Abstract
We reviewed the hybrid genera of ferns and propose three new nothogeneric names, ×Apseudathyrium, ×Glaphyrocyclosorus, and ×Osmunimunda, and four new combinations to accommodate the nothospecies related to these three new nothogenera.
References
<p>Ching, R.-C. (1963) A reclassification of the family Thelypteridaceae from the Mainland of Asia. <em>Acta Pytotaxonomica Snica</em> 8: 289–335.</p>
<p>Christ, K.H. (1907) Filices Chinenses. <em>Bulletin de l’Académie Internationale de Géographie Botanique</em> 17: 144–145.</p>
<p>Ebihara, A. (2017) <em>The standard of ferns and lycophytes in Japan</em>, vol. 2. Gakken Plus, Tokyo, 507 pp.</p>
<p>Engels, M.E. & Canestraro, B.K. (2017) ×<em>Cyclobotrya</em>: A new hybrid genus between <em>Cyclodium</em> and <em>Polybotrya</em> (Dryopteridaceae) from the Brazilian Amazon. <em>Brittonia</em> 69: 307–312. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12228-017-9468-2</p>
<p>Fournier, P. (1934)<em> Les quatre flores de la France</em>. Poinson-les-Grancey, Haute-Marne, 64 pp.</p>
<p>Fraser-Jenkins, C.R. (2008) <em>Taxonomic revision of three hundred Indian subcontinental Pteridophytes: with a revised census list; a new picture of fern-taxonomy and nomenclature in the Indian subcontinent</em>. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehra Dun, 685 pp.</p>
<p>Fraser-Jenkins, C.R., Gandhi, K.N., Kholia, B. & Benniamin, A. (2018) <em>An annotated checklist of Indian Pteridophytes, Part-2 (Woodsiaceae to Dryopteridaceae)</em>. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehra Dun, 574 pp.</p>
<p>Gray, A. (1856) <em>A Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States</em>, ed. 2. George P. Putnam & CO., New York, 739 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.50405</p>
<p>Ha, Y.-H., Son, D.-C. & Kim, D.-K. (2020) Validation of a fern hybrid from Korea, <em>Asplenium</em> × <em>bimixtum</em> (Aspleniaceae). <em>Phytotaxa</em> 433: 295–296. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.433.4.5</p>
<p>Hooker, W.J. (1857) <em>Filices Exoticae</em>. W. Pamplin, London, 32 pp.</p>
<p>Hooker, W.J. (1863) <em>Species Filicum.</em> vol. 4. W. Pamplin, London, 292 pp.</p>
<p>Hori, K. & Kanemitsu, H. (2021) Two new hybrids of the genus <em>Diplazium</em> (Athyriaceae) from Japan. <em>PhytoKeys</em> 172: 39–55. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.172.60660</p>
<p>Linnaeus, C. (1753) <em>Species Plantarum</em>. vol. 2. L. Salvius, Stockholm, 640 pp.</p>
<p>Liu, H.-M., Schuettpelz, E. & Schneider, H. (2020) Evaluating the status of fern and lycophyte nothotaxa in the context of the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification (PPG I). <em>Journal of Systematics and Evolution</em> 58: 988–1002. https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.12641</p>
<p>Lu, T.N., Zhou, X.-M., Zhang, L., Knapp, R., Li, C.-X., Fan, X.-P., Zhou, L., Wei, H.-J., Lu, J.-M., Xu, B., Peng, Y.-L., Gao, X.-F. & Zhang, L.-B. (2020) A global plastid phylogeny of the cliff fern family Woodsiaceae and a two-genus classification of Woodsiaceae with the description of <em>×Woodsimatium</em> nothogen. nov. <em>Taxon</em> 68: 1149–1172. https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.12180</p>
<p>Makino, T. (1912) Observations of the flora of Japan. <em>Botanical Magazine</em> (Tokyo) 26: 384–402. https://doi.org/10.15281/jplantres1887.26.312_384</p>
<p>Mazumdar, J. (2013) New combinations for some hybrids in the fern family Thelypteridaceae. <em>Annales Botanici Fennici</em> 50: 398–400. https://doi.org/10.5735/085.050.0604</p>
<p>Nakaike, T. (1992) <em>New Flora of Japan, Pteridophytes</em>. Shibundo, Tokyo, 868 pp.</p>
<p>Newman, E. (1851) Proposed addition of three new species and three new genera to our list of British ferns. <em>Phytologist</em> 4: 368–371.</p>
<p>Opiz, P.M. (1820) Tentamen florae cryptogamicae Boemiae. <em>Kratos</em> 2 (1): 1–21.</p>
<p>PPG [The Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group] I. (2016) A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns. <em>Journal of Systematics and Evolution</em> 54: 563–603. https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.12229</p>
<p>Quansah, N. & Edwards, D.S. (1986) A natural bi-generic fern hybrid in Thelypteridaceae from Ghana. <em>Kew Bulletin</em> 41: 805–809.</p>
<p>Rasbach, H., Reichstein, T. & Schneller, J.J. (1991) Hybrids and polyploidy in the genus <em>Athyrium</em> (Pteridophyta) in Europe. 2. Origin and description of two triploid hybrids and synthesis of allotetraploids. <em>Botanica Helvetica</em> 101: 209–225.</p>
<p>Roth, A.W. (1800) <em>Tentamen florae Germanicae; continens enumerationem plantarum in Germania sponte nascentium</em> (Tomus III). In Bibliopolio I.G. Mlleriano, Lipsiae, 578 pp.</p>
<p>Schneller, J.J. & Rasbach, H. (1984) Hybrids and polyploidy in the genus <em>Athyrium</em> in Europe. <em>Botanica Helvetica</em> 94: 81–99.</p>
<p>Shieh, W.C. & Tsai, J.L. (1987) Three natural hybrids of the Thelypteridaceae in Taiwan. <em>Journal of Science and Engineering</em> 24: 1–12.</p>
<p>Thunberg, C.P. (1780) <em>Nova Acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis</em>, vol. 3. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, Uppsala, 343 pp.</p>
<p>Tryon, R.M. (1940) An <em>Osmunda</em> hybrid. <em>American Fern Journal</em> 30: 65–66. https://doi.org/10.2307/1545845</p>
<p>Tsutsumi, C., Matsumoto, S., Yatabe-Kakugawa, Y., Hirayama, Y. & Kato, M. (2011) A new allotetraploid species of <em>Osmunda</em> (Osmundaceae). <em>Systematic Botany</em> 36: 836–844. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X604859</p>
<p>Turland, N.J., Wiersema, J.H., Barrie, F.R., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D.L., Herendeen, P.S., Knapp, S., Kusber, W.H., Li, D.-Z., Marhold, K., May, T.W., McNeill, J., Monro, A.M., Prado, J., Price, M.J. & Smith, G.F. (Eds.) (2018) <em>International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi, and Plants (Shenzhen Code) Adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017</em>. Regnum Vegetabile 159. Koeltz Botanical Books, Glashütten, 254 pp. https://doi.org/10.12705/Code.2018</p>
<p>Viane, R.L.L. & Pompe, H. (2020) ×<em>Phlebosia</em> (Polypodiaceae), a new fern nothogenus with a new cultivar ‘Nicolas Diamond’. <em>Fern Gazette</em> 21: 101–110.</p>
<p>Wagner, W.H. Jr., Wagner, F.S., Reznicek, A.A. & Werth, C.R. (1992) ×<em>Dryostichum</em> <em>singulare</em> (Dryopteridaceae), a new fern nothogenus from Ontario. <em>Canadian Journal of Botany</em> 70: 245–253.</p>
<p>Wagner, W.H. Jr. (1993) New species of Hawaiian pteridophytes. <em>Contributions from the University of Michigan Herbarium</em> 19: 63–82.</p>
<p>Wagner, W.H., Wagner, F.S., Miller, C.N. & Wagner, D.H. (1978) New observation on royal fern hybrid <em>Osmunda</em> ×<em>ruggii</em>. <em>Rhodora</em> 80: 92–106. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/23311366]</p>
<p>Willdenow, C.L. (1810) <em>Species Plantarum</em>, vol. 4. G.C. Nauk, Berlin, 542 pp.</p>
<p>Yatabe, Y., Murakami, N. & Iwatsuki, K. (2005) <em>Claytosmunda</em>: A new subgenus of <em>Osmunda</em> (Osmundaceae). <em>Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica</em> 56: 127–128. https://doi.org/10.18942/apg.KJ00004623237</p>
<p>Zhang, L. & Zhang, L.-B. (2020a) Fern nothogenera and ×<em>Lepinema</em>, a new hybrid genus between <em>Ellipinema</em> and <em>Lepisorus</em> (Polypodiaceae). <em>Phytotaxa</em> 455: 262–266. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.455.4.3</p>
<p>Zhang, L. & Zhang, L.-B. (2020b) ×<em>Ellipisorus</em> nom. nov. for ×<em>Lepinema</em> (Polypodiaceae) and ×<em>Ellipisorus inaequibasis</em> com. nov. from China. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 464: 299–300. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.464.4.4</p>
<p>Zhang, L., Zhou, X.-M., Liang, Z.-L., Fan, X.-P., Lu, N.T., Song, M.-S., Knapp, R., Gao, X.-F., Sun, H. & Zhang, L.-B. (2020) Phylogeny and classification of the tribe Lepisoreae (Polypodiaceae; pteridophyta) with the description of a new genus, <em>Ellipinema</em> gen. nov., segregated from <em>Lepisorus</em>. <em>Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution</em> 148 (July 2020): 106803. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106803</p>
<p>Zhao, H.-G. & Dong, S.-Y. (2016) A new hybrid of <em>Tectaria</em> (Tectariaceae) from southern China. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 266: 213–218. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.266.3.5</p>
<p>Zuo, Z.-Y., Lu, J.-M., Wang, Y.-H. & Li, D.-Z. (2022)<em> Dryopteris sukungiana</em> (Dryopteridaceae), a new species of the <em>D. sparsa</em> complex from Southwest China. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 533: 256–266. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.533.5.2</p>
<p>Christ, K.H. (1907) Filices Chinenses. <em>Bulletin de l’Académie Internationale de Géographie Botanique</em> 17: 144–145.</p>
<p>Ebihara, A. (2017) <em>The standard of ferns and lycophytes in Japan</em>, vol. 2. Gakken Plus, Tokyo, 507 pp.</p>
<p>Engels, M.E. & Canestraro, B.K. (2017) ×<em>Cyclobotrya</em>: A new hybrid genus between <em>Cyclodium</em> and <em>Polybotrya</em> (Dryopteridaceae) from the Brazilian Amazon. <em>Brittonia</em> 69: 307–312. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12228-017-9468-2</p>
<p>Fournier, P. (1934)<em> Les quatre flores de la France</em>. Poinson-les-Grancey, Haute-Marne, 64 pp.</p>
<p>Fraser-Jenkins, C.R. (2008) <em>Taxonomic revision of three hundred Indian subcontinental Pteridophytes: with a revised census list; a new picture of fern-taxonomy and nomenclature in the Indian subcontinent</em>. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehra Dun, 685 pp.</p>
<p>Fraser-Jenkins, C.R., Gandhi, K.N., Kholia, B. & Benniamin, A. (2018) <em>An annotated checklist of Indian Pteridophytes, Part-2 (Woodsiaceae to Dryopteridaceae)</em>. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehra Dun, 574 pp.</p>
<p>Gray, A. (1856) <em>A Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States</em>, ed. 2. George P. Putnam & CO., New York, 739 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.50405</p>
<p>Ha, Y.-H., Son, D.-C. & Kim, D.-K. (2020) Validation of a fern hybrid from Korea, <em>Asplenium</em> × <em>bimixtum</em> (Aspleniaceae). <em>Phytotaxa</em> 433: 295–296. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.433.4.5</p>
<p>Hooker, W.J. (1857) <em>Filices Exoticae</em>. W. Pamplin, London, 32 pp.</p>
<p>Hooker, W.J. (1863) <em>Species Filicum.</em> vol. 4. W. Pamplin, London, 292 pp.</p>
<p>Hori, K. & Kanemitsu, H. (2021) Two new hybrids of the genus <em>Diplazium</em> (Athyriaceae) from Japan. <em>PhytoKeys</em> 172: 39–55. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.172.60660</p>
<p>Linnaeus, C. (1753) <em>Species Plantarum</em>. vol. 2. L. Salvius, Stockholm, 640 pp.</p>
<p>Liu, H.-M., Schuettpelz, E. & Schneider, H. (2020) Evaluating the status of fern and lycophyte nothotaxa in the context of the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification (PPG I). <em>Journal of Systematics and Evolution</em> 58: 988–1002. https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.12641</p>
<p>Lu, T.N., Zhou, X.-M., Zhang, L., Knapp, R., Li, C.-X., Fan, X.-P., Zhou, L., Wei, H.-J., Lu, J.-M., Xu, B., Peng, Y.-L., Gao, X.-F. & Zhang, L.-B. (2020) A global plastid phylogeny of the cliff fern family Woodsiaceae and a two-genus classification of Woodsiaceae with the description of <em>×Woodsimatium</em> nothogen. nov. <em>Taxon</em> 68: 1149–1172. https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.12180</p>
<p>Makino, T. (1912) Observations of the flora of Japan. <em>Botanical Magazine</em> (Tokyo) 26: 384–402. https://doi.org/10.15281/jplantres1887.26.312_384</p>
<p>Mazumdar, J. (2013) New combinations for some hybrids in the fern family Thelypteridaceae. <em>Annales Botanici Fennici</em> 50: 398–400. https://doi.org/10.5735/085.050.0604</p>
<p>Nakaike, T. (1992) <em>New Flora of Japan, Pteridophytes</em>. Shibundo, Tokyo, 868 pp.</p>
<p>Newman, E. (1851) Proposed addition of three new species and three new genera to our list of British ferns. <em>Phytologist</em> 4: 368–371.</p>
<p>Opiz, P.M. (1820) Tentamen florae cryptogamicae Boemiae. <em>Kratos</em> 2 (1): 1–21.</p>
<p>PPG [The Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group] I. (2016) A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns. <em>Journal of Systematics and Evolution</em> 54: 563–603. https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.12229</p>
<p>Quansah, N. & Edwards, D.S. (1986) A natural bi-generic fern hybrid in Thelypteridaceae from Ghana. <em>Kew Bulletin</em> 41: 805–809.</p>
<p>Rasbach, H., Reichstein, T. & Schneller, J.J. (1991) Hybrids and polyploidy in the genus <em>Athyrium</em> (Pteridophyta) in Europe. 2. Origin and description of two triploid hybrids and synthesis of allotetraploids. <em>Botanica Helvetica</em> 101: 209–225.</p>
<p>Roth, A.W. (1800) <em>Tentamen florae Germanicae; continens enumerationem plantarum in Germania sponte nascentium</em> (Tomus III). In Bibliopolio I.G. Mlleriano, Lipsiae, 578 pp.</p>
<p>Schneller, J.J. & Rasbach, H. (1984) Hybrids and polyploidy in the genus <em>Athyrium</em> in Europe. <em>Botanica Helvetica</em> 94: 81–99.</p>
<p>Shieh, W.C. & Tsai, J.L. (1987) Three natural hybrids of the Thelypteridaceae in Taiwan. <em>Journal of Science and Engineering</em> 24: 1–12.</p>
<p>Thunberg, C.P. (1780) <em>Nova Acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis</em>, vol. 3. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, Uppsala, 343 pp.</p>
<p>Tryon, R.M. (1940) An <em>Osmunda</em> hybrid. <em>American Fern Journal</em> 30: 65–66. https://doi.org/10.2307/1545845</p>
<p>Tsutsumi, C., Matsumoto, S., Yatabe-Kakugawa, Y., Hirayama, Y. & Kato, M. (2011) A new allotetraploid species of <em>Osmunda</em> (Osmundaceae). <em>Systematic Botany</em> 36: 836–844. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X604859</p>
<p>Turland, N.J., Wiersema, J.H., Barrie, F.R., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D.L., Herendeen, P.S., Knapp, S., Kusber, W.H., Li, D.-Z., Marhold, K., May, T.W., McNeill, J., Monro, A.M., Prado, J., Price, M.J. & Smith, G.F. (Eds.) (2018) <em>International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi, and Plants (Shenzhen Code) Adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017</em>. Regnum Vegetabile 159. Koeltz Botanical Books, Glashütten, 254 pp. https://doi.org/10.12705/Code.2018</p>
<p>Viane, R.L.L. & Pompe, H. (2020) ×<em>Phlebosia</em> (Polypodiaceae), a new fern nothogenus with a new cultivar ‘Nicolas Diamond’. <em>Fern Gazette</em> 21: 101–110.</p>
<p>Wagner, W.H. Jr., Wagner, F.S., Reznicek, A.A. & Werth, C.R. (1992) ×<em>Dryostichum</em> <em>singulare</em> (Dryopteridaceae), a new fern nothogenus from Ontario. <em>Canadian Journal of Botany</em> 70: 245–253.</p>
<p>Wagner, W.H. Jr. (1993) New species of Hawaiian pteridophytes. <em>Contributions from the University of Michigan Herbarium</em> 19: 63–82.</p>
<p>Wagner, W.H., Wagner, F.S., Miller, C.N. & Wagner, D.H. (1978) New observation on royal fern hybrid <em>Osmunda</em> ×<em>ruggii</em>. <em>Rhodora</em> 80: 92–106. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/23311366]</p>
<p>Willdenow, C.L. (1810) <em>Species Plantarum</em>, vol. 4. G.C. Nauk, Berlin, 542 pp.</p>
<p>Yatabe, Y., Murakami, N. & Iwatsuki, K. (2005) <em>Claytosmunda</em>: A new subgenus of <em>Osmunda</em> (Osmundaceae). <em>Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica</em> 56: 127–128. https://doi.org/10.18942/apg.KJ00004623237</p>
<p>Zhang, L. & Zhang, L.-B. (2020a) Fern nothogenera and ×<em>Lepinema</em>, a new hybrid genus between <em>Ellipinema</em> and <em>Lepisorus</em> (Polypodiaceae). <em>Phytotaxa</em> 455: 262–266. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.455.4.3</p>
<p>Zhang, L. & Zhang, L.-B. (2020b) ×<em>Ellipisorus</em> nom. nov. for ×<em>Lepinema</em> (Polypodiaceae) and ×<em>Ellipisorus inaequibasis</em> com. nov. from China. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 464: 299–300. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.464.4.4</p>
<p>Zhang, L., Zhou, X.-M., Liang, Z.-L., Fan, X.-P., Lu, N.T., Song, M.-S., Knapp, R., Gao, X.-F., Sun, H. & Zhang, L.-B. (2020) Phylogeny and classification of the tribe Lepisoreae (Polypodiaceae; pteridophyta) with the description of a new genus, <em>Ellipinema</em> gen. nov., segregated from <em>Lepisorus</em>. <em>Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution</em> 148 (July 2020): 106803. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106803</p>
<p>Zhao, H.-G. & Dong, S.-Y. (2016) A new hybrid of <em>Tectaria</em> (Tectariaceae) from southern China. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 266: 213–218. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.266.3.5</p>
<p>Zuo, Z.-Y., Lu, J.-M., Wang, Y.-H. & Li, D.-Z. (2022)<em> Dryopteris sukungiana</em> (Dryopteridaceae), a new species of the <em>D. sparsa</em> complex from Southwest China. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 533: 256–266. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.533.5.2</p>