Abstract
Thismia petasiformis is described and illustrated as a new achlorophyllous mycoheterotrophic species discovered in the Brazilian Amazon Forest. The species belongs to Thismia subg. Ophiomeris sect. Pyramidalis by the presence of horizontal cylindrical roots, terete stem with scattered leaves, pyramidal stigma, and stamens flattened with connective not dilated, interstaminal lobes absent and ovary with parietal placentation from the base to the top of the ovary. Thismia petasiformis differs from T. fungiformis by the perianth tube apparently trigonous with slightly curved sides, annulus inconspicuous, and inner perianth lobes forming a single hat-shaped mitre. We present a taxonomic treatment for T. petasiformis, with a detailed description, illustrations and a preliminary assessment of its conservation status following IUCN categories and criteria.
References
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">BFG—The Brazil Flora Group (2022) Brazilian Flora 2020: Leveraging the power of a collaborative scientific network. </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Taxon </em></span><span lang="en-GB">71: 178–198. https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.12640</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Carvalho, W.D., Mustin, K., Hilário, R.R., Vasconcelos, I.M., Eilers, V. & Fearnside, P.M. (2019) Deforestation control in the Brazilian Amazon: A conservation struggle being lost as agreements and regulations are subverted and bypassed. </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> 17: 122–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecon.2019.06.002</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Fearnside, P.M. (2005) Deforestation in Brazilian Amazonia: history, rates, and consequences. </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Conservation Biology</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> 19: 680–688. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00697.x</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Feller, B., Dančák, M., Hroneš, M., Sochor, M., Suetsugu, K. & Imhof, S. (2022) Mycorrhizal structures in mycoheterotrophic </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Thismia</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> spp. (Thismiaceae): functional and evolutionary interpretations. </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Mycorrhiza </em></span><span lang="en-GB">32: 269–280. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-022-01076-3</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Garrett, R.D., Cammelli, F., Ferreira, J., Levy, S.A., Valentim, J. & Vieira, I. (2021) Forests and sustainable development in the Brazilian Amazon: history, trends, and future prospects. </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Annual Review of Environment and Resources</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> 46: 625–652. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-012220-010228</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Griffith, W. (1844) On the root parasites referred by authors to Rhizantheae, and their allies. </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> 1: 221–223.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Guo, X., Zhao, Z., Mar, S.S., Zhang, D. & Saunders, R.M. (2019) A symbiotic balancing act: arbuscular mycorrhizal specificity and specialist fungus gnat pollination in the mycoheterotrophic genus </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Thismia</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> (Thismiaceae). </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Annals of Botany</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> 124: 331–342. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcz087</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">IUCN (2012) </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1</em></span><span lang="en-GB">. Second edition. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, 32 pp. </span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">IUCN (2019) </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>IUCN Red List of threatened species: Version 2019-2</em></span><span lang="en-GB">. Available from: http://www.iucnredlist.org/ (accessed 1 May 2022)</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Jonker, F.P. (1938) A monograph of the Burmanniaceae. </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Mededeelingen van het Botanisch Museum en Herbarium van de Rijks Universiteit te Utrecht</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> 51: 1–279.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Lam, V.K.Y., Merckx, V.S.F.T. & Graham, S.W. (2016) A few-gene plastid phylogenetic framework for mycoheterotrophic monocots. </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>American Journal of Botany</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> 103: 692–708. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1500412</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Leake, J.R. (1994) The biology of mycoheterotrophic (‘saprophytic’) plants. </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>New Phytologist</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> 127: 171–216. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1994.tb04272.x</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Li, H.Q. & Bi, Y.K. (2013) A new species of </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Thismia</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> (Thismiaceae) from Yunnan, China. </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Phytotaxa</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> 105: 25–28. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.105.1.4</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Maas, P.J.M. & Maas, H. (1987) Ecuadorian saprophytes, a preliminary review. </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Opera Botanica</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> 92: 131–145.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Maas, P.J.M., Maas-van de Kamer, H., van Benthem, J., Snelders, H.C.M. & Rübsamen, T. (1986) Burmanniaceae. </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Flora Neotropica Monograph</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> 42: 1–189.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Maas-van de Kamer, H. (1998) Burmanniaceae. </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>In</em></span><span lang="en-GB">: Kubitzki, K. (Ed.) </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Families and Genera of Vascular Plants, vol. 3: Monocotyledons, Lilianae (except Orchidaceae)</em></span><span lang="en-GB">. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, pp. 154–164. </span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Mar, S.S. & Saunders, R.M.K. (2015) </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Thismia hongkongensis</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> (Thismiaceae): a new mycoheterotrophic species from Hong Kong, China, with observations on floral visitors and seed dispersal.</span><span lang="en-GB"><em> PhytoKeys</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> 46: 21–33. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.46.8963</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Merckx, V.S.F.T. & Smets, E.F. (2014) </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Thismia americana</em></span><span lang="en-GB">, the 101st anniversary of a botanical mystery. </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>International Journal of Plant Sciences</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> 175: 165–175. https://doi.org/10.1086/674315</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Merckx, V.S.F.T., Freudenstein, J.V., Kissling, J., Christenhusz, M.J.M., Stotler, R.E., Crandall-Stotler, B., Wickett, N., Rudall, P.J., Maas-van de Kamer, H. & Maas, P.J.M. (2013) Taxonomy and classification. </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>In</em></span><span lang="en-GB">: Merckx, V.S.F.T. (ed.) </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Mycoheterotrophy: the biology of plants living on fungi</em></span><span lang="en-GB">. Springer, New York, pp. 19–101.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Merckx, V.S.F.T., Gomes, S.I.F, Wapstra, M., Hunt, C., Steenbeeke, G., Mennes, C.B., Walsh, N., Smissen, R., Hsieh T-H, Smets, E.F. & Bidartondo, M.I. (2017) The biogeographical history of the interaction between mycoheterotrophic </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Thismia</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> (Thismiaceae) plants and mycorrhizal </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Rhizophagus </em></span><span lang="en-GB">(Glomeraceae) fungi. </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Journal of Biogeography</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> 44: 1869–1879. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.12994</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Miers, J. (1847) On a new genus of plants of the family Burmanniaceae. </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Proceedings of Linnean Society of London</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> 1: 328–329.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Nobre, C., Arieira, J. & Nascimento, N. (2021) Amazonian Forest: the products of agroecological systems: considerations about the natural forest and economic exploitation for its conservation and how to develop sustainable agroforestry systems that induce the reduction of deforestation</span><span lang="en-GB"><em>. Technical Note </em></span><span lang="en-GB">IDB-TN-02242: 1–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003693</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Shepeleva, E.A., Schelkunov, M.I., Hroneš, M., Sochor, M., Dančák, M., Merckx, V.S.F.T, Kikuchi, I.A., Chantanaorrapint, S., Suetsugu, K., Tsukaya, H., Mar, S.S., Luu, H.T., Li, H.-Q., Logacheva, M.D. & Nuraliev, M.S. (2020) Phylogenetics of the mycoheterotrophic genus </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Thismia </em></span><span lang="en-GB">(Thismiaceae: Dioscoreales) with a focus on the Old World taxa: delineation of novel natural groups and insights into the evolution of morphological traits. </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> 193: 287–315. https://doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/boaa017</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Silva, D.F. da, Engels, M.E. & Soares-Lopes, C.R.A. (2020) Novelties in </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Thismia </em></span><span lang="en-GB">(Thismiaceae) from South Brazilian Amazon with the description of a new species. </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Phytotaxa</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> 429: 261–273. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.429.4.2</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Silva Junior, C.A. da, Lima, M., Teodoro, P.E., Oliveira-Júnior, J.F. de, Rossi, F.S., Funatsu, B.M., Butturi, W., Lourençoni, T., Kraeski, A., Pelissari, T.D., Moratelli, F.A., Arvor, D., Luz, I.M.S., Teodoro, L.P.R., Debruil, V. & Teixeira, V.M. (2022) Fires drive long-term environmental degradation in the Amazon Basin. </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Remote Sensing</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> 14: 338. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14020338</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Silva Junior, C.H.L., Pessôa, A.C.M., Carvalho, N.S., Reis, J.B.C., Anderson, L.O. & Aragão, L.E.O.C. (2021) The Brazilian Amazon deforestation rate in 2020 is the greatest of the decade. </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Nature Ecology & Evolution</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> 5: 144–145. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-020-01368-x</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Siti-Munirah, M.Y. & Dome, N. (2022) </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Thismia latiffiana</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> (Thismiaceae), an unusual new species from Terengganu, Peninsular Malaysia. </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>PhytoKeys</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> 188: 105–114. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.188.77061</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Siti-Munirah, M.Y., Dome, N. & Thorogood, C.J. (2021) </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Thismia sitimeriamiae</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> (Thismiaceae), an extraordinary new species from Terengganu, Peninsular Malaysia. </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>PhytoKeys </em></span><span lang="en-GB">179: 75–89. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.179.68300</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Stevens, P.F. (2001 onwards) </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Angiosperm phylogeny website</em></span><span lang="en-GB">. Available from: http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/ (accessed 29 July 2022)</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Suetsugu, K., Okada, H., Hirota, S.K. & Suyama, Y. (2022) Evolutionary history of mycorrhizal associations between Japanese </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Oxygyne </em></span><span lang="en-GB">(Thismiaceae) species and Glomeraceae fungi. </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>New Phytologist</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> 235: 836–841. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.18163</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Warming, E. (1901) Sur quelques Burmanniacées recueillies au Brésil par le Dr. A. Glaziou. Oversigt Over Det Kgl. </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Danse Videnskabernes Selskabs Forhandlinger</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> 1901: 173–188.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">WCSP (2022) </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Thismia</em></span><span lang="en-GB">. </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>In</em></span><span lang="en-GB">: </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew</em></span><span lang="en-GB">. Available from: http://wcsp.science.kew.org/ (accessed 29 July 2022)</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Woodward, C.L., Berry, P.E., Maas-van de Kamer, H. & Swing, K. (2007)</span><span lang="en-GB"><em> Tiputinia foetida</em></span><span lang="en-GB">, a new mycoheterotrophic genus of Thismiaceae from Amazonian Ecuador, and a likely case of deceit pollination. </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Taxon</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> 56: 157–162. https://doi.org/10.2307/25065746</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Carvalho, W.D., Mustin, K., Hilário, R.R., Vasconcelos, I.M., Eilers, V. & Fearnside, P.M. (2019) Deforestation control in the Brazilian Amazon: A conservation struggle being lost as agreements and regulations are subverted and bypassed. </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> 17: 122–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecon.2019.06.002</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Fearnside, P.M. (2005) Deforestation in Brazilian Amazonia: history, rates, and consequences. </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Conservation Biology</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> 19: 680–688. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00697.x</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Feller, B., Dančák, M., Hroneš, M., Sochor, M., Suetsugu, K. & Imhof, S. (2022) Mycorrhizal structures in mycoheterotrophic </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Thismia</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> spp. (Thismiaceae): functional and evolutionary interpretations. </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Mycorrhiza </em></span><span lang="en-GB">32: 269–280. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-022-01076-3</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Garrett, R.D., Cammelli, F., Ferreira, J., Levy, S.A., Valentim, J. & Vieira, I. (2021) Forests and sustainable development in the Brazilian Amazon: history, trends, and future prospects. </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Annual Review of Environment and Resources</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> 46: 625–652. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-012220-010228</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Griffith, W. (1844) On the root parasites referred by authors to Rhizantheae, and their allies. </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> 1: 221–223.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Guo, X., Zhao, Z., Mar, S.S., Zhang, D. & Saunders, R.M. (2019) A symbiotic balancing act: arbuscular mycorrhizal specificity and specialist fungus gnat pollination in the mycoheterotrophic genus </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Thismia</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> (Thismiaceae). </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Annals of Botany</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> 124: 331–342. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcz087</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">IUCN (2012) </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1</em></span><span lang="en-GB">. Second edition. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, 32 pp. </span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">IUCN (2019) </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>IUCN Red List of threatened species: Version 2019-2</em></span><span lang="en-GB">. Available from: http://www.iucnredlist.org/ (accessed 1 May 2022)</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Jonker, F.P. (1938) A monograph of the Burmanniaceae. </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Mededeelingen van het Botanisch Museum en Herbarium van de Rijks Universiteit te Utrecht</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> 51: 1–279.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Lam, V.K.Y., Merckx, V.S.F.T. & Graham, S.W. (2016) A few-gene plastid phylogenetic framework for mycoheterotrophic monocots. </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>American Journal of Botany</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> 103: 692–708. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1500412</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Leake, J.R. (1994) The biology of mycoheterotrophic (‘saprophytic’) plants. </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>New Phytologist</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> 127: 171–216. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1994.tb04272.x</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Li, H.Q. & Bi, Y.K. (2013) A new species of </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Thismia</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> (Thismiaceae) from Yunnan, China. </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Phytotaxa</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> 105: 25–28. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.105.1.4</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Maas, P.J.M. & Maas, H. (1987) Ecuadorian saprophytes, a preliminary review. </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Opera Botanica</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> 92: 131–145.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Maas, P.J.M., Maas-van de Kamer, H., van Benthem, J., Snelders, H.C.M. & Rübsamen, T. (1986) Burmanniaceae. </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Flora Neotropica Monograph</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> 42: 1–189.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Maas-van de Kamer, H. (1998) Burmanniaceae. </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>In</em></span><span lang="en-GB">: Kubitzki, K. (Ed.) </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Families and Genera of Vascular Plants, vol. 3: Monocotyledons, Lilianae (except Orchidaceae)</em></span><span lang="en-GB">. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, pp. 154–164. </span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Mar, S.S. & Saunders, R.M.K. (2015) </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Thismia hongkongensis</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> (Thismiaceae): a new mycoheterotrophic species from Hong Kong, China, with observations on floral visitors and seed dispersal.</span><span lang="en-GB"><em> PhytoKeys</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> 46: 21–33. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.46.8963</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Merckx, V.S.F.T. & Smets, E.F. (2014) </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Thismia americana</em></span><span lang="en-GB">, the 101st anniversary of a botanical mystery. </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>International Journal of Plant Sciences</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> 175: 165–175. https://doi.org/10.1086/674315</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Merckx, V.S.F.T., Freudenstein, J.V., Kissling, J., Christenhusz, M.J.M., Stotler, R.E., Crandall-Stotler, B., Wickett, N., Rudall, P.J., Maas-van de Kamer, H. & Maas, P.J.M. (2013) Taxonomy and classification. </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>In</em></span><span lang="en-GB">: Merckx, V.S.F.T. (ed.) </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Mycoheterotrophy: the biology of plants living on fungi</em></span><span lang="en-GB">. Springer, New York, pp. 19–101.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Merckx, V.S.F.T., Gomes, S.I.F, Wapstra, M., Hunt, C., Steenbeeke, G., Mennes, C.B., Walsh, N., Smissen, R., Hsieh T-H, Smets, E.F. & Bidartondo, M.I. (2017) The biogeographical history of the interaction between mycoheterotrophic </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Thismia</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> (Thismiaceae) plants and mycorrhizal </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Rhizophagus </em></span><span lang="en-GB">(Glomeraceae) fungi. </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Journal of Biogeography</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> 44: 1869–1879. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.12994</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Miers, J. (1847) On a new genus of plants of the family Burmanniaceae. </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Proceedings of Linnean Society of London</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> 1: 328–329.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Nobre, C., Arieira, J. & Nascimento, N. (2021) Amazonian Forest: the products of agroecological systems: considerations about the natural forest and economic exploitation for its conservation and how to develop sustainable agroforestry systems that induce the reduction of deforestation</span><span lang="en-GB"><em>. Technical Note </em></span><span lang="en-GB">IDB-TN-02242: 1–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003693</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Shepeleva, E.A., Schelkunov, M.I., Hroneš, M., Sochor, M., Dančák, M., Merckx, V.S.F.T, Kikuchi, I.A., Chantanaorrapint, S., Suetsugu, K., Tsukaya, H., Mar, S.S., Luu, H.T., Li, H.-Q., Logacheva, M.D. & Nuraliev, M.S. (2020) Phylogenetics of the mycoheterotrophic genus </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Thismia </em></span><span lang="en-GB">(Thismiaceae: Dioscoreales) with a focus on the Old World taxa: delineation of novel natural groups and insights into the evolution of morphological traits. </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> 193: 287–315. https://doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/boaa017</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Silva, D.F. da, Engels, M.E. & Soares-Lopes, C.R.A. (2020) Novelties in </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Thismia </em></span><span lang="en-GB">(Thismiaceae) from South Brazilian Amazon with the description of a new species. </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Phytotaxa</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> 429: 261–273. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.429.4.2</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Silva Junior, C.A. da, Lima, M., Teodoro, P.E., Oliveira-Júnior, J.F. de, Rossi, F.S., Funatsu, B.M., Butturi, W., Lourençoni, T., Kraeski, A., Pelissari, T.D., Moratelli, F.A., Arvor, D., Luz, I.M.S., Teodoro, L.P.R., Debruil, V. & Teixeira, V.M. (2022) Fires drive long-term environmental degradation in the Amazon Basin. </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Remote Sensing</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> 14: 338. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14020338</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Silva Junior, C.H.L., Pessôa, A.C.M., Carvalho, N.S., Reis, J.B.C., Anderson, L.O. & Aragão, L.E.O.C. (2021) The Brazilian Amazon deforestation rate in 2020 is the greatest of the decade. </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Nature Ecology & Evolution</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> 5: 144–145. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-020-01368-x</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Siti-Munirah, M.Y. & Dome, N. (2022) </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Thismia latiffiana</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> (Thismiaceae), an unusual new species from Terengganu, Peninsular Malaysia. </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>PhytoKeys</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> 188: 105–114. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.188.77061</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Siti-Munirah, M.Y., Dome, N. & Thorogood, C.J. (2021) </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Thismia sitimeriamiae</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> (Thismiaceae), an extraordinary new species from Terengganu, Peninsular Malaysia. </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>PhytoKeys </em></span><span lang="en-GB">179: 75–89. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.179.68300</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Stevens, P.F. (2001 onwards) </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Angiosperm phylogeny website</em></span><span lang="en-GB">. Available from: http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/ (accessed 29 July 2022)</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Suetsugu, K., Okada, H., Hirota, S.K. & Suyama, Y. (2022) Evolutionary history of mycorrhizal associations between Japanese </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Oxygyne </em></span><span lang="en-GB">(Thismiaceae) species and Glomeraceae fungi. </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>New Phytologist</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> 235: 836–841. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.18163</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Warming, E. (1901) Sur quelques Burmanniacées recueillies au Brésil par le Dr. A. Glaziou. Oversigt Over Det Kgl. </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Danse Videnskabernes Selskabs Forhandlinger</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> 1901: 173–188.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">WCSP (2022) </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Thismia</em></span><span lang="en-GB">. </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>In</em></span><span lang="en-GB">: </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew</em></span><span lang="en-GB">. Available from: http://wcsp.science.kew.org/ (accessed 29 July 2022)</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Woodward, C.L., Berry, P.E., Maas-van de Kamer, H. & Swing, K. (2007)</span><span lang="en-GB"><em> Tiputinia foetida</em></span><span lang="en-GB">, a new mycoheterotrophic genus of Thismiaceae from Amazonian Ecuador, and a likely case of deceit pollination. </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Taxon</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> 56: 157–162. https://doi.org/10.2307/25065746</span></span></span></span></p>