Abstract
Species within the Carex section Ammoglochin are difficult to distinguish, due to their similarity and a lack of clear-cut morphological characters. In Poland, all seven European species (Carex arenaria, C. brizoides, C. colchica, C. curvata, C. praecox, C. pseudobrizoides, and C. repens) have been recorded. These taxa can be determined reliably by looking at a combination of characters, especially inflorescence length and colour, gender distribution in the spikes, colour of female glumes, shape, length and width of utricles, and shape of nuts. Carex arenaria, C. brizoides, and C. praecox are the most common Ammoglochin taxa in Poland while C. colchica, C. curvata, and C. pseudobrizoides are much rarer. Carex repens was noted only on a few sites in the central part of the country. In this paper we present a key to identification of the European Ammoglochin species, their description and distribution maps in Poland.
References
Adler, W., Oswald, K. & Fischer, R. (1994) Exkursionsflora von Österreich. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart-Wien, 1180 pp.
Appel, O. (1891) Bemerkungen über einige Arten der Gattung Carex. Berichte der Bayerischen Botanischen Gesellschaft 1: 72–77.
Ascherson, P.F.A. (1864) Flora der Provinz Brandenburg, der Altmarkund des Herzogthums Magdeburg. Verlag von August Hirschwald, Berlin, 713 pp.
Ascherson, P.F.A. & Graebner, K.O.R.P.P. (1898) Flora des Nordostdeutschen Flachlandes (ausser Ostpreussen). Verlag von Gebrüder Borntrager, Berlin, 480 pp.
Ascherson, P.F.A. & Graebner, K.O.R.P.P. (1902–1904) Synopsis der mitteleuropäischen Flora, vol. II. Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig. 1902: pp. 1–144; 1903: pp. 145–224; 1904: pp. 22–530.
Bellardi, C.A.L. (1793) Appendix Ludovici Bellardi ad Floram Pedemontanam. Joannes Michael Briolus, Torino, 78 pp.
Benítez-Benítez, C., Martín-Bravo, S., Bjorå, C.S., Gebauer, S., Hipp, A.L., Hoffmann, M.H., Luceño, M., Pedersen, T.M., Reznicek, A., Roalson, E., Volkova, P., Yano, O., Spalink, D. & Jiménez-Mejías, P. (2021) Geographical vs. ecological diversification in Carex section Phacocystis (Cyperaceae): Patterns hidden behind a twisted taxonomy. Journal of Systematics and Evolution 59: 642–667. https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.12731
Cayouette, J. & Catling, P.M. (1992) Hybridization in the Genus Carex with Special Reference to North America. Botanical Review 58 (4): 351–438. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02858773
Cayouette, J. & Morisset, P. (1985) Chromosome studies on natural hybrids between maritime species of Carex (sections Phacocystis and Cryptocarpa) in northeastern North America, and their taxonomic implications. Canadian Journal of Botany 63 (11): 1957–1982. https://doi.org/10.1139/b85-276
Chater, A.O. (1980) Carex L. In: Tutin, T.G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A., Moore, D.M., Walters, S.M. & Webb, D.A. (Eds.) Flora Europaea, Alismataceae to Orchidaceae (Monocotyledones). Vol. 5. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. pp. 290–323.
Conti, F., Abbate, G., Alessandrini, A. & Blasii, C. (2005) An annotated checklist of the Italian vascular flora. Ministero dell’Ambiente e della Tutela del Territorio. Direzione per la Protezione della Natura. Rome, 420 pp.
Dai, L.K., Liang, S.Y., Zhang, S.R., Tang, Y., Koyama, T. & Tucker, G.C. (2010) Carex L. In: Flora of China, Editorial Committee (ed.) Flora of China Acoraceae through Cyperaceae. Vol. 23. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, pp. 285–461.
Danilhelka, J., Chrtek, Jr. J. & Kaplan, Z. (2012) Checklist of the vascular plants of the Czech Republic. Preslia 84: 647–811.
De Storme, N. & Mason, A. (2014) Plant speciation through chromosome instability and ploidy change: Cellular mechanisms, molecular factors and evolutionary relevance. Current Plant Biology 1: 10–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpb.2014.09.002
Dietrich, J. (1964) In Documented chromosome numbers of plants. Madroño 17: 266–368.
Dietrich, W. (1972) In IOPB chromosome number reports. Taxon 21: 333–346. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1996-8175.1972.tb03276.x
Duistermaat, H. (2020) Heukels’ Flora van Nederland. 24ste druk. Wolters-Noordhoff, Groningen/Houten, 841 pp.
Egorova, T.V. (1999) The Sedges (Carex L.) of Russia and adjacent states (within the limits of the former USSR). Ed. A.L. Takhtajan. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St.-Petersburg and St. Louis, 772 pp.
Global Carex Group (2016) Megaphylogenetic Specimen-level Approaches to the Carex (Cyperaceae) Phylogeny Using ITS, ETS, and matK Sequences: Implications for Classification. Systematic Botany 41 (3): 500–518. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364416X692497
Govaerts, R., Jiménez-Mejías, P., Koopman, J., Simpson, D., Goetghebeur, P., Wilson, K., Egorova, T. & Bruhl, J. (2022) World checklist of Cyperaceae. Kew: The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens. Available from: http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/monocots/ (accessed 12 January 2022).
Hedrén, M. (1998) Status of Carex bergrothii (Cyperaceae) on Gotland, SE Sweden. Nordic Journal of Botany 18: 41–49. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-1051.1998.tb01097.x
Heilborn, O. (1924) Chromosome numbers and dimensions, species formation and phylogeny in the genus Carex. Hereditas 5: 129–216. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5223.1924.tb03128.x
Jermy, A.C., Simpson, D.A., Foley, M.J.Y. & Porter, M.S. (2007) Sedges of the British Isles. BSBI Handbook No. 1, edition 3. Botanical Society of the British Isles, London, 554 pp.
Junge, P. (1908) Die Cyperaceae Schleswig-Holsteins einschließlich des Gebiets der freien und Hansestädte Hamburg und Lübeck und des Fürstentums Lübeck. Jahrbuch der Hamburgischen Wissenschaftlichen Anstalten 25 (Beiheft 3): 126–277.
Kaplan, Z., Danihelka, J., Koutecký, P., Šumberová, K., Ekrt, L., Grulich, V., ?epka, R., Hroudová, Z., Št?pánková, J., Dvo?ák, V., Dan?ák, M., D?evojan, P. & Wild, J. (2017) Distributions of vascular plants in the Czech Republic. Part 4. Preslia 89: 115–201. https://doi.org/10.23855/preslia.2017.333
Kern, J.H. & Reichgelt, T.J. (1954) Carex L. In: Weevers, Th., Danser, B.H. & Heimans, J. (Eds.) Flora Neerlandica Kon. Ned. Bot. Ver., Amsterdam, 1 (3): 1–133.
Kiffe, K. (1996) Gehört Carex repens Bellardi (Cyperaceae) der Flora der Bundesrepublik Deutschland an? Floristische Rundbriefe 30: 7–12.
Király, G. (2009) Új magyar füvészkönyv. Magyarország hajtásos növényei. Határozókulcsok. Aggteleki Nemzeti Park Igazgatóság. [New Hungarian Herbal. The Vascular Plants of Hungary]. Aggteleki Nemzeti Park Igazgatóság, Jósvafö, 616 pp.
Knaf, J.F. (1847) Exiguitates botanicae. Flora 30: 181–186.
Kneucker, A. (1896) Bemerkungen zu den “Carices exsiccatae” II. Lieferung 1896. Allgemeine Botanische Zeitschrift für Systematik 2: 183–185.
Kobierski, P., Ry?, R. & Piotrowski, R. (2020) Materia?y do flory po?udniowo-zachodniej cz??ci województwa lubuskiego. Cz??? II. FloraKob, Lubsko, 82 pp.
Kobierski, P., Piotrowski, R. & Ry?, R. (2021) Materia?y do flory po?udniowo-zachodniej cz??ci województwa lubuskiego. Cz??? III. FloraKob, Lubsko, 108 pp.
Komsta, ?. (2022) ATPOL - the Polish geobotanical grid online (komsta.net). Available from: http://www.komsta.net/atpol/ (assessed: 12 January 2022).
Koopman, J. (2018) Section Ammoglochin (Carex, Cyperaceae) in Poland. Doctoral thesis, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, 209 pp.
Koopman, J. (2022) Carex Europaea. volume 1, ed. 3. Margraf Publishers, Weikersheim, 808 pp.
Kukkonen, I. & Toivonen, H. (1988) Taxonomy of wetland carices. Aquatic Botany 30 (1–2): 5–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3770(88)90003-4
Kükenthal, G. (1899) I. Nachtrag zu den “Carices exsiccatae” Lief. I und II. Allgemeine Botanische Zeitschrift für Systematik 5: 128–130.
Kükenthal, G. (1909) Cyperaceae–Caricoideae. In: Engler, A. (Ed.) Das Pflanzenreich 4 (21). Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 1–824.
Lang, O.F. (1843) Ueber Carex Ohmülleriana, eine neue deutsche Segge, und C. grypos Schk. Flora 26: 240–245.
Lembicz, M., Rogowski, A., Jarmo?owski, A., Bogdanowicz, A.M. & ?ukowski, W. (2010) Historical vs. present populations of the sedge Carex repens: a comparison on the basis of molecular data. Phytotaxa 3: 19–26. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.3.1.2
Lipnerová, I., Bureš, P., Horová, L. & Šmarda, P. (2013) Evolution of genome size in Carex (Cyperaceae) in relation to chromosome number and genomic base composition. Annals of Botany 111: 79–94. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcs239
Löve, Á. & Löve, D. (1961) Chromosome numbers of central and northwest European plant species. Opera Botanica 5: 1–581.
MacLeod, N. (2002) Phylogenetic signals in morphometric data. In: MacLeod, N. & Forey, P.L. (Eds.) Morphology, shape and phylogeny. Taylor & Francis, London, pp. 100–138. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780203165171-16
Marsson, T.F. (1869) Flora von Neu-Vorpommern und den Inseln Rügen und Usedom. W. Engelmann, Leipzig, 698 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.12116
Meltzer, H. (1960) Neues und Kritisches zur Flora der Steiermark und des angrenzenden Burgeslandes. Mitteilungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereines für Steiermark 90: 85–102.
Mesterházy, A. & Király, G. (2006) A Carex repens Bellardi Magyarországon. [Carex repens Bellardi in Hungary: description, distribution and habitat]. Flora Pannonica 4: 99–110.
Mirek, Z., Musia?, L. & Wójcicki, J.J. (1997) Polish Herbaria. Polish Bot. Stud. Guidebook Series 8. pp. 1–116.
Mirek, Z., Pi?kos-Mirkowa, H. Zaj?c, A. & Zaj?c, M. (2020) Vascular plants of Poland. A annotated checklist. W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, 526 pp.
Parent, G.H. (1974) Études écologiques et chorologiques sur la flore Lorraine. I. – Carex praecox Schreb. en Lorraine orientale et remarques sur Carex curvata (Cyperaceae). Bulletin du Jardin botanique National de Belgique 44: 173–184. https://doi.org/10.2307/3667433
QGIS Development Team (2022) QGIS Geographic Information System. Open Source Geospatial Foundation Project. Available from: https://qgis.org/pl/site/ (accessed 26 October 2022)
Reznicek, A.A. (2002) Carex Linnaeus sect. Ammoglochin Dumort. In: Ball, P.W., Reznicek, A.A. & Murray, D.F. (Eds.) Flora of North America north of Mexico.Vol. 23. Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 523–537.
Reznicek, A.A. & Catling, P.M. (2002) Carex Linnaeus sect. Holarrhenae (Döll) Pax. In: Ball, P.W., Reznicek, A.A. & Murray, D.F. (Eds.) Flora of North America north of Mexico. Vol. 23. Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 301–302.
Rieseberg, L.H. (1997) Hybrid origins of plant species. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 28: 359–89. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.28.1.359
Roalson, E.H. (2008) A synopsis of chromosome number variation in the Cyperaceae. Botanical Review 74: 209–393. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12229-008-9011-y
Roalson, E.H., Jiménez-Mejías, P., Hipp, A.L., Benítez-Benítez, C., Bruederle, L.P., Chung, K.-S., Escudero, M., Ford, B.A., Ford, K., Gebauer, S., Gehrke, B., Hahn, M., Qasim Hayat, M., Hoffmann, M.H., Jin, X.-F., Kim, S., Larridon, I., Léveillé-Bourret, É., Lu, Y.-F., Luceño, M., Maguilla, E., Márquez-Corro, J.I., Martín-Bravo, S., Masaki, T., Míguez, M., Naczi, R.F.C., Reznicek, A.A., Spalink, D., Starr, J.R., Uzma, Villaverde, T., Waterway, M.J., Wilson, K.L. & Zhang, S. (2021) A framework infrageneric classification of Carex (Cyperaceae) and its organizing principles. Journal of Systematics and Evolution 59 (4): 726–762. https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.12722
Rotreklová, O., Bureš, P., ?epka, R., Grulich, V., Šmarda, P., Hralová, I., Zedek, F. & Koutecký, T. (2011) Chromosome numbers of Carex. Preslia 83: 25–58.
Ry?, R & Kobierski, P. (2019) Materia?y do flory po?udniowo-zachodniej cz??ci województwa lubuskiego. FloraKob, Lubsko, 120 pp.
?epka, R. & Grulich, V. (2014) Ost?ice ?eské republiky: terénní obrazový pr?vodce. Kostelec nad ?ernými lesy: Lesnická Práce, Brno, 208 pp.
Schmid, B. (1982) Karyology and hydridization in theCarex flava complex in Switzerland. Feddes Repertorium 93: 23–59. https://doi.org/10.1002/fedr.19820930103
Sârbu, I. ?tefan, N. & Oprea, A. (2013) Plante Vasculare din România: determinator ilustrat de teren. Victor B Victor. Bucures?ti, 1320 pp.
Soldano, A. & Badino, A. (1984) Ritrovamento nel Vercellese, dopo oltre un secolo, di “Carex repens” Bellardi individuazione di nuove stazioni e typificazione (Monocotyledonae, Cyperaceae). Riv. Piem. St. Nat. 5: 171–176.
Spribille, F.J. (1896) Nr. 34. Carex Posnaniensis Spribille nov. spec.: p. 184. In: Kneucker, A. (Ed.) Bemerkungen zu den “Carices exsiccatae”, II. Lieferung. Allgemeine Botanische Zeitung für Systematik 2: 183–185.
StatSoft, Inc. (2013) Electronic Statistics Textbook. _Tulsa, OK, StatSoft. WEB. Available from: http:// www.statsoft.com/ textbook/ (accessed 26 October 2022)
Szel?g, Z. (2002) Carex curvata (Cyperaceae) in Poland. Polish Botanical Journal 47 (1): 37–39.
Szweykowski, J. & Wagner, W. (1974) Studies on the variability in the Central European Carex species of the Arenariae group II. Anatomical rhizome characters in three Polish populations of Carex arenaria L. Bulletin de la Société des Amis des Sciences et des Lettres de Pozna?, Serie D, Sciences Biologique 15: 3–8.
Szweykowski, J. & Chwi?kowska, B. (1976) Studies on the variability in the Central European Carex species of the Arenariae group. III. The variability of some vegetative characters in Polish Carex arenaria L. populations. Bulletin de la Société des Amis des Sciences et des Lettres de Pozna?, Serie D, Sciences Biologique 16: 35–46.
Tanaka, N. (1942) Chromosome studies in Cyperaceae XIX. Chromosome number of Carex (Vignea I). Medicine and Biology 2: 215–219.
Thiers, B. (2022) Index Herbariorum: A global directory of public herbaria and associated staff. New York Botanical Garden’s Virtual Herbarium. Available from: http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/ (accessed 12 January 2022).
Tison, J.-M. & de Foucault, B. (2014) Flora Gallica – Flore de France. Société Botanique de France, Biotope éditions, Mèze, 1200 pp.
Toivonen, H. (1981) Spontaneous Carex hybrids of Heleonastes and related sections in Fennoscandia. Acta Botanica Fennica 116: 1–51.
Urbaniak, L. (1990) The interpopulational variability of Carex ligerica Gay in Poland. Part. III. Variation of morphological characters. Bulletin de la Société des Amis des Sciences et des Lettres de Pozna?, Serie D, Sciences Biologique 28: 27–39.
Urbaniak, L. (1992) A comparison between Carex arenaria L. and Carex ligerica Gay – sedges from the Arenariae group based on leaf characteristics. Acta Soccietatis Botanicorum Poloniae 61 (2): 265–271. https://doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1992.024
Urbaniak, L. (1994) Variability characteristics and comparison of Carex arenaria L. and Carex ligerica Gay populations based on rhizome characters. Acta Soccietatis Botanicorum Poloniae 63 (1): 77–81. https://doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1994.012
Urbaniak, L. (1998) Morphometric differentiation of Carex ligerica Gay in Poland. Acta Soccietatis Botanicorum Poloniae 67 (3–4): 263–268. https://doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1998.034
Urbaniak, L., Maik, I. & Urbaniak, D. (2000) Differentiation between Carex arenaria L. populations at the eastern range margin bases on female and male glumes variation. Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 69 (1): 65–74. https://doi.org/10.5586/asbp.2000.008
Wi?c?aw, H. (2014) Carex flava aggregate (section Ceratocystis, Cyperaceae) in Poland: taxonomy, morphological variation, and soil conditions. Biodiversity Research and Conservation 33: 3–47. https://doi.org/10.2478/biorc-2014-0002
Wi?c?aw, H. & Wilhelm, M. (2014) Natural hybridization within the Carex flava complex (Cyperaceae) in Poland: morphometric studies. Annales Botanici Fennici 51 (3): 129–147. https://doi.org/10.5735/085.053.0101
Verey, M. (2017) Theoretical analysis and practical consequences of adopting a model ATPOL grid as a conical projection defining the conversion of plane coordinates to the WGS 84 ellipsoid. Fragmenta Floristica et Geobotanica Polonica 24 (2): 469–488.
Wahlenberg, G. (1803) Inledning til Caricographien. Kongliga Vetenskaps Academiens Nya Handlingar 24: 138–166.
Zaj?c, A. (1978) Atlas of distribution of vascular plants in Poland. Taxon 27 (5–6): 481–484. https://doi.org/10.2307/1219899
Zaj?c, M. & Zaj?c, A. (2001) Atlas rozmieszczenia ro?lin naczyniowych w Polsce. Nak?adem Pracowni Chorologii Komputerowej Instytutu Botaniki UJ, Kraków, XII + 716 pp. [Distribution Atlas of Vascular Plants in Poland]
?ukowski, W. & Lembicz, M. (2000) Carex pseudobrizoides (Cyperaceae) in Poland: patterns of isozymatic phenotypes. Fragmenta Floristica et Geobotanica 45 (1–2): 265–271.
Appel, O. (1891) Bemerkungen über einige Arten der Gattung Carex. Berichte der Bayerischen Botanischen Gesellschaft 1: 72–77.
Ascherson, P.F.A. (1864) Flora der Provinz Brandenburg, der Altmarkund des Herzogthums Magdeburg. Verlag von August Hirschwald, Berlin, 713 pp.
Ascherson, P.F.A. & Graebner, K.O.R.P.P. (1898) Flora des Nordostdeutschen Flachlandes (ausser Ostpreussen). Verlag von Gebrüder Borntrager, Berlin, 480 pp.
Ascherson, P.F.A. & Graebner, K.O.R.P.P. (1902–1904) Synopsis der mitteleuropäischen Flora, vol. II. Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig. 1902: pp. 1–144; 1903: pp. 145–224; 1904: pp. 22–530.
Bellardi, C.A.L. (1793) Appendix Ludovici Bellardi ad Floram Pedemontanam. Joannes Michael Briolus, Torino, 78 pp.
Benítez-Benítez, C., Martín-Bravo, S., Bjorå, C.S., Gebauer, S., Hipp, A.L., Hoffmann, M.H., Luceño, M., Pedersen, T.M., Reznicek, A., Roalson, E., Volkova, P., Yano, O., Spalink, D. & Jiménez-Mejías, P. (2021) Geographical vs. ecological diversification in Carex section Phacocystis (Cyperaceae): Patterns hidden behind a twisted taxonomy. Journal of Systematics and Evolution 59: 642–667. https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.12731
Cayouette, J. & Catling, P.M. (1992) Hybridization in the Genus Carex with Special Reference to North America. Botanical Review 58 (4): 351–438. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02858773
Cayouette, J. & Morisset, P. (1985) Chromosome studies on natural hybrids between maritime species of Carex (sections Phacocystis and Cryptocarpa) in northeastern North America, and their taxonomic implications. Canadian Journal of Botany 63 (11): 1957–1982. https://doi.org/10.1139/b85-276
Chater, A.O. (1980) Carex L. In: Tutin, T.G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A., Moore, D.M., Walters, S.M. & Webb, D.A. (Eds.) Flora Europaea, Alismataceae to Orchidaceae (Monocotyledones). Vol. 5. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. pp. 290–323.
Conti, F., Abbate, G., Alessandrini, A. & Blasii, C. (2005) An annotated checklist of the Italian vascular flora. Ministero dell’Ambiente e della Tutela del Territorio. Direzione per la Protezione della Natura. Rome, 420 pp.
Dai, L.K., Liang, S.Y., Zhang, S.R., Tang, Y., Koyama, T. & Tucker, G.C. (2010) Carex L. In: Flora of China, Editorial Committee (ed.) Flora of China Acoraceae through Cyperaceae. Vol. 23. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, pp. 285–461.
Danilhelka, J., Chrtek, Jr. J. & Kaplan, Z. (2012) Checklist of the vascular plants of the Czech Republic. Preslia 84: 647–811.
De Storme, N. & Mason, A. (2014) Plant speciation through chromosome instability and ploidy change: Cellular mechanisms, molecular factors and evolutionary relevance. Current Plant Biology 1: 10–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpb.2014.09.002
Dietrich, J. (1964) In Documented chromosome numbers of plants. Madroño 17: 266–368.
Dietrich, W. (1972) In IOPB chromosome number reports. Taxon 21: 333–346. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1996-8175.1972.tb03276.x
Duistermaat, H. (2020) Heukels’ Flora van Nederland. 24ste druk. Wolters-Noordhoff, Groningen/Houten, 841 pp.
Egorova, T.V. (1999) The Sedges (Carex L.) of Russia and adjacent states (within the limits of the former USSR). Ed. A.L. Takhtajan. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St.-Petersburg and St. Louis, 772 pp.
Global Carex Group (2016) Megaphylogenetic Specimen-level Approaches to the Carex (Cyperaceae) Phylogeny Using ITS, ETS, and matK Sequences: Implications for Classification. Systematic Botany 41 (3): 500–518. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364416X692497
Govaerts, R., Jiménez-Mejías, P., Koopman, J., Simpson, D., Goetghebeur, P., Wilson, K., Egorova, T. & Bruhl, J. (2022) World checklist of Cyperaceae. Kew: The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens. Available from: http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/monocots/ (accessed 12 January 2022).
Hedrén, M. (1998) Status of Carex bergrothii (Cyperaceae) on Gotland, SE Sweden. Nordic Journal of Botany 18: 41–49. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-1051.1998.tb01097.x
Heilborn, O. (1924) Chromosome numbers and dimensions, species formation and phylogeny in the genus Carex. Hereditas 5: 129–216. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5223.1924.tb03128.x
Jermy, A.C., Simpson, D.A., Foley, M.J.Y. & Porter, M.S. (2007) Sedges of the British Isles. BSBI Handbook No. 1, edition 3. Botanical Society of the British Isles, London, 554 pp.
Junge, P. (1908) Die Cyperaceae Schleswig-Holsteins einschließlich des Gebiets der freien und Hansestädte Hamburg und Lübeck und des Fürstentums Lübeck. Jahrbuch der Hamburgischen Wissenschaftlichen Anstalten 25 (Beiheft 3): 126–277.
Kaplan, Z., Danihelka, J., Koutecký, P., Šumberová, K., Ekrt, L., Grulich, V., ?epka, R., Hroudová, Z., Št?pánková, J., Dvo?ák, V., Dan?ák, M., D?evojan, P. & Wild, J. (2017) Distributions of vascular plants in the Czech Republic. Part 4. Preslia 89: 115–201. https://doi.org/10.23855/preslia.2017.333
Kern, J.H. & Reichgelt, T.J. (1954) Carex L. In: Weevers, Th., Danser, B.H. & Heimans, J. (Eds.) Flora Neerlandica Kon. Ned. Bot. Ver., Amsterdam, 1 (3): 1–133.
Kiffe, K. (1996) Gehört Carex repens Bellardi (Cyperaceae) der Flora der Bundesrepublik Deutschland an? Floristische Rundbriefe 30: 7–12.
Király, G. (2009) Új magyar füvészkönyv. Magyarország hajtásos növényei. Határozókulcsok. Aggteleki Nemzeti Park Igazgatóság. [New Hungarian Herbal. The Vascular Plants of Hungary]. Aggteleki Nemzeti Park Igazgatóság, Jósvafö, 616 pp.
Knaf, J.F. (1847) Exiguitates botanicae. Flora 30: 181–186.
Kneucker, A. (1896) Bemerkungen zu den “Carices exsiccatae” II. Lieferung 1896. Allgemeine Botanische Zeitschrift für Systematik 2: 183–185.
Kobierski, P., Ry?, R. & Piotrowski, R. (2020) Materia?y do flory po?udniowo-zachodniej cz??ci województwa lubuskiego. Cz??? II. FloraKob, Lubsko, 82 pp.
Kobierski, P., Piotrowski, R. & Ry?, R. (2021) Materia?y do flory po?udniowo-zachodniej cz??ci województwa lubuskiego. Cz??? III. FloraKob, Lubsko, 108 pp.
Komsta, ?. (2022) ATPOL - the Polish geobotanical grid online (komsta.net). Available from: http://www.komsta.net/atpol/ (assessed: 12 January 2022).
Koopman, J. (2018) Section Ammoglochin (Carex, Cyperaceae) in Poland. Doctoral thesis, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, 209 pp.
Koopman, J. (2022) Carex Europaea. volume 1, ed. 3. Margraf Publishers, Weikersheim, 808 pp.
Kukkonen, I. & Toivonen, H. (1988) Taxonomy of wetland carices. Aquatic Botany 30 (1–2): 5–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3770(88)90003-4
Kükenthal, G. (1899) I. Nachtrag zu den “Carices exsiccatae” Lief. I und II. Allgemeine Botanische Zeitschrift für Systematik 5: 128–130.
Kükenthal, G. (1909) Cyperaceae–Caricoideae. In: Engler, A. (Ed.) Das Pflanzenreich 4 (21). Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 1–824.
Lang, O.F. (1843) Ueber Carex Ohmülleriana, eine neue deutsche Segge, und C. grypos Schk. Flora 26: 240–245.
Lembicz, M., Rogowski, A., Jarmo?owski, A., Bogdanowicz, A.M. & ?ukowski, W. (2010) Historical vs. present populations of the sedge Carex repens: a comparison on the basis of molecular data. Phytotaxa 3: 19–26. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.3.1.2
Lipnerová, I., Bureš, P., Horová, L. & Šmarda, P. (2013) Evolution of genome size in Carex (Cyperaceae) in relation to chromosome number and genomic base composition. Annals of Botany 111: 79–94. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcs239
Löve, Á. & Löve, D. (1961) Chromosome numbers of central and northwest European plant species. Opera Botanica 5: 1–581.
MacLeod, N. (2002) Phylogenetic signals in morphometric data. In: MacLeod, N. & Forey, P.L. (Eds.) Morphology, shape and phylogeny. Taylor & Francis, London, pp. 100–138. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780203165171-16
Marsson, T.F. (1869) Flora von Neu-Vorpommern und den Inseln Rügen und Usedom. W. Engelmann, Leipzig, 698 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.12116
Meltzer, H. (1960) Neues und Kritisches zur Flora der Steiermark und des angrenzenden Burgeslandes. Mitteilungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereines für Steiermark 90: 85–102.
Mesterházy, A. & Király, G. (2006) A Carex repens Bellardi Magyarországon. [Carex repens Bellardi in Hungary: description, distribution and habitat]. Flora Pannonica 4: 99–110.
Mirek, Z., Musia?, L. & Wójcicki, J.J. (1997) Polish Herbaria. Polish Bot. Stud. Guidebook Series 8. pp. 1–116.
Mirek, Z., Pi?kos-Mirkowa, H. Zaj?c, A. & Zaj?c, M. (2020) Vascular plants of Poland. A annotated checklist. W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, 526 pp.
Parent, G.H. (1974) Études écologiques et chorologiques sur la flore Lorraine. I. – Carex praecox Schreb. en Lorraine orientale et remarques sur Carex curvata (Cyperaceae). Bulletin du Jardin botanique National de Belgique 44: 173–184. https://doi.org/10.2307/3667433
QGIS Development Team (2022) QGIS Geographic Information System. Open Source Geospatial Foundation Project. Available from: https://qgis.org/pl/site/ (accessed 26 October 2022)
Reznicek, A.A. (2002) Carex Linnaeus sect. Ammoglochin Dumort. In: Ball, P.W., Reznicek, A.A. & Murray, D.F. (Eds.) Flora of North America north of Mexico.Vol. 23. Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 523–537.
Reznicek, A.A. & Catling, P.M. (2002) Carex Linnaeus sect. Holarrhenae (Döll) Pax. In: Ball, P.W., Reznicek, A.A. & Murray, D.F. (Eds.) Flora of North America north of Mexico. Vol. 23. Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 301–302.
Rieseberg, L.H. (1997) Hybrid origins of plant species. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 28: 359–89. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.28.1.359
Roalson, E.H. (2008) A synopsis of chromosome number variation in the Cyperaceae. Botanical Review 74: 209–393. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12229-008-9011-y
Roalson, E.H., Jiménez-Mejías, P., Hipp, A.L., Benítez-Benítez, C., Bruederle, L.P., Chung, K.-S., Escudero, M., Ford, B.A., Ford, K., Gebauer, S., Gehrke, B., Hahn, M., Qasim Hayat, M., Hoffmann, M.H., Jin, X.-F., Kim, S., Larridon, I., Léveillé-Bourret, É., Lu, Y.-F., Luceño, M., Maguilla, E., Márquez-Corro, J.I., Martín-Bravo, S., Masaki, T., Míguez, M., Naczi, R.F.C., Reznicek, A.A., Spalink, D., Starr, J.R., Uzma, Villaverde, T., Waterway, M.J., Wilson, K.L. & Zhang, S. (2021) A framework infrageneric classification of Carex (Cyperaceae) and its organizing principles. Journal of Systematics and Evolution 59 (4): 726–762. https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.12722
Rotreklová, O., Bureš, P., ?epka, R., Grulich, V., Šmarda, P., Hralová, I., Zedek, F. & Koutecký, T. (2011) Chromosome numbers of Carex. Preslia 83: 25–58.
Ry?, R & Kobierski, P. (2019) Materia?y do flory po?udniowo-zachodniej cz??ci województwa lubuskiego. FloraKob, Lubsko, 120 pp.
?epka, R. & Grulich, V. (2014) Ost?ice ?eské republiky: terénní obrazový pr?vodce. Kostelec nad ?ernými lesy: Lesnická Práce, Brno, 208 pp.
Schmid, B. (1982) Karyology and hydridization in theCarex flava complex in Switzerland. Feddes Repertorium 93: 23–59. https://doi.org/10.1002/fedr.19820930103
Sârbu, I. ?tefan, N. & Oprea, A. (2013) Plante Vasculare din România: determinator ilustrat de teren. Victor B Victor. Bucures?ti, 1320 pp.
Soldano, A. & Badino, A. (1984) Ritrovamento nel Vercellese, dopo oltre un secolo, di “Carex repens” Bellardi individuazione di nuove stazioni e typificazione (Monocotyledonae, Cyperaceae). Riv. Piem. St. Nat. 5: 171–176.
Spribille, F.J. (1896) Nr. 34. Carex Posnaniensis Spribille nov. spec.: p. 184. In: Kneucker, A. (Ed.) Bemerkungen zu den “Carices exsiccatae”, II. Lieferung. Allgemeine Botanische Zeitung für Systematik 2: 183–185.
StatSoft, Inc. (2013) Electronic Statistics Textbook. _Tulsa, OK, StatSoft. WEB. Available from: http:// www.statsoft.com/ textbook/ (accessed 26 October 2022)
Szel?g, Z. (2002) Carex curvata (Cyperaceae) in Poland. Polish Botanical Journal 47 (1): 37–39.
Szweykowski, J. & Wagner, W. (1974) Studies on the variability in the Central European Carex species of the Arenariae group II. Anatomical rhizome characters in three Polish populations of Carex arenaria L. Bulletin de la Société des Amis des Sciences et des Lettres de Pozna?, Serie D, Sciences Biologique 15: 3–8.
Szweykowski, J. & Chwi?kowska, B. (1976) Studies on the variability in the Central European Carex species of the Arenariae group. III. The variability of some vegetative characters in Polish Carex arenaria L. populations. Bulletin de la Société des Amis des Sciences et des Lettres de Pozna?, Serie D, Sciences Biologique 16: 35–46.
Tanaka, N. (1942) Chromosome studies in Cyperaceae XIX. Chromosome number of Carex (Vignea I). Medicine and Biology 2: 215–219.
Thiers, B. (2022) Index Herbariorum: A global directory of public herbaria and associated staff. New York Botanical Garden’s Virtual Herbarium. Available from: http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/ (accessed 12 January 2022).
Tison, J.-M. & de Foucault, B. (2014) Flora Gallica – Flore de France. Société Botanique de France, Biotope éditions, Mèze, 1200 pp.
Toivonen, H. (1981) Spontaneous Carex hybrids of Heleonastes and related sections in Fennoscandia. Acta Botanica Fennica 116: 1–51.
Urbaniak, L. (1990) The interpopulational variability of Carex ligerica Gay in Poland. Part. III. Variation of morphological characters. Bulletin de la Société des Amis des Sciences et des Lettres de Pozna?, Serie D, Sciences Biologique 28: 27–39.
Urbaniak, L. (1992) A comparison between Carex arenaria L. and Carex ligerica Gay – sedges from the Arenariae group based on leaf characteristics. Acta Soccietatis Botanicorum Poloniae 61 (2): 265–271. https://doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1992.024
Urbaniak, L. (1994) Variability characteristics and comparison of Carex arenaria L. and Carex ligerica Gay populations based on rhizome characters. Acta Soccietatis Botanicorum Poloniae 63 (1): 77–81. https://doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1994.012
Urbaniak, L. (1998) Morphometric differentiation of Carex ligerica Gay in Poland. Acta Soccietatis Botanicorum Poloniae 67 (3–4): 263–268. https://doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1998.034
Urbaniak, L., Maik, I. & Urbaniak, D. (2000) Differentiation between Carex arenaria L. populations at the eastern range margin bases on female and male glumes variation. Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 69 (1): 65–74. https://doi.org/10.5586/asbp.2000.008
Wi?c?aw, H. (2014) Carex flava aggregate (section Ceratocystis, Cyperaceae) in Poland: taxonomy, morphological variation, and soil conditions. Biodiversity Research and Conservation 33: 3–47. https://doi.org/10.2478/biorc-2014-0002
Wi?c?aw, H. & Wilhelm, M. (2014) Natural hybridization within the Carex flava complex (Cyperaceae) in Poland: morphometric studies. Annales Botanici Fennici 51 (3): 129–147. https://doi.org/10.5735/085.053.0101
Verey, M. (2017) Theoretical analysis and practical consequences of adopting a model ATPOL grid as a conical projection defining the conversion of plane coordinates to the WGS 84 ellipsoid. Fragmenta Floristica et Geobotanica Polonica 24 (2): 469–488.
Wahlenberg, G. (1803) Inledning til Caricographien. Kongliga Vetenskaps Academiens Nya Handlingar 24: 138–166.
Zaj?c, A. (1978) Atlas of distribution of vascular plants in Poland. Taxon 27 (5–6): 481–484. https://doi.org/10.2307/1219899
Zaj?c, M. & Zaj?c, A. (2001) Atlas rozmieszczenia ro?lin naczyniowych w Polsce. Nak?adem Pracowni Chorologii Komputerowej Instytutu Botaniki UJ, Kraków, XII + 716 pp. [Distribution Atlas of Vascular Plants in Poland]
?ukowski, W. & Lembicz, M. (2000) Carex pseudobrizoides (Cyperaceae) in Poland: patterns of isozymatic phenotypes. Fragmenta Floristica et Geobotanica 45 (1–2): 265–271.