual of the vascular plants of Wyoming, </em>vol. 2. Garland Publishing, Inc., New York, 1498 pp.</p>
<p>Gowen, D. & Johnson, L.A. (2020) On the taxonomic status of the varieties of <em>Chorizanthe angustifolia</em> (Polygonaceae). <em>Phytotaxa</em> 455 (1): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.455.1.1</p>
<p>Gray, A. (1870) Revision of the North American Polemoniaceae. <em>Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences</em> 8: 247–282.</p>
<p>Gray, A. (1876) <em>Botany of California</em>. University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 494 pp.</p>
<p>Gray, A. (1878) <em>Synoptical flora of North America</em>, vol. 2, pt. 1. American Book Company, New York, 402 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.10847</p>
<p>Gray, A. (1882) Contributions to North American botany. <em>Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences</em> 17: 163–230. https://doi.org/10.2307/25138649</p>
<p>Greene, E.L. (1887) Some American Polemoniaceae I. <em>Pittonia </em>1: 120−139.</p>
<p>Graustein, J.E. (1967) <em>Thomas Nuttall, naturalist: explorations in America</em>. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, pp. 481. https://doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674282223</p>
<p>Hooker, W.J. (1838) <em>Flora Boreali-Americana, </em>vol. 2, part 8. Parisiis et Argentorati, apud fratres Levrault, pp. 49–96.</p>
<p>Howell, T.J. (1901) <em>A flora of Northwest America</em>, vol. 1, Fasc. 5. Published by the author, Portland, Oregon, 816 pp.</p>
<p>iDigBio (2022+) <em>Integrated digitized biocollections</em>. Available from: https://portal.idigbio.org (accessed 20 August–30 September 2022)</p>
<p>IRHN (2022+) <em>Intermountain region herbarium network</em>. Available from: https://www.intermountainbiota.org/portal/ (accessed 20 August–30 September 2022)</p>
<p>Jepson, W.L. (1925) <em>A manual of the flowering plants of California</em>. Univ. of California Press, Berkeley, 1238 pp.</p>
<p>Jepson, W.L. (1943) <em>A flora of California</em>, vol. 3, pt. 2. Univ. California Press, Berkeley, 466 pp.</p>
<p>Johnson, L.A. & Cairns-Heath, H. (2010) Decrypting cryptic species: morphological and molecular evidence for recognizing <em>Navarretia linearifolia </em>as distinct from <em>N. sinistra</em>. (Polemoniaceae). <em>Systematic Botany </em>35: 618–628. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364410792495791</p>
<p>Johnson<strong>, </strong>L.A. (2012) <em>Navarretia</em>. <em>In</em>: Baldwin, B.G., Goldman, D.H., Keil, D.J., Patterson, R., Rosatti, T.J. & Wilken, D.H. (Eds.) <em>The Jepson manual: higher plants of California</em>, 2nd Ed., University of California Press, Berkeley, pp. 1062–1068.</p>
<p>Johnson, L.A., Chan, L.M., Burr, K. & Hendrickson, D. (2012) <em>Navarretia furnissii</em> (Polemoniaceae), a new diploid species from the intermountain western United States distinguished from tetraploid <em>Navarretia saximontana. Phytotaxa</em> 42: 51–61. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.42.1.7</p>
<p>Johnson, L.A. & Gowen, D. (2017) <em>ex uno, multis</em>: taxonomic revision in <em>Navarretia divaricata </em>(Polemoniaceae) and the diagnosis of cryptic and near-cryptic species. <em>Phytokeys </em>91: 39–83. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.91.21530</p>
<p>Johnson, L.A. (2019) Phylogenetic and taxonomic complexity among the vernal pool species and near relatives of <em>Navarretia </em>section <em>Navarretia. In:</em> Schlising, R.A., Gottschalk Fisher, E.E., Guilliams, C.M. & Castro, B. (Eds.) <em>Vernal pool landscapes: past, present and future. </em>Studies from the herbarium number 20. California State University, Chico, California, pp. 169–190.</p>
<p>JSTOR (2022+) <em>Global plants</em>. Available from: https://plants.jstor.org (accessed 20 August–30 September 2022)</p>
<p>Kearney, T.H. & Peebles, R.H. (1951) <em>Arizona flora</em>. Univ. of California Press, Berkeley, 1032 pp.</p>
<p>Mason, H.L. (1946) Five new species of <em>Navarretia</em>. <em>Madroño </em>8: 196–200. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41422572</p>
<p>Mason, H.L. (1951) Polemoniaceae. <em>In: </em>Abrams, L. (Ed.) <em>Illustrated flora of the Pacific States, </em>vol. 3<em>. </em>Stanford University Press, Stanford, 396–474.</p>
<p>Moran, R. (1977) New or renovated Polemoniaceae from Baja California (<em>Ipomopsis, Linanthus, Navarretia</em>). <em>Madroño </em>24: 141–159. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41424104</p>
<p>Moss, E.H. (1959) <em>Flora of Alberta</em>. University of Toronto Press, 546 pp.</p>
<p>Nuttall, T. (1848) Descriptions of plants collected by Mr. William Gambel in the Rocky Mountains and Upper California. <em>Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia </em>4: 7–26. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.44139</p>
<p>Peck, M.E. (1941) <em>A manual of the higher plants of Oregon</em>. Binfords & Mort, Hillsboro, Oregon, 866 pp.</p>
<p>Pennell, F.W. (1936) Travels and scientific collections of Thomas Nuttall. <em>Bartonia</em> 18: 1–51. https://www.jstor.org/stable/44898486</p>
<p>Porter, J.M. & Patterson, R.W. (2015) A fistful of Polemoniaceae: new names and combinations. <em>Aliso</em> 32: article 2. https://doi.org/10.5642/aliso.20143202.02.02</p>
<p>Ruiz, L.H. & Pavoìn, J.A. (1794) <em>Florae Peruvianae, et Chilensis Prodromus</em>. Impr. De Sancha, Madrid, 792 pp.</p>
<p>Reveal, J.L. & Spevak, V.S. (1967) Publication dates and current names of 144 names proposed in two 1848 Thomas Nuttall articles. <em>Taxon </em>16: 407–414. https://doi.org/10.2307/1216412</p>
<p>Spencer, S.C. & Spencer, A.E. (2003) <em>Navarretia willamettensis </em>and <em>Navarretia saximontana </em>(Polemoniaceae), new species from ephemeral wetlands of western North America. <em>Madroño </em>50: 196–199. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41425515</p>
<p>Steudel, E.T. (1840) <em>Nomenclator Botanicus, Edito secunda, </em>vol. 1. Stuttgartiae and Tubingae, 852 pp.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>St. John, H., English, C.S. Jr., Jones, G.N., Palmer, R., Sprague, R., Warren, F.A. & Weitman, G. (1928) New and noteworthy northwestern plants. <em>Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington</em> 41: 191–199.</p>
<p>Suksdorf, W.N. (1906) Washingtonische Pflanzen. II. <em>Allegmeine Botanische Zeitschrift für Systematik, Floristik, Pflanzengeograpie </em>12: 26–27.</p>
<p>Thiers, B. (2020+) [continuously updated]. <em>Index herbariorum: A global directory of public herbaria and associated staff</em>. New York Botanical Gardens Virtual Herbarium. Available from: http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/ (accessed 15 May 2020)</p>
<p>Weber, W.A. (1944) The botanical collections of Wilhelm N. Suksdorf, 1850–1932. <em>Research Studies of the State College of Washington</em> 12: 51–121.</p>
<p>Weber, W.A. (1990) <em>Colorado flora: eastern slope</em>. University Press of Colorado, Niwot, Colorado, 396 pp.</p>
<p>Wilken, D.H. (1986) Polemoniaceae. <em>In:</em> McGregor, R.L., Barkley, T.M., Brooks, R.E. & Schofield, E.K. (Eds.) <em>Flora of the Great Plains</em>. University Press of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, pp. 666–677.</p>