The genus Craspedostauros E.J.Cox (Bacillariophyta) on the coasts of Livingston Island, Maritime Antarctica

RALITSA ZIDAROVA; MYRIAM DE HAAN; PLAMEN IVANOV; ELITSA HINEVA; BART VAN DE VIJVER

doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.572.1.1

Issue: Vol. 572 No. 1: 8 November 2022

Type: Article

Published: 2022-11-08

DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.572.1.1

Page range: 1-24

Abstract views: 54

PDF downloaded: 3

**The genus Craspedostauros E.J.Cox (Bacillariophyta) on the coasts of Livingston Island, Maritime Antarctica**

RALITSA ZIDAROVA⁺⁻
MYRIAM DE HAAN⁺⁻
PLAMEN IVANOV⁺⁻
ELITSA HINEVA⁺⁻
BART VAN DE VIJVER⁺⁻

Institute of Oceanology at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 40 Parvi May Str., 9000 Varna, Bulgaria

Meise Botanic Garden, Research Department, Nieuwelaan 38, 1860 Meise, Belgium

Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2 Mayor Yurii Gagarin Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria

Institute of Oceanology at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 40 Parvi May Str., 9000 Varna, Bulgaria

Meise Botanic Garden, Research Department, Nieuwelaan 38, 1860 Meise, Belgium; University of Antwerp, Department of Biology – ECOSPHERE, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium

Antarctic Region diatoms marine benthos South Shetland Islands taxonomy Algae

Requires Subscription or Fee PDF (34MB)

Abstract

During a survey of diatoms present in tidal pools on the coasts of Livingston Island (South Shetland Islands), we found several populations, belonging presumably to the Antarctic endemic Craspedostauros laevissimus. Further analyses using light microscopy revealed that the populations show differences in stria density. Following scanning electron microscopy observations, only part of the investigated populations could be assigned to C. laevissimus, whereas the others are sufficiently morphologically different based on stria density and their cribrate areolae structure to be described as a new species: Craspedostauros confusus sp. nov. The new taxon is compared with known, morphologically similar, Craspedostauros taxa. The paper presents morphological and ecological data for both taxa discussed in the study. A detailed survey of the early Antarctic literature showed that the Craspedostauros taxa in Antarctica have convoluted taxonomic histories and that the new taxon has likely been hidden for long within the variability of C. laevissimus.

References

Al-Handal, A.Y., Riaux-Gobin, C., Romero, O.E. & Wulff, A. (2008) Two new marine species of the diatom genus Cocconeis Ehrenberg: C. melchioroides sp. nov. and C. dallmannii sp. nov., from King George Island, Antarctica. Diatom Research 23: 269–281. https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.2008.9705758
Al-Handal, A.Y., Riaux-Gobin, C., Romero, O.E. & Wulff, A. (2010) Cocconeis pottercovei sp. nov. and Cocconeis pinnata var. matsii var. nov., two new marine diatom taxa from King George Island, Antarctica. Diatom Research 25: 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.2010.9705825
Al-Handal, A.Y., Thomas, E.W, Torstensson, A., Jahn, R. & Wulff, A. (2018) Gomphonemopsis ligowskii, a new diatom (Bacillariophyceae) from the marine Antarctic and a comparison to other Gomphonemopsis. Diatom Research 33: 97–103. https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.2018.1428916
Al-Handal, A.Y., Zimmerman, J., Jahn, R., Torstensson, A. & Wulff, A. (2019) Nitzschia biundulata sp. nov. a new sea ice diatom (Bacillariophyceae) from the Ross Sea, Antarctica. Nova Hedwigia 108: 281–290. https://doi.org/10.1127/nova_hedwigia/2019/0519
Alfinito, S. & Cavacini, P. (2000) Navicula skuae sp. nov., a freshwater diatom from Continental Antarctica. Diatom Research 15: 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.2000.9705482
Almandoz, G.O., Ferrario, M.E., Sullivan, M.J., Ector, L. & Schloss, I.R. (2014) A new Pteroncola species (Bacillariophyceae) from the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. Phycologia 53: 188–194. https://doi.org/10.2216/13-210.1
Ashworth, M.P., Lobban, C.S., Witkowski, A., Theriot, E.C., Sabir, M.J., Baeshen, M.N., Hajarah, N.H., Baeshen, N.A., Sabir, J.S. & Jansen, R.K. (2017) Molecular and morphological investigations of the stauros-bearing, raphid pennate diatoms (Bacillariophyceae): Craspedostauros E.J. Cox, and Staurotropis T.B.B. Paddock, and their relationship to the rest of the Mastogloiales. Protist 168: 48–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.protis.2016.11.001
Bishop, J., Kopalová, K., Kohler, T.J, Van de Vijver, B., Roberts, D., McMinn, A. & Gibson, J. (2020) A re-investigation of lake sediment diatoms from the Vestfold Hills, Antarctica, using an updated, fine-grained taxonomy. Diatom Research 35: 231–254. https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.2020.1794982
Convey, P., Lewis Smith, R.I., Hodgson, D.A. & Peat, H.J. (2000) The flora of the South Sandwich Islands, with particular reference to the influence of geothermal heating. Journal of Biogeography 27: 1279–1295. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.2000.00512.x
Cox, E.J. (1999) Craspedostauros gen. nov., a new diatom genus for some unusual marine raphid species previously placed in Stauroneis Ehrenberg and Stauronella Mereschkowsky. European Journal of Phycology 34: 131–147. https://doi.org/10.1080/09670269910001736192
Ehrenberg, C.G. (1843) Verbreitung und Einfluss des mikroskopischen Lebens in Süd-und Nord-Amerika. Abhandlungen der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. 1841: 291–445, 4 pls. Available from: https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/29106994 (Accessed 28 October 2022)
Fernandes, L.F. & de Souza-Mosimann, R.M. (2001) The marine epilithic diatom Melosira brandinii sp. nov. (Bacillariophyta) from Elephant Island, Antarctic Peninsula, with comments on some related species. Revista Brasileira de Oceanografia 49: 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-77392001000100001
Fernandes, L.F. & Sar, E.A. (2009) Fine morphology of Gomphonema margaritae Frenguelli & Orlando and its validation and transfer to Tripterion Holmes, Nagasawa & Takano. Diatom Research 24: 63–78. https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.2009.9705783
Fernandes, L.F., Procopiak, L.K. & Portinho, D. (2007) Brandinia mosimanniae gen. nov. et sp. nov., a new marine epilithic diatom from the Antarctic coasts. Diatom Research 22: 45–56. https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.2007.9705694
Frenguelli, J. & Orlando, H.A. (1958) Diatomeas y silicoflagelados del sector Antartico Sudamericano. Instituto Antartico Argentino Publicacion No. 5: 1–191.
Fukushima, H. (1962) Notes on diatom vegetation of the Kasumi Rock ice-free area, Prince Olav Coast, Antarctica. Antarctic Record 15: 39–52.
Guerrero, J.M., Riaux-Gobin, C., Debandi, J.I., Zacher, K., Quartino, M.L. & Campana, G.L. (2021) Morphology of Australoneis gen. nov. and A. frenguelliae comb. nov. (Achnanthales, Bacillariophyta) from the Antarctic Peninsula. Phytotaxa 513: 81–98. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.513.2.1
Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2022) AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Available from: https://www.algaebase.org (accessed 5 April 2022). 
Hargraves, P.E. (1968) Species composition and distribution of net plankton diatoms in the Pacific sector of the Antarctic Ocean. Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects at W&M Scholarworks, Paper 1539616686, 171 pp.
Hasle, G.R. & Fryxell, G.A. (1970) Diatoms: cleaning and mounting for light and electron microscopy. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 89: 469–474. https://doi.org/10.2307/3224555
Hustedt, F. (1959) Die Kieselalgen Deutschlands, Österreichs und der Schweiz unter Berücksichtigung der übrigen Länder Europas sowie der angrenzenden Meeresgebiete. In: Rabenhorst, L. (Ed.) Kryptogamen Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz. Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft m.b.h., Leipzig, 7 (Teil 2, Lief. 6), pp. 737–845, figs 1106–1179.
Kellogg, TB & Kellogg, DE (2002) Non-marine and littoral diatoms from Antarctic and sub-Antarctic locations. Distribution and updated taxonomy. Diatom Monographs 1: 1–795.
Ko-Bayashi, T. (1963) Variations on some pennate diatoms from Antarctica. Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition (JARE) 1956-1962 Scientific Reports Series E, Biology 18: 1–20.
Kochman-Kędziora, N., Olech, M. & Van de Vijver, B. (2020) A critical analysis of the type of Navicula skuae with the description of a new Navicula species (Naviculaceae, Bacillariophyta) from the Antarctic Region. Phytotaxa 474: 15–26. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.474.1.2
Lange-Bertalot, H. & Genkal, S.I. (1999) Diatomeen aus Siberien. I. Insel im Arktischen Ozean (Yugorsky-Shar Strait). Iconographia Diatomologica 6: 1–271.
Ligowski, R., Al-Handal, A.Y., Wulff, A. & Jordan, R.W. (2014) Rhoicosphenia michali: a new species of marine diatom (Bacillariophyta) from King George Island, Antarctica. Phytotaxa 191: 141–153. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.191.1.9
Majewska, R., Ashworth, M.P., Lazo-Wasem, E., Robinson, N.J., Rojas, L., Van de Vijver, B. & Pinou, T. (2018) Craspedostauros alatus sp. nov., a new diatom (Bacillariophyta) species found on museum sea turtle specimens. Diatom Research 33: 229–240. https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.2018.1491426
Majewska, R., Ashworth, M.P., Bosak, S., Goosen, W.E., Nolte, C., Filek, K., Van de Vijver, B., Taylor, J.C., Manning, S.R. & Nel, R. (2021) On sea turtle-associated Craspedostauros (Bacillariophyta), with description of three novel species. Journal of Phycology 57: 199–218. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpy.13086
Medlin, L.K. (1990) Berkeleya spp. from Antarctic waters, including Berkeleya adeliensis, sp. nov., a new tube dwelling diatom from the undersurface of sea-ice. Nova Hedwigia Beihefte 100: 77– 89.
Mereschkowsky, C. (1901) LIII.—On Stauronella, a new genus of Diatoms. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 7, 8: 424–434, pl. VIII. https://doi.org/10.1080/03745480109443340
Peragallo, M. (1921) Diatomées d’eau douce et diatomées d’eau salée. In: Deuxième Expédition Antarctique Française (1908–1910) commandée par le Dr. Jean Charcot. Sciences Naturelles, Documents Scientifiques, Botanique, Masson et Cie, pp. 96 + Pl. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.64272
Priddle, J. & Belcher, J.H. (1981) Freshwater biology at Rothera Point, Adelaide Island: II. Algae. British Antarctic Survey Bulletin 53: 1–9.
Rivera, P., Cruces, F. & Ector, L. (2011) Comentarios y observaciones acerca de la diatomea Craspedostauros indubitabilis (Lange-Bertalot & Genkal) E.J. Cox encontrada por primera vez en aguas marinas costeras de Chile. Gayana Botánica 68: 123–128. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0717-66432011000200001
Roberts, D. & McMinn, A. (1999) Diatoms of the saline lakes of the Vestfold Hills, Antarctica. Bibliotheca Diatomologica 44: 1–83.
Ross, R., Cox, E.J., Karayeva, N.I., Mann, D.G., Paddock, T.B.B., Simonsen, R. & Sims, P.A. (1979) An amended terminology for the siliceous components of the diatom cell. Nova Hedwigia, Beihefte 64: 513–533.
Round, F.E., Crawford, R.M. & Mann, D.G. (1990) The Diatoms. Biology and morphology of the genera. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 747 pp.
Sabbe, K., Verleyen, E., Hodgson, D.A., Vanhoutte, K. & Vyverman, W. (2003) Benthic diatom flora of freshwater and saline lakes in the Larsemann Hills and Rauer Islands, East–Antarctica. Antarctic Science 15: 227–248. https://doi.org/10.1017/S095410200300124X
Schmidt, A. (1875) Atlas der Diatomaceen-kunde. Aschersleben, Commissions-Verlag Von Ludwig Siever’s Buchandlung, Series I (Heft 7): pls. 25–28. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.64396
Spaulding, S.A., McKnight, D.M., Stoermer, E.F. & Doran, P.T. (1997) Diatoms in sediments of perennially ice-covered Lake Hoare, and implications for interpreting lake history in the dry valleys region of Antarctica. Journal of Paleolimnology 17: 403–420. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007931329881
Turland, N.J., Wiersema, J.H., Barrie, F.R., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D.L., Herendeen, P.S., Knapp, S., Kusber, W.-H., Li, D.-Z., Marhold, K., May, T.W., McNeill, J., Monro, A.M., Prado, J., Price, M.J. & Smith, G.F. (Eds.) (2018) International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017.Regnum Vegetabile 159. Koeltz Botanical Books, Glashütten. https://doi.org/10.12705/Code.2018
Van de Vijver, B., Tavernier, I., Kellogg, T.B., Gibson, J., Verleyen, E., Vyverman, W. & Sabbe, K. (2012) Revision of type materials of Antarctic diatom species (Bacillariophyta) described by West & West (1911), with the description of two new species. Fottea 12: 149–169. https://doi.org/10.5507/fot.2012.012
Van Heurck, H. (1909) Diatomées. Resultats du voyage du S.Y. Belgica en 1897–1899 sous le commandetement de Adrien de Gerlache du Gomery. Rapports Scientifiques: Botaniques. J.E. Bushmann, Anvers, 129 pp. + Pl.
Verleyen, E., Van de Vijver, B., Tytgat, B., Hodgson, D.A., Pinseel, E., Kopalová, K., Chown, S.L., Van Ranst, E., ANTDIAT consortium, Sabbe, K. & Vyverman, W. (2021) Diatoms define a novel freshwater biogeography of the Antarctic. Ecography 44: 548–560. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.05374
West, W. & West, G.S. (1911) Freshwater algae. British Antarctic Expedition (1907–1909) Science Report, Biology 1: 263–298.
Williams, D.M. (1988) Tabulariopsis, a new genus of marine araphid diatom, with notes on the taxonomy of Tabularia Williams et Round. Nova Hedwigia 47: 247–254.
Zidarova, R., Kopalová, K. & Van de Vijver, B. (2016) Diatoms from the Antarctic Region, Maritime Antarctica. Iconographia Diatomologica 24: 1–504.
Zidarova, R., Ivanov, P., Dzhembekova, N., de Haan, M. & Van de Vijver, B. (2022a) Two new Halamphora (Bacillariophyta) species from the marine coasts off Livingston Island, Antarctica. PhytoKeys 195: 161–174. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.195.81632
Zidarova, R., Ivanov, P., Hineva, E. & Dzhembekova, N. (2022b) Diversity and habitat preferences of benthic diatoms from South Bay (Livingston Island, Antarctica). Plant Ecology and Evolution 155: 70–106. https://doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.84534