Abstract
Strobilanthes glandulata, a new species of Acanthaceae is described from Sri Lanka. It has been previously misidentified as Strobilanthes lupulina. It is similar to S. lupulina having an inflorescence of heads, funnel-shaped gradually widened corolla, hispids on the stem, and both surfaces of leaves and petioles, but can be easily distinguished from the latter by having different pollens, bracts arranged in well-spaced, margin crenate, and densely covered with glandular-hairy. The phylogenetic analyses indicate that it is a member of the native species of the genus Strobilanthes in Sri Lanka. A full description, detailed illustrations, pollen morphology, and complete chloroplast genome are provided.
References
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<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Jin<span lang="en-GB">,</span> J.J., Yu, W.B., Yang, J.B., Song, Y., dePamphilis, C.W., Yi, T.S. & Li, D.Z. (2020) GetOrganelle: a fast and versatile toolkit for accurate de novo assembly of organelle genomes. Genome Biology 21: 241. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13059-020-02154-5</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Katoh, K. & Standley, D.M. (2013) MAFFT Multiple Sequence Alignment Software Version 7: Improvements in Performance and Usability. Molecular Biology and Evolution 30 (4): 772–780. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst010</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Kearse, M., Moir, R., Wilson, A., Stones-Havas, S., Cheung, M., Sturrock, S., Buxton, S., Cooper, A., Markowitz, S., Duran, C. & Thierer, T. (2012) Geneious basic: an integrated and extendable desktop software platform for the organization and analysis of sequence data. Bioinformatics 28 (12): 1647–1649. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/bts199</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ma, J., Yang, B.X., Zhu, W., Sun, L.L., Tian, J.K. & Wang, X.M. (2013) The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Mahonia bealei (Berberidaceae) reveals a significant expansion of the inverted repeat and phylogenetic relationship with other angiosperms. Gene 528: 120–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2013.07.037</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Mabberley, D.J. (2017) Mabberley’s Plant-book: a portable dictionary of plants, their classification and uses. 4th edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1102 pp. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316335581</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">McKain, M.R. & Wilson, M. (2017) Fast-Plast: rapid de novo assembly and finishing for whole chloroplast genomes. Version 1.2.6. [https://github.com/mrmckain/Fast-Plast]</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Nees von Esenbeck, C.G. (1832) Acanthaceae Indiae orientalis. In: Wallich, N. (ed.) Plantae Asiaticae rariores 3. Treuttel, Würtz & Ritter, London, pp. 70–117.</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Nilanthi, R.M.R., Samarakoon, H., Jayawardana, N., Wijesundara, S. & Bandaranayake, P.C.G. (2021) Strobilanthes medahinnensis (Acanthaceae) a new species, based on morphological and molecular data, from the Peak Wilderness Nature Reserve, Sri Lanka. Phytotaxa 514 (1): 26–38. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.514.1.2</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Raczy, C., Petrovski, R., Saunders, C.T., Chorny, I., Kruglyak, S. & Margulies, E.H. (2013) Isaac: ultra-fast whole-genome secondary analysis on Illumina sequencing platforms. Bioinformatics 29: 2041–2043. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btt314.</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Rozas, J., Ferrer-Mata, A., Sánchez-DelBarrio, J.C., Guirao-Rico, S., Librado, P., Ramos-Onsins, S.E. & Sánchez-Gracia, A. (2017) DnaSp 6: DNA sequence polymorphism analysis of large datasets. Molecular Biology and Evolution 34 (12): 3299–3302. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msx248</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Shinozaki, K., Ohme, M., Tanaka, M., Wakasugi, T., Hayshida, N., Matsubayasha, T. & Sugiura, M. (1986) The complete nucleotide sequence of the tobacco chloroplast genome. Plant Molecular Biology Reporter 4 (3): 111–148. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02669253</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Thomas, S., Mani, B., Britto, S.J. & Pradeep, A.K. (2020) A new species of Strobilanthes (Acanthaceae) from the Western Ghats, India. Taiwania 65: 167–171. https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.2020.7.1.627</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Tillich, M., Lehwark, P., Pellizzer, T., Ulbricht-Jones, E.S., Fischer, A., Bock, R. & Greiner, S. (2017) GeSeq–versatile and accurate annotation of organelle genomes. Nucleic Acids Research 45 (W1): W6–W11. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkx391</span></span></span>
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<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Alexiades, M.N. (1996) Collecting ethnobotanical data: an introduction to basic concepts and techniques. Advances in Economic Botany 10: 53–94.</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Blume, C.L. (1826) Bijdragen tot de Flora van Nederlandsch Indie 14. Batavia. Ter Lands Drukkerij, Batavia, 781 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.395</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Bremekamp, C.E.B. (1944) Materials for a monograph of the Strobilanthinae (Acanthaceae). Verhandelingen der Koninklijke Nederlandsche Akademie van Wetenschappen. Afdeeling Natuurkunde. Tweede Sectiet. 41: 1–305.</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Carine, M.A. & Scotland, R.W. (1998) Pollen morphology of Strobilanthes blume (acanthaceae) from southern India and Sri lanka. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 103 (3–4): 143–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-6667(98)00030-X</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Carine, M.A. & Scotland, R.W. (2002) Classification of Strobilanthinae (Acanthaceae): trying to classify the unclassifiable? Taxon 51: 259–279. https://doi.org/10.2307/1554897</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Carine, M.A., Jayasekara, P. & Scotland, R.W. (2000) A new species of Strobilanthes Blume (Acanthaceae) from Sri Lanka. Kew Bulletin 55 (4): 971–976. https://doi.org/10.2307/4113644</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Chen, H.M., Shao, J.J., Zhang, H., Jiang, M., Huang, L.F., Zhang, Z., Yang, D., He, M., Ronaghi, M., Luo, X., Sun, B.T., Wu, W.W & Liu, C. (2018) Sequencing and analysis of Strobilanthes cusia (Nees) Kuntze chloroplast genome revealed the rare simultaneous contraction and expansion of the inverted repeat region in angiosperm. Frontiers in plant science 9: 324. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.00324</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Chen, F.L., Deng, Y.F., Xiong, Z.B. & Ran, J.C. (2019) Strobilanthes hongii, a new species of Acanthaceae from Guizhou, China. Phytotaxa 388 (1): 135–144. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.388.1.7</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Dierckxsens, N., Patrick, M. & Guillaume, S. (2017) NOVOPlasty: de novo assembly of organelle genomes from whole genome data. Nucleic Acids Research 45 (4): e18. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkw955</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Du, L.M., Zhang, C., Liu, Q., Zhang, X.Y. & Yue, B.S. (2018) Krait: an ultrafast tool for genome-wide survey of microsatellites and primer design. Bioinformatics 34 (4): 681–683. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btx665</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Eguiluz, M., Rodrigues, N.F., Guzman, F., Yuyama, P. & Margis, R. (2017) The chloroplast genome sequence from Eugenia uniflora, a Myrtaceae from Neotropics. Plant Systematics and Evolution 303 (9): 1199–1212. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-017-1431-x</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Erdtman, G. (1986) Pollen morphology and plant taxonomy: angiosperms. Brill Archive.</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Greiner, S., Lehwark, P. & Bock, R. (2019) OrganellarGenomeDRAW (OGDRAW) version 1.3.1: expanded toolkit for the graphical visualization of organellar genomes. Nucleic Acids Research 47 (W1): W59–W64. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkz238</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Huotari, T. & Korpelainen, H. (2012) Complete chloroplast genome sequence of Elodea canadensis and comparative analyses with other monocot plastid genomes. Gene 508: 96–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2012.07.020 </span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Jin<span lang="en-GB">,</span> J.J., Yu, W.B., Yang, J.B., Song, Y., dePamphilis, C.W., Yi, T.S. & Li, D.Z. (2020) GetOrganelle: a fast and versatile toolkit for accurate de novo assembly of organelle genomes. Genome Biology 21: 241. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13059-020-02154-5</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Katoh, K. & Standley, D.M. (2013) MAFFT Multiple Sequence Alignment Software Version 7: Improvements in Performance and Usability. Molecular Biology and Evolution 30 (4): 772–780. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst010</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Kearse, M., Moir, R., Wilson, A., Stones-Havas, S., Cheung, M., Sturrock, S., Buxton, S., Cooper, A., Markowitz, S., Duran, C. & Thierer, T. (2012) Geneious basic: an integrated and extendable desktop software platform for the organization and analysis of sequence data. Bioinformatics 28 (12): 1647–1649. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/bts199</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ma, J., Yang, B.X., Zhu, W., Sun, L.L., Tian, J.K. & Wang, X.M. (2013) The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Mahonia bealei (Berberidaceae) reveals a significant expansion of the inverted repeat and phylogenetic relationship with other angiosperms. Gene 528: 120–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2013.07.037</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Mabberley, D.J. (2017) Mabberley’s Plant-book: a portable dictionary of plants, their classification and uses. 4th edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1102 pp. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316335581</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">McKain, M.R. & Wilson, M. (2017) Fast-Plast: rapid de novo assembly and finishing for whole chloroplast genomes. Version 1.2.6. [https://github.com/mrmckain/Fast-Plast]</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Nees von Esenbeck, C.G. (1832) Acanthaceae Indiae orientalis. In: Wallich, N. (ed.) Plantae Asiaticae rariores 3. Treuttel, Würtz & Ritter, London, pp. 70–117.</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Nilanthi, R.M.R., Samarakoon, H., Jayawardana, N., Wijesundara, S. & Bandaranayake, P.C.G. (2021) Strobilanthes medahinnensis (Acanthaceae) a new species, based on morphological and molecular data, from the Peak Wilderness Nature Reserve, Sri Lanka. Phytotaxa 514 (1): 26–38. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.514.1.2</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Raczy, C., Petrovski, R., Saunders, C.T., Chorny, I., Kruglyak, S. & Margulies, E.H. (2013) Isaac: ultra-fast whole-genome secondary analysis on Illumina sequencing platforms. Bioinformatics 29: 2041–2043. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btt314.</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Rozas, J., Ferrer-Mata, A., Sánchez-DelBarrio, J.C., Guirao-Rico, S., Librado, P., Ramos-Onsins, S.E. & Sánchez-Gracia, A. (2017) DnaSp 6: DNA sequence polymorphism analysis of large datasets. Molecular Biology and Evolution 34 (12): 3299–3302. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msx248</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Shinozaki, K., Ohme, M., Tanaka, M., Wakasugi, T., Hayshida, N., Matsubayasha, T. & Sugiura, M. (1986) The complete nucleotide sequence of the tobacco chloroplast genome. Plant Molecular Biology Reporter 4 (3): 111–148. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02669253</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Thomas, S., Mani, B., Britto, S.J. & Pradeep, A.K. (2020) A new species of Strobilanthes (Acanthaceae) from the Western Ghats, India. Taiwania 65: 167–171. https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.2020.7.1.627</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Tillich, M., Lehwark, P., Pellizzer, T., Ulbricht-Jones, E.S., Fischer, A., Bock, R. & Greiner, S. (2017) GeSeq–versatile and accurate annotation of organelle genomes. Nucleic Acids Research 45 (W1): W6–W11. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkx391</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Vahl, M. (1794) Symbolae Botanicae. 3. Moller, Copenhagen, pp. 51–75.</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Venu, P. (2006) Strobilanthes Blume (Acanthaceae) in Peninsular India. Botanical Survey of India, Kolkata, 216 pp.</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Walker, J.W. & Doyle, J.A. (1975) The Bases of Angiosperm Phylogeny: Palynology. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 62 (3): 664–723. https://doi.org/10.2307/2395271</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Wood, J.R.I. & Scotland, R.W. (2009) New and little-known species of Strobilanthes (Acanthaceae) from India and South East Asia. Kew Bulletin 64: 3–47. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12225-009-9098-2</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Wood, J.R.I. (1994) Notes relating to the flora of Bhutan: XXIX. Acanthaceae, with special reference to Strobilanthes. Edinburgh Journal of Botany 51 (2): 175–273. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0960428600000871</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Wood, J.R.I. (1995) Notes on Strobilanthes for the flora of Ceylon. Kew Bulletin 50 (1): 1–24. https://doi.org/10.2307/4114605.</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Wood, J.R.I. (1998) Strobilanthes. In: Dassanayake, M.D. (ed.) A revised handbook to the flora of Ceylon XII. A.A Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 30–74.</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Wood, J.R.I. (2014) New names and combinations in Indian Acanthaceae Novon: A Journal for Botanical Nomenclature 23 (3): 385–395. https://doi.org/10.3417/2013046</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Wood, J.R.I., Borah, D. & Taram, M. (2021) The rediscovery of Strobilanthes tubiflos (Acanthaceae) in north east India. Kew Bulletin 76: 333–338. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12225-021-09935-6</span></span></span>