Abstract
We propose new synonyms and typifications for Brazilian taxa of Stachytarpheta (Verbenaceae). Twenty names are synonymized under the following accepted species: S. cayennensis, S. fiebrigii, S. gesnerioides, S. harleyi, S. hispida, S. indica, S. martiana, and S. reticulata. Lectotypes are designated for the following names: S. bicolor, S. bromleyana, S. crassifolia subsp. abairensis, S. elatior, S. gesnerioides var. cuneata, S. gesnerioides var. rotundata, S. glazioviana, and S. hirsuta. An epitype is designated for S. lanata, previously considered as a doubtful taxon and now treated as an accepted species, and also for S. restingensis. The necessity of such taxonomic and nomenclatural adjustments was noticed after the examination of a large set of herbarium collections (including the type specimens), specialized literature, and field observations. Our results support a forthcoming taxonomic treatment of the Brazilian Stachytarpheta.
References
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<p>Cardoso, P.H., Lima, L.V., Dittrich, V.A.O. & Salimena, F.R.G. (2019a) Typifications and additional taxonomic notes in Brazilian <em>Stachytarpheta</em> (Verbenaceae). <em>Phytotaxa </em>411: 223–229. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.411.3.6</p>
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<p>Cardoso, P.H., Menini Neto, L. & Salimena, F.R.G. (2020) Taxonomic notes on <em>Stachytarpheta </em>(Verbenaceae) from Brazil. <em>Kew Bulletin</em> 75: 17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12225-020-9875-5</p>
<p>Cardoso, P.H., Menini Neto, L., Salimena, F.R.G. & Trovó, M. (2020b) Novelties in Brazilian <em>Stachytarpheta</em> (Verbenaceae): A new species and taxonomic updates. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 475: 239–252. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.475.4.2239</p>
<p>Cardoso, P.H., Menini Neto, L, Cabral, A. & Trovó, M. (2021a) Taxonomic updates in Brazilian <em>Stachytarpheta</em> (Verbenaceae) with atropurpureous to black corollas: Two new species and a new synonym. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 523: 167–178. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.523.2.4</p>
<p>Cardoso, P.H., O’Leary, N., Olmstead, R.G., Moroni, P. & Thode, V. (2021b) An update of the Verbenaceae genera and species numbers. <em>Plant Ecology and Evolution</em> 154: 80–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2009.02.021</p>
<p>Cardoso, P.H. & Salimena, F.R.G. (2020) <em>Stachytarpheta</em> in Flora do Brasil 2020. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. Available from: http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/reflora/floradobrasil/FB15189 (accessed 17 March 2022)</p>
<p>Chamisso, L.K.A.von (1832) De plantis in expeditione Rommanzoffiana et in Herbariis Regiis, Verbenaceae. <em>Linnaea</em> 7: 213–272.</p>
<p>Echternacht, L.A., Trovó, M., Oliveira, C.T. & Pirani, J.R. (2011) Areas of endemism in the Espinhaço Range in Minas Gerais, Brazil. <em>Flora</em> 206: 782–791. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2011.04.003</p>
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<p>Linnaeus, C. (1753) <em>Species plantarum, </em>vols. 1–2. Impensis Laurentii Salvii, Holmiæ, Stockholm, 1200 pp.</p>
<p>Marx, H., O’Leary, N., Yuan, Y., Lu-Irving, P., Tank, D., Múlgura, M.E. & Olmstead, R. (2010) A molecular phylogeny and classification of Verbenaceae. <em>American journal of Botany</em> 97: 1647–1663. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1000144</p>
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<p>Moldenke, H.N. & Moldenke, A.L. (1983) Verbenaceae. <em>In</em>: Dassanayake, M.D. (Ed.) <em>A Revised handbook of Flora of Ceylon</em> 4. Amerind Publishing, New Delhi, pp. 196–487.</p>
<p>Moldenke HN (1940) Novelties among the American Verbenaceae. <em>Phytologia </em>1: 453–480. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.19008</p>
<p>Moldenke, H.N. (1947) Notes on new or noteworthy plants III. <em>Phytologia </em>2: 363–372.</p>
<p>Moldenke, H.N. (1959) Notes on new or noteworthy plants XXIV. <em>Phytologia </em>7: 258–259. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.5039</p>
<p>Moldenke, H.N. (1960) Notes on new or noteworthy plants XXVI. <em>Phytologia </em>7: 77–91. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.5039</p>
<p>Moldenke, H.N. (1966) Notes on new or noteworthy plants XLV. <em>Phytologia </em>13: 306–307. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.21848</p>
<p>Moldenke, H.N. (1970) Taxonomic Notes on the Eriocaulaceae and Verbenaceae. <em>Phytologia </em>20: 242–243. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.7115</p>
<p>Moldenke, H.N. (1973) Notes on new or noteworthy plants LVI. <em>Phytologia </em>25: 242–243. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.13719</p>
<p>Moldenke, H.N. (1978) Notes on new or noteworthy plants CXIV. <em>Phytologia </em>40: 220–225. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.28275</p>
<p>Moldenke, H.N. (1979) Notes on new or noteworthy plants CXXI. <em>Phytologia </em>41: 449–451. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.20793</p>
<p>Moldenke, H.N. (1980) Notes on New and Noteworthy Plants CXXXIII. <em>Phytologia </em>45: 36–40. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.28295</p>
<p>Moldenke, H.N. (1984) Notes on new and noteworthy plants CLXXIV. <em>Phytologia</em> 55: 232–234.</p>
<p>Moraes, P.L.R. de, Robbrecht, E., De Smedt, S., Dressler, S., Heinrichs, J., Reiner-Drehwald, M.H., Drescher, A., Scharfetter, A., Frödén, P., Esser, H.-J., Gallagher, C., Guglielmone, L. & Rainer, H. (2013) Catalogue of Brazilian plants collected by Prince Maximilian of Wied. <em>Scripta Botanica Belgica</em> 49: 1–249.</p>
<p>Munir, A.A. (1992) A taxonomic revision of the genus <em>Stachytarpheta</em> Vahl (Verbenaceae) in Australia. <em>Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Garden</em> 14: 133–168.</p>
<p>Nees von Esenbeck, C.G.D. & Martius, C.F.P. (1823) Beitrag zur Flora brasiliensis. <em>Novorum Actorum Academia Caesareae Leopoldinae-Carolinae Germanicae Naturae Curiosorum</em> 11: 69–72.</p>
<p>O’Leary, N., Calviño, C.I., Martínez, S., Lu-Irving, P., Olmstead, R.G. & Múlgura, M.E. (2012) Evolution of morphological traits in Verbenaceae. <em>American Journal of Botany</em> 99: 1778–1792. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1200123</p>
<p>Richard, A. (1792) Catalogus plantarum, ad societatem, ineunte anno 1792, e Cayenna missarum a Domino le Blond. <em>Actes de la Société d’Histoire Naturelle de Paris</em> 1: 105<strong>–</strong>114.</p>
<p>Sanders, R.W. (2001) The genera of Verbenaceae in the southeastern United States. <em>Harvard Papers in Botany</em> 5: 303<strong>–</strong>358.</p>
<p>Santos, J.S., Oliveira, L.D.S.D., van den Berg, C. & Sales, M.F. (2017) Lectotipificações de <em>Stachytarpheta</em> Vahl (Verbenaceae). <em>Iheringia. Série Botânica</em> 72 (3): 441–444. https://doi.org/10.21826/2446-8231201772315</p>
<p>Schauer, J.C. (1847) Verbenaceae. <em>In:</em> De Candolle, A.P. (Ed.) <em>Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 11</em>. Sumptibus Sociorum Treuttel et Würtz, Paris, pp. 522–700.</p>
<p>Schauer, J.C. (1851) Verbenaceae. <em>In:</em> Martius, C.F.P. von & Eichler, A.W. (Eds.) <em>Flora brasiliensis</em>. F. Fleischer, Leipzig, pp. 169−308.</p>
<p>Schrader, H.A. (1821) Illustrationes super plantis quibusdam novis et minus cognitis, a Principe Serenissimo Maximiliano Neowidensi in Brasilia observatis: “Plantarum rariorum a Principe Serenissimo Maximiliano Neowidensi in itinere per Brasiliam observatarum Fascicul. I”. <em>In:</em> <em>Göttingische Gelehrte Anzeigen unter der Aufsicht der Königl. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften.</em> pp. 705–720.</p>
<p>Schultes, J.A. (1822) <em>Mantissa in Volumen primus systematis vegetabilium Caroli Linné, Vol. 1. </em>J. G. Cottae, Stuttgart, 386 pp.</p>
<p>Stafleu, F.A. & Cowan, R.S. (1979) Taxonomic literature: a selective guide to botanical publications and collections with dates, commentaries and types. Volume II: H-Le. Regnum Vegetabile 98. Bohn, Scheltema & Holkema, Utrecht, 991 pp. Available from: https://www.sil.si.edu/DigitalCollections/tl-2/browse.cfm?vol=2#page/293 (accessed 16 February 2022)</p>
<p>Stuessy, T.F. (1990) <em>Plant taxonomy, the systematic evaluation of comparative data</em>. Columbia University, Press New York, 562 pp.</p>
<p>Thiers, B. (2022) <em>Index Herbariorum: A global directory of public herbaria and associated staff</em>. New York Botanical Garden’s Virtual Herbarium. Available from: http://sweetgum.nybg.org/ih (accessed 17 March 2022)</p>
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<p>Cardoso, P.H., Lima, L.V., Dittrich, V.A.O. & Salimena, F.R.G. (2019a) Typifications and additional taxonomic notes in Brazilian <em>Stachytarpheta</em> (Verbenaceae). <em>Phytotaxa </em>411: 223–229. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.411.3.6</p>
<p>Cardoso, P.H., Menini Neto, L. & Salimena, F.R.G. (2019b) Novos sinônimos em <em>Stachytarpheta</em> (Verbenaceae) do Brasil. <em>Hoehnea</em> 46: e082019. https://doi.org/10.1590/2236-8906-08/2019</p>
<p>Cardoso, P.H., Menini Neto, L. & Salimena, F.R.G. (2020) Taxonomic notes on <em>Stachytarpheta </em>(Verbenaceae) from Brazil. <em>Kew Bulletin</em> 75: 17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12225-020-9875-5</p>
<p>Cardoso, P.H., Menini Neto, L., Salimena, F.R.G. & Trovó, M. (2020b) Novelties in Brazilian <em>Stachytarpheta</em> (Verbenaceae): A new species and taxonomic updates. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 475: 239–252. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.475.4.2239</p>
<p>Cardoso, P.H., Menini Neto, L, Cabral, A. & Trovó, M. (2021a) Taxonomic updates in Brazilian <em>Stachytarpheta</em> (Verbenaceae) with atropurpureous to black corollas: Two new species and a new synonym. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 523: 167–178. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.523.2.4</p>
<p>Cardoso, P.H., O’Leary, N., Olmstead, R.G., Moroni, P. & Thode, V. (2021b) An update of the Verbenaceae genera and species numbers. <em>Plant Ecology and Evolution</em> 154: 80–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2009.02.021</p>
<p>Cardoso, P.H. & Salimena, F.R.G. (2020) <em>Stachytarpheta</em> in Flora do Brasil 2020. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. Available from: http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/reflora/floradobrasil/FB15189 (accessed 17 March 2022)</p>
<p>Chamisso, L.K.A.von (1832) De plantis in expeditione Rommanzoffiana et in Herbariis Regiis, Verbenaceae. <em>Linnaea</em> 7: 213–272.</p>
<p>Echternacht, L.A., Trovó, M., Oliveira, C.T. & Pirani, J.R. (2011) Areas of endemism in the Espinhaço Range in Minas Gerais, Brazil. <em>Flora</em> 206: 782–791. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2011.04.003</p>
<p>Fernandes, R.B. (1984) Notes sur les Verbenaceae. I. Remarques sur quelques especes de <em>Stachytarpheta </em>Vahl. <em>Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana</em> 57: 87–111</p>
<p>Gonçalves, E.G. & Lorenzi, H. (2007) <em>Morfologia vegetal: organografia e dicionário ilustrado de morfologia das plantas vasculares</em>. Instituto Plantarum, Nova Odessa, 416 pp.</p>
<p>Hammel, B.E. & Grayum, M.H. (2011) Lectotypification and Reinstatement of <em>Stachytarpheta friedrichsthalii</em> (Verbenaceae), with Notes on the Lectotypification of <em>S. indica</em>. <em>Novon: A Journal for Botanical Nomenclature</em> 21: 437<strong>–</strong>439. http://dx.doi.org/10.3417/2011019</p>
<p>Harris, J.G. & Harris, M.W. (2003) <em>Plant identification terminology: an illustrated glossary</em>. 2ed. Spring Lake Publ., Spring Lake, 216 pp.</p>
<p>Hooker, J.D. (1865) <em>Stachytarpheta bicolor, </em>two coloured Bastard-Vervain. <em>Botanical Magazine</em> 1865: tab. 5538.</p>
<p>Jacquin, J.F. (1844) <em>Eclogae Plantarum Rariorum 2</em>. Strauss, Vienna, 68 plates.</p>
<p>Kunth, C.S. (1817) [1818] Verbenaceae.<em> In: </em>Humboldt, F., Bonpland, A. & Kunth, C.S. (Eds.) <em>Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) 2</em>. Lutetiae Parisiorum, Paris pp. 244–285.</p>
<p>Link, J.H.F. (1821) <em>Enumeratio Plantarum Horti Regii Berolinensis Altera</em>. pt. 1. Paris, 458 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.66</p>
<p>Linnaeus, C. (1753) <em>Species plantarum, </em>vols. 1–2. Impensis Laurentii Salvii, Holmiæ, Stockholm, 1200 pp.</p>
<p>Marx, H., O’Leary, N., Yuan, Y., Lu-Irving, P., Tank, D., Múlgura, M.E. & Olmstead, R. (2010) A molecular phylogeny and classification of Verbenaceae. <em>American journal of Botany</em> 97: 1647–1663. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1000144</p>
<p>Miller, P. (1768) <em>The gardeners dictionary: containing the best and newest methods of cultivating and improving the kitchen, fruit, flower garden, and nursery, as also for performing the practical parts of agriculture, including the management of vineyards, with the methods of making and preserving wine, according to the present practice of the most skilful vignerons in the several wine countries in Europe, together with directions for propagating and improving, from real practice and experience, all sorts of timber trees</em>, ed. 8. Printed for the author, London, without pagination. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.541</p>
<p>Moldenke, H.N. & Moldenke, A.L. (1983) Verbenaceae. <em>In</em>: Dassanayake, M.D. (Ed.) <em>A Revised handbook of Flora of Ceylon</em> 4. Amerind Publishing, New Delhi, pp. 196–487.</p>
<p>Moldenke HN (1940) Novelties among the American Verbenaceae. <em>Phytologia </em>1: 453–480. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.19008</p>
<p>Moldenke, H.N. (1947) Notes on new or noteworthy plants III. <em>Phytologia </em>2: 363–372.</p>
<p>Moldenke, H.N. (1959) Notes on new or noteworthy plants XXIV. <em>Phytologia </em>7: 258–259. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.5039</p>
<p>Moldenke, H.N. (1960) Notes on new or noteworthy plants XXVI. <em>Phytologia </em>7: 77–91. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.5039</p>
<p>Moldenke, H.N. (1966) Notes on new or noteworthy plants XLV. <em>Phytologia </em>13: 306–307. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.21848</p>
<p>Moldenke, H.N. (1970) Taxonomic Notes on the Eriocaulaceae and Verbenaceae. <em>Phytologia </em>20: 242–243. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.7115</p>
<p>Moldenke, H.N. (1973) Notes on new or noteworthy plants LVI. <em>Phytologia </em>25: 242–243. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.13719</p>
<p>Moldenke, H.N. (1978) Notes on new or noteworthy plants CXIV. <em>Phytologia </em>40: 220–225. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.28275</p>
<p>Moldenke, H.N. (1979) Notes on new or noteworthy plants CXXI. <em>Phytologia </em>41: 449–451. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.20793</p>
<p>Moldenke, H.N. (1980) Notes on New and Noteworthy Plants CXXXIII. <em>Phytologia </em>45: 36–40. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.28295</p>
<p>Moldenke, H.N. (1984) Notes on new and noteworthy plants CLXXIV. <em>Phytologia</em> 55: 232–234.</p>
<p>Moraes, P.L.R. de, Robbrecht, E., De Smedt, S., Dressler, S., Heinrichs, J., Reiner-Drehwald, M.H., Drescher, A., Scharfetter, A., Frödén, P., Esser, H.-J., Gallagher, C., Guglielmone, L. & Rainer, H. (2013) Catalogue of Brazilian plants collected by Prince Maximilian of Wied. <em>Scripta Botanica Belgica</em> 49: 1–249.</p>
<p>Munir, A.A. (1992) A taxonomic revision of the genus <em>Stachytarpheta</em> Vahl (Verbenaceae) in Australia. <em>Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Garden</em> 14: 133–168.</p>
<p>Nees von Esenbeck, C.G.D. & Martius, C.F.P. (1823) Beitrag zur Flora brasiliensis. <em>Novorum Actorum Academia Caesareae Leopoldinae-Carolinae Germanicae Naturae Curiosorum</em> 11: 69–72.</p>
<p>O’Leary, N., Calviño, C.I., Martínez, S., Lu-Irving, P., Olmstead, R.G. & Múlgura, M.E. (2012) Evolution of morphological traits in Verbenaceae. <em>American Journal of Botany</em> 99: 1778–1792. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1200123</p>
<p>Richard, A. (1792) Catalogus plantarum, ad societatem, ineunte anno 1792, e Cayenna missarum a Domino le Blond. <em>Actes de la Société d’Histoire Naturelle de Paris</em> 1: 105<strong>–</strong>114.</p>
<p>Sanders, R.W. (2001) The genera of Verbenaceae in the southeastern United States. <em>Harvard Papers in Botany</em> 5: 303<strong>–</strong>358.</p>
<p>Santos, J.S., Oliveira, L.D.S.D., van den Berg, C. & Sales, M.F. (2017) Lectotipificações de <em>Stachytarpheta</em> Vahl (Verbenaceae). <em>Iheringia. Série Botânica</em> 72 (3): 441–444. https://doi.org/10.21826/2446-8231201772315</p>
<p>Schauer, J.C. (1847) Verbenaceae. <em>In:</em> De Candolle, A.P. (Ed.) <em>Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 11</em>. Sumptibus Sociorum Treuttel et Würtz, Paris, pp. 522–700.</p>
<p>Schauer, J.C. (1851) Verbenaceae. <em>In:</em> Martius, C.F.P. von & Eichler, A.W. (Eds.) <em>Flora brasiliensis</em>. F. Fleischer, Leipzig, pp. 169−308.</p>
<p>Schrader, H.A. (1821) Illustrationes super plantis quibusdam novis et minus cognitis, a Principe Serenissimo Maximiliano Neowidensi in Brasilia observatis: “Plantarum rariorum a Principe Serenissimo Maximiliano Neowidensi in itinere per Brasiliam observatarum Fascicul. I”. <em>In:</em> <em>Göttingische Gelehrte Anzeigen unter der Aufsicht der Königl. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften.</em> pp. 705–720.</p>
<p>Schultes, J.A. (1822) <em>Mantissa in Volumen primus systematis vegetabilium Caroli Linné, Vol. 1. </em>J. G. Cottae, Stuttgart, 386 pp.</p>
<p>Stafleu, F.A. & Cowan, R.S. (1979) Taxonomic literature: a selective guide to botanical publications and collections with dates, commentaries and types. Volume II: H-Le. Regnum Vegetabile 98. Bohn, Scheltema & Holkema, Utrecht, 991 pp. Available from: https://www.sil.si.edu/DigitalCollections/tl-2/browse.cfm?vol=2#page/293 (accessed 16 February 2022)</p>
<p>Stuessy, T.F. (1990) <em>Plant taxonomy, the systematic evaluation of comparative data</em>. Columbia University, Press New York, 562 pp.</p>
<p>Thiers, B. (2022) <em>Index Herbariorum: A global directory of public herbaria and associated staff</em>. New York Botanical Garden’s Virtual Herbarium. Available from: http://sweetgum.nybg.org/ih (accessed 17 March 2022)</p>
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