Abstract
In the present study, we describe a new nodulose-spored Inocybe species based on morphological and molecular phylogenetic evidences. The new species is discovered in a Carpinus forest in Hainan Province, tropical China. It is characterized by a small and slender habit, brown to umber brown pileus with an acutely pointed umbo, sub-distant lamellae, brownish stripes covered with appressed vesture, nodulose to sub-stellate basidiospores, and slightly thick-walled hymenial cystidia. Multi-locus phylogenetic analysis revealed its unique phylogenetic position and placed the new species in a well-supported clade comprising a series of nodulose- and spiny-spored taxa. A detailed description, color photos of different development stages of basidiomata and its micro-structures, and a discussion on its closely related taxa are provided.
References
Aïgnon, H.L., Acar, Ý., Naseer, A. & Yorou, S.N. (2021) State of knowledge on the diversity, phylogeny and distribution of Inocybaceae in Africa. Asian Journal of Mycology 4 (2): 56–66. https://doi.org/10.5943/ajom/4/2/6
Aïgnon, H.L., Jabeen, S., Verbeken, A., Matheny, P.B., Yorou, N.S. & Ryberg, M. (2022) Four new nodulose-spored species of Inocybe (Agaricales) from West Africa. Fungal Systematics and Evolution 10: 1–18. https://doi.org/10.3114/fuse.2022.10.01
Bandini, D., Oertel, B. & Eberhardt, U. (2021) A fresh outlook on the smooth-spored species of Inocybe: type studies and 18 new species. Mycological Progress 20: 1019–1114. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-021-01712-w
Bandini, D., Oertel, B. & Eberhardt, U. (2022) Even more fibre-caps (3): twenty-one new species of the family Inocybaceae. Mycologia Bavarica 22: 31–138.
Bandini, D., Oertel, B., Schüssler, C. & Eberhardt, U. (2020) Even more fibre-caps: fifteen new and two poorly known species of genus Inocybe. Mycologia Bavarica 20: 13–101.
Bau, T. & Yan, J.Q. (2021) A new genus and four new species in the /Psathyrella s.l. clade from China. MycoKeys 2021, 80: 115–131. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.80.65123
Bau, T. (2022) Sinica Fungarum China Vol. 53: Inocybaceae. Science Press, Beijing, pp. 251.
Bhunjun, C.S., Niskanen, T., Suwannarach, N., Wannathes, N., Chen, Y.J., McKenzie, E.H., Maharachchikumbura, S.S., Buyck, B., Zhao, C.L., Fan, Y.G., Zhang, J.Y., Dissanayake, A.J., Marasinghe, D.S., Jayawardena, R.S., Kumla, J., Padamsee, M., Chen, Y.Y., Liimatainen, Kare., Ammirati, J.F., Phukhamsakda, C., Liu, J.K., Phonrob, W., Randrianjohany, É., Hongsanan, S., Cheewangkoon, R., Bundhun, Digvijayini., Khuna, Surapong., Yu, W.J., Deng, L.S., Lu, Y.Z., Hyde, K.D. & Lumyong, S. (2022) The numbers of fungi: are the most speciose genera truly diverse? Fungal Diversity 114: 387–462. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-022-00501-4
Fan, Y.G. & Bau, T. (2010) A revised checklist of the genus Inocybe (Fr.) Fr. in China. Journal of Fungal Research 8: 189–193.
Fan, Y.G. & Bau, T. (2013) Two striking Inocybe species from Yunnan Province, China. Mycotaxon 123: 169–181. https://doi.org/10.5248/123.169
Fan, Y.G. & Bau, T. (2014a) Inocybe hainanensis, a new lilac-stiped species from tropical China. Mycosystema 33: 954–960. https://doi.org/10.13346 /j.mycosystema.140043
Fan, Y.G. & Bau, T. (2014b) Inocybe miyiensis, a new two-spored species in section Marginatae from China. Nova Hedwigia 98: 179–185. https://doi.org/10.1127/0029-5035/2013/0135
Fan, Y.G., Wu, R.H. & Bau, T. (2018) Two new species and eight newly recorded species of subg. Inocybe from China. Journal of Fungal Research 16: 70–83. https://doi.org/10.13341/j.jfr.2018.1211
Fan, Y.G. & Bau, T. (2020) Two new smooth-spored species of Inocybe (Inocybaceae, Agaricales) from Gansu Province, northwestern China. Mycosystema 39 (9): 1694–1705. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.200210
Ferrari, E. (2006) Inocybe alpine e subalpine. Fungi non Delineati XXXIV-XXXV-XXXVI. Edizioni Candusso, Alassio, pp. 457.
Gardes, M. & Bruns, T.D. (1993) ITS primers with enhanced specificity for basidiomycetes—application to the identification of mycorrhizae and rusts. Molecular Ecology 2: 113–118. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.1993.tb00005.x
Ge, Y.P., Liu, Z., Zeng, H., Cheng, X.H. & Na, Q. (2021) Updated description of Atheniella (Mycenaceae, Agaricales), including three new species with brightly coloured pilei from Yunnan Province, southwest China. MycoKeys 81: 139–164. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.139.67773
Hall, T.A. (1999) BioEdit: A User-Friendly Biological Sequence Alignment Editor and Analysis Program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acids Symposium Series 41: 95–98.
Horak, E. (1979) Astrosporina (Agaricales) in Indomalaya and Australia. Persoonia 10: 157–205.
Horak, E. (1980) Inocybe (Agaricales) in Indomalaya and Australasia. Persoonia 11: 1–37.
Horak, E., Matheny, P.B., Desjardin, D.E. & Soytong, K. (2015) The genus Inocybe (Inocybaceae, Agaricales, Basidiomycota) in Thailand and Malaysia. Phytotaxa 230 (3): 201–238. https://dx.doi.org/10.11646/ phytotaxa.230.3.1
Katoh, K., Rozewicki, J. & Yamada, K.D. (2019) MAFFT online service: multiple sequence alignment, interactive sequence choice and visualization. Briefings in Bioinformatics 20 (4): 1160–1166. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0064646
Kobayashi, T. (2009) Notes on the genus Inocybe of Japan. IV. Species having metuloids collected from Hokkaido, Honshu, and Kyushu. Mycoscience 50: 203–211. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10267-008-0472-y
Kokkonen, K. & Vauras, J. (2012) Eleven new boreal species of Inocybe with nodulose spores. Mycological Progress 11: 299–341. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11557-0110783-9.
Kornerup, A. & Wanscher, J.H. (1978) Methuen handbook of colour, 3rd Edition. Methuen, London, 252 pp.
Kropp, B.R., Matheny, P.B. & Nanagyulyan, S.G. (2010) Phylogenetic taxonomy of the Inocybe splendens group and evolution of supersection “Marginatae”. Mycologia 102: 560–573. https://dx.doi.org/10.3852/08-032
Latha, K.P.D. & Manimohan, P. (2017) Inocybes of Kerala. SporePrint Books, Calicut, India, pp. 181.
Li, S.N., Xu, F., Jiang, M., Liu, F., Wu, F., Zhang, P., Fan, Y.G. & Chen, Z.H. (2021) Two new toxic yellow Inocybe species from China: morphological characteristics, phylogenetic analyses and toxin detection. MycoKeys 81: 185–204. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.81.68485
Liu, Y.Y., Sheng, Q.Q., He, W.Y., Ye, S.Y., Li, J.W. & Zhou, S.C. (2021) Advances in physiology and ecology of Carpinus L. Chinese Wild Plant Resources 40 (4): 65–69.
Matheny, P.B. & Bougher, N.L. (2017) Fungi of Australia: Inocybaceae. ABRS, Canberra & CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, pp. 582.
Matheny, P.B. & Kudzma, L.V. (2019) New species of Inocybe (Inocybaceae) from eastern North America. The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 146 (3): 213–235. https://doi.org/10.3159/TORREY-D-18-00060.1
Matheny, P.B. (2005) Improving phylogenetic inference of mushrooms using RPB1 and RPB2 sequences (Inocybe, Agaricales). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 35: 1–20.
Matheny, P.B., Aime, M.C., Smith, M.E. & Henkel, T.W. (2012) New species and reports of Inocybe (Agaricales) from Guyana. Kurtziana 37 (1): 23–39.
Matheny, P.B., Hobbs, A.M. & Esteve-Raventósi, F. (2020) Genera of Inocybaceae: New skin for the old ceremony. Mycologia 112 (1): 83–120. https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.2019.1668906
Meidl, P., Furneaux, B., Tchan, K.I., Kluting, K., Ryberg, M., Guissou, M.-L., Soro, B., Traoré, A., Konomou, G., Yorou, N.S. & Rosling, A. (2021) Soil fungal communities of ectomycorrhizal dominated woodlands across West Africa. MycoKeys 81: 45–68. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.81.66249
Meši?, A., Haelewaters, D., Tkal?ec, Z., Liu, J., Kušan, I., Aime, M.C. & Pošta, A. (2021) Inocybe brijunica sp. nov., a new ectomycorrhizal fungus from Mediterranean Croatia revealed by morphology and multilocus phylogenetic analysis. Journal of Fungi 7: 199. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7030199
Na, Q., Liu, Z., Zeng, H., Heng, X. & Ge, Y.P. (2022) Crepidotus yuanchui sp. nov. and C. caspari found in subalpine areas of China. Mycoscience 63: 1–11. https://doi.org/10.47371/mycosci.2021.10.004
Nylander, J. (2004) MrModeltest V2. Program distributed by the author. Bioinformatics 24: 581–583.
Pradeep, C.K., Vrinda, K.B., Varghese, S.P., Korotkin, H.B. & Matheny, P.B. (2016) New and noteworthy species of Inocybe (Agaricales) from tropical India. Mycological Progress 15: 24. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11557-016-1174-z
Ronquist, F., Teslenko, M., van der Mark, P., Ayres, D.L., Darling, A., Höhna, S., Larget, B., Liu, L., Suchard, M.A. & Huelsenbeck, J.P. (2012) MrBayes 3.2: Efficient Bayesian Phylogenetic Inference and Model Choice across a Large Model Space. Systematic Biology 61: 539–542. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/sys029
Ryberg, M., Larsson, E. & Jacobsson, S. (2010) An evolutionary perspective on morphological and ecological characters in the mushroom family Inocybaceae (Agaricomycotina, Fungi). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 55: 431–442. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev. 2010.02.011
Trifinopoulos, J., Nguyen, L.T., von Haeseler, A. & Minh, B.Q. (2016) W-IQ-TREE: a fast online phylogenetic tool for maximum likelihood analysis. Nucleic Acids Research 44 (W1): W232–W235. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkw256
Turnbull, E. (1995) Inocybe in Peninsular Malaysia. Edinburgh Journal of Botany 52 (3): 351–359. https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0960428600002043
Vilgalys, R. & Hester, M. (1990) Rapid genetic identification and mapping of enzymatically amplified ribosomal DNA from several Cryptococcus species. Journal of Bacteriology 172: 4238–4246.
Wang, S.N., Fan, Y.G. & Yan, J.Q. (2022) Iugisporipsathyra reticulopilea gen. et sp. nov. (Agaricales, Psathyrellaceae) from tropical China produces unique ridge-ornamented spores with an obvious suprahilar plage. MycoKeys 90: 147–162. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.90.85690
Wang, S.N., Hu, Y.P., Chen, J.L., Qi, L.L., Zeng, H., Ding, H., Huo, G.H., Zhang, L.P., Chen, F.S. & Yan, J.Q. (2021) First record of the rare genus Typhrasa (Psathyrellaceae, Agaricales) from China with description of two new species. MycoKeys 79: 119–128. https://doi.org/10.3897/ mycokeys.79.63700
Wartchow, F. (2020) Inocybe cavalcantiae (Inocybaceae), a new species from northern Brazil. Studies in Fungi 5 (1): 1–5. https://doi.org/10.5943/sif/5/1/1
Zong, L.P. (2020) The path to effective national park conservation and management: Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park System Pilot Area. International Journal of Geoheritage Parks 8 (4): 225–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgeop.2020.11.009
Aïgnon, H.L., Jabeen, S., Verbeken, A., Matheny, P.B., Yorou, N.S. & Ryberg, M. (2022) Four new nodulose-spored species of Inocybe (Agaricales) from West Africa. Fungal Systematics and Evolution 10: 1–18. https://doi.org/10.3114/fuse.2022.10.01
Bandini, D., Oertel, B. & Eberhardt, U. (2021) A fresh outlook on the smooth-spored species of Inocybe: type studies and 18 new species. Mycological Progress 20: 1019–1114. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-021-01712-w
Bandini, D., Oertel, B. & Eberhardt, U. (2022) Even more fibre-caps (3): twenty-one new species of the family Inocybaceae. Mycologia Bavarica 22: 31–138.
Bandini, D., Oertel, B., Schüssler, C. & Eberhardt, U. (2020) Even more fibre-caps: fifteen new and two poorly known species of genus Inocybe. Mycologia Bavarica 20: 13–101.
Bau, T. & Yan, J.Q. (2021) A new genus and four new species in the /Psathyrella s.l. clade from China. MycoKeys 2021, 80: 115–131. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.80.65123
Bau, T. (2022) Sinica Fungarum China Vol. 53: Inocybaceae. Science Press, Beijing, pp. 251.
Bhunjun, C.S., Niskanen, T., Suwannarach, N., Wannathes, N., Chen, Y.J., McKenzie, E.H., Maharachchikumbura, S.S., Buyck, B., Zhao, C.L., Fan, Y.G., Zhang, J.Y., Dissanayake, A.J., Marasinghe, D.S., Jayawardena, R.S., Kumla, J., Padamsee, M., Chen, Y.Y., Liimatainen, Kare., Ammirati, J.F., Phukhamsakda, C., Liu, J.K., Phonrob, W., Randrianjohany, É., Hongsanan, S., Cheewangkoon, R., Bundhun, Digvijayini., Khuna, Surapong., Yu, W.J., Deng, L.S., Lu, Y.Z., Hyde, K.D. & Lumyong, S. (2022) The numbers of fungi: are the most speciose genera truly diverse? Fungal Diversity 114: 387–462. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-022-00501-4
Fan, Y.G. & Bau, T. (2010) A revised checklist of the genus Inocybe (Fr.) Fr. in China. Journal of Fungal Research 8: 189–193.
Fan, Y.G. & Bau, T. (2013) Two striking Inocybe species from Yunnan Province, China. Mycotaxon 123: 169–181. https://doi.org/10.5248/123.169
Fan, Y.G. & Bau, T. (2014a) Inocybe hainanensis, a new lilac-stiped species from tropical China. Mycosystema 33: 954–960. https://doi.org/10.13346 /j.mycosystema.140043
Fan, Y.G. & Bau, T. (2014b) Inocybe miyiensis, a new two-spored species in section Marginatae from China. Nova Hedwigia 98: 179–185. https://doi.org/10.1127/0029-5035/2013/0135
Fan, Y.G., Wu, R.H. & Bau, T. (2018) Two new species and eight newly recorded species of subg. Inocybe from China. Journal of Fungal Research 16: 70–83. https://doi.org/10.13341/j.jfr.2018.1211
Fan, Y.G. & Bau, T. (2020) Two new smooth-spored species of Inocybe (Inocybaceae, Agaricales) from Gansu Province, northwestern China. Mycosystema 39 (9): 1694–1705. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.200210
Ferrari, E. (2006) Inocybe alpine e subalpine. Fungi non Delineati XXXIV-XXXV-XXXVI. Edizioni Candusso, Alassio, pp. 457.
Gardes, M. & Bruns, T.D. (1993) ITS primers with enhanced specificity for basidiomycetes—application to the identification of mycorrhizae and rusts. Molecular Ecology 2: 113–118. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.1993.tb00005.x
Ge, Y.P., Liu, Z., Zeng, H., Cheng, X.H. & Na, Q. (2021) Updated description of Atheniella (Mycenaceae, Agaricales), including three new species with brightly coloured pilei from Yunnan Province, southwest China. MycoKeys 81: 139–164. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.139.67773
Hall, T.A. (1999) BioEdit: A User-Friendly Biological Sequence Alignment Editor and Analysis Program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acids Symposium Series 41: 95–98.
Horak, E. (1979) Astrosporina (Agaricales) in Indomalaya and Australia. Persoonia 10: 157–205.
Horak, E. (1980) Inocybe (Agaricales) in Indomalaya and Australasia. Persoonia 11: 1–37.
Horak, E., Matheny, P.B., Desjardin, D.E. & Soytong, K. (2015) The genus Inocybe (Inocybaceae, Agaricales, Basidiomycota) in Thailand and Malaysia. Phytotaxa 230 (3): 201–238. https://dx.doi.org/10.11646/ phytotaxa.230.3.1
Katoh, K., Rozewicki, J. & Yamada, K.D. (2019) MAFFT online service: multiple sequence alignment, interactive sequence choice and visualization. Briefings in Bioinformatics 20 (4): 1160–1166. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0064646
Kobayashi, T. (2009) Notes on the genus Inocybe of Japan. IV. Species having metuloids collected from Hokkaido, Honshu, and Kyushu. Mycoscience 50: 203–211. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10267-008-0472-y
Kokkonen, K. & Vauras, J. (2012) Eleven new boreal species of Inocybe with nodulose spores. Mycological Progress 11: 299–341. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11557-0110783-9.
Kornerup, A. & Wanscher, J.H. (1978) Methuen handbook of colour, 3rd Edition. Methuen, London, 252 pp.
Kropp, B.R., Matheny, P.B. & Nanagyulyan, S.G. (2010) Phylogenetic taxonomy of the Inocybe splendens group and evolution of supersection “Marginatae”. Mycologia 102: 560–573. https://dx.doi.org/10.3852/08-032
Latha, K.P.D. & Manimohan, P. (2017) Inocybes of Kerala. SporePrint Books, Calicut, India, pp. 181.
Li, S.N., Xu, F., Jiang, M., Liu, F., Wu, F., Zhang, P., Fan, Y.G. & Chen, Z.H. (2021) Two new toxic yellow Inocybe species from China: morphological characteristics, phylogenetic analyses and toxin detection. MycoKeys 81: 185–204. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.81.68485
Liu, Y.Y., Sheng, Q.Q., He, W.Y., Ye, S.Y., Li, J.W. & Zhou, S.C. (2021) Advances in physiology and ecology of Carpinus L. Chinese Wild Plant Resources 40 (4): 65–69.
Matheny, P.B. & Bougher, N.L. (2017) Fungi of Australia: Inocybaceae. ABRS, Canberra & CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, pp. 582.
Matheny, P.B. & Kudzma, L.V. (2019) New species of Inocybe (Inocybaceae) from eastern North America. The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 146 (3): 213–235. https://doi.org/10.3159/TORREY-D-18-00060.1
Matheny, P.B. (2005) Improving phylogenetic inference of mushrooms using RPB1 and RPB2 sequences (Inocybe, Agaricales). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 35: 1–20.
Matheny, P.B., Aime, M.C., Smith, M.E. & Henkel, T.W. (2012) New species and reports of Inocybe (Agaricales) from Guyana. Kurtziana 37 (1): 23–39.
Matheny, P.B., Hobbs, A.M. & Esteve-Raventósi, F. (2020) Genera of Inocybaceae: New skin for the old ceremony. Mycologia 112 (1): 83–120. https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.2019.1668906
Meidl, P., Furneaux, B., Tchan, K.I., Kluting, K., Ryberg, M., Guissou, M.-L., Soro, B., Traoré, A., Konomou, G., Yorou, N.S. & Rosling, A. (2021) Soil fungal communities of ectomycorrhizal dominated woodlands across West Africa. MycoKeys 81: 45–68. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.81.66249
Meši?, A., Haelewaters, D., Tkal?ec, Z., Liu, J., Kušan, I., Aime, M.C. & Pošta, A. (2021) Inocybe brijunica sp. nov., a new ectomycorrhizal fungus from Mediterranean Croatia revealed by morphology and multilocus phylogenetic analysis. Journal of Fungi 7: 199. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7030199
Na, Q., Liu, Z., Zeng, H., Heng, X. & Ge, Y.P. (2022) Crepidotus yuanchui sp. nov. and C. caspari found in subalpine areas of China. Mycoscience 63: 1–11. https://doi.org/10.47371/mycosci.2021.10.004
Nylander, J. (2004) MrModeltest V2. Program distributed by the author. Bioinformatics 24: 581–583.
Pradeep, C.K., Vrinda, K.B., Varghese, S.P., Korotkin, H.B. & Matheny, P.B. (2016) New and noteworthy species of Inocybe (Agaricales) from tropical India. Mycological Progress 15: 24. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11557-016-1174-z
Ronquist, F., Teslenko, M., van der Mark, P., Ayres, D.L., Darling, A., Höhna, S., Larget, B., Liu, L., Suchard, M.A. & Huelsenbeck, J.P. (2012) MrBayes 3.2: Efficient Bayesian Phylogenetic Inference and Model Choice across a Large Model Space. Systematic Biology 61: 539–542. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/sys029
Ryberg, M., Larsson, E. & Jacobsson, S. (2010) An evolutionary perspective on morphological and ecological characters in the mushroom family Inocybaceae (Agaricomycotina, Fungi). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 55: 431–442. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev. 2010.02.011
Trifinopoulos, J., Nguyen, L.T., von Haeseler, A. & Minh, B.Q. (2016) W-IQ-TREE: a fast online phylogenetic tool for maximum likelihood analysis. Nucleic Acids Research 44 (W1): W232–W235. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkw256
Turnbull, E. (1995) Inocybe in Peninsular Malaysia. Edinburgh Journal of Botany 52 (3): 351–359. https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0960428600002043
Vilgalys, R. & Hester, M. (1990) Rapid genetic identification and mapping of enzymatically amplified ribosomal DNA from several Cryptococcus species. Journal of Bacteriology 172: 4238–4246.
Wang, S.N., Fan, Y.G. & Yan, J.Q. (2022) Iugisporipsathyra reticulopilea gen. et sp. nov. (Agaricales, Psathyrellaceae) from tropical China produces unique ridge-ornamented spores with an obvious suprahilar plage. MycoKeys 90: 147–162. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.90.85690
Wang, S.N., Hu, Y.P., Chen, J.L., Qi, L.L., Zeng, H., Ding, H., Huo, G.H., Zhang, L.P., Chen, F.S. & Yan, J.Q. (2021) First record of the rare genus Typhrasa (Psathyrellaceae, Agaricales) from China with description of two new species. MycoKeys 79: 119–128. https://doi.org/10.3897/ mycokeys.79.63700
Wartchow, F. (2020) Inocybe cavalcantiae (Inocybaceae), a new species from northern Brazil. Studies in Fungi 5 (1): 1–5. https://doi.org/10.5943/sif/5/1/1
Zong, L.P. (2020) The path to effective national park conservation and management: Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park System Pilot Area. International Journal of Geoheritage Parks 8 (4): 225–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgeop.2020.11.009