Abstract
The study addresses revisiting two Stauroneis taxa described by H. P. Gandhi using his collections from Western India. The type specimens of S. phoenicenteron f. capitata Gonzalves and H.P.Gandhi and S. anceps f. indica H.P.Gandhi were studied employing light and scanning electron microscopy. This contribution documents their valve morphology, with comments on synonyms and type details of similar taxa utilised for comparison. Examining the type specimens of the aforementioned taxa endows evidence of a definable and distinct taxon. Consequently, Stauroneis lacuspowaiensis Wadmare & B.Karthick nom. nov., stat. nov. and Stauroneis dharwarensis Wadmare & B.Karthick nom. nov., stat. nov. are proposed. The present study clarifies the typification of Gandhi’s specimens and derives new morphological information.
References
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<p>Bahls, L. (2010) <em>Stauroneis </em>in the Northern Rockies—50 species of <em>Stauroneis </em>sensu stricto from western Montana, northern Idaho, northeastern Washington and southwestern Alberta, including 16 species described as new. Vol. 4 <em>In</em>: Bahls, L. (ed.) <em>Northwest</em> <em>Diatoms, </em>Montana Diatom Collection, Helena, 179 pp.</p>
<p>Barber, H.G. & Haworth, E.Y. (1981) A guide to the morphology of the diatom frustule. <em>Freshwater Biological Association, Scientific Publication </em>44: 1–112.</p>
<p>Bessey, C. (1907) A synopsis of plant phyla<em>. Nebraska University Studies </em>7: 275–373.</p>
<p>Boyer, C.S. (1927) Supplement: Synopsis of North American Diatomaceae. Part II. Naviculatae, Surirellatae. <em>Proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of Philadelphia</em> 79: 228–583.</p>
<p>Ehrenberg, C.G. (1843) Verbreitung und Einflufs des mikroskopischen Lebens in Süd-und Nord-Amerika. <em>Abhandlungen der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin </em>1841: 291–445.</p>
<p>Ehrenberg, C.G. (1854) <em>Mikrogeologie</em>. <em>Das Erden und Felsen schaffende Wirken des unsichtbar kleinen selbstständigen Lebens auf der Erde</em>. [Texte]. Leopold Voss, Leipzig, xxviii + 374 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.118752</p>
<p>Gandhi, H.P. (1959a) The freshwater diatom flora from Mugad, Dharwar District with some ecological notes. <em>Ceylon Journal of Science (Biology Section)</em> 2: 98–116.</p>
<p>Gandhi, H.P. (1959b) Freshwater diatom flora of the Panhalgarh Hill Fort in the Kolhapur district. <em>Hydrobiologia</em> 14: 93–129.</p>
<p>Gonzalves, E.A. & Gandhi, H.P. (1953) A systematic account of the Diatoms of Bombay and Salsette -11. <em>Journal of the Indian Botanical Society</em> 32: 239–263.</p>
<p>Guiry, M.D., Vigneshwaran, A. & Karthick, B. (2020) Validation and replacement of some diatom names published by H.P. Gandhi. <em>Notulae algarum </em>133: 1–9. [http://www.notulaealgarum.org/2020/documents/Notulae%20algarum%20No.%20133.pdf]</p>
<p>Haeckel, E. (1878) <em>Das Protistenreich</em>. Eine populare Übersicht über das For-mengebiet der niedersten Lebewesen. Mit einem wissenschaftlichen Anhang: System der Protisten. Ernst Günther, Leipzig, 104 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.58542</p>
<p>Harrington, B. (2004–2005) <em>Inkscape</em>. Available from http://www.inkscape.org (accessed 2 June 2020).</p>
<p>Kale, A., Levkov, Z. & Karthick, B. (2017) Typification of two species of <em>Luticola</em> (Bacillariophyta) from aerophilic habitats of the Western Ghats, India. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 298: 29–42. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.298.1.3</p>
<p>Karthick, B., Taylor, J.C., Mahesh, M.K. & Ramachandra, T.V. (2010) Protocols for collection, preservation and enumeration of diatoms from Aquatic habitats for water quality monitoring in India. <em>The ICF Journal of Soil and Water Sciences </em>3: 1–36.</p>
<p>Karthick, B. & Kociolek, J.P. (2012) Reconsideration of the <em>Gomphonema</em> (Bacillariophyceae) species from Kolhapur, Northern Western Ghats, India: Taxonomy, typification and biogeography of the species reported by H.P. Gandhi. <em>Phycological Research</em> 60: 179–198. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1835.2012.00649.x</p>
<p>Kobayasi, H. & Ando, K. (1977) Diatoms from irrigation ponds in Musashikyuryo-shinrin Park, Saitama Prefecture. <em>Bulletin of Tokyo Gakugei University </em>29: 231–263.</p>
<p>Kobayasi, H. & Ando, K. (1978) New species and new combinations in the genus <em>Stauroneis</em>. <em>Japanese Journal of Phycology </em>26: 13–18.</p>
<p>Lange-Bertalot, H. & Metzeltin, D. (1996) Indicators of Oligotrophy: 800 Taxa Representative of Three Ecologically Distinct Lake Types. Vol. 2 <em>In</em>: Lange-Bertalot (ed.) <em>Iconographia Diatomologica</em>, Koeltz Scientific Books, Königstein, 390 pp.</p>
<p>Lange-Bertalot, H., Cavacini, P., Tagliaventi, N. & Alfinito, S. (2003) Diatoms of Sardinia. Rare and 76 new species in rock pools and other ephemeral waters. <em>Iconographia Diatomologica </em>12: 1–438.</p>
<p>Levkov, Z., Tofilovska, S., Jovanovska, E., Cvetkoska, A. & Metzeltin, D. (2016) Revision of the <em>Stauroneis smithii </em>Grunow (Bacillariophyceae) species complex from Macedonia. <em>Botanica Serbica </em>40: 167–178. http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.162215</p>
<p>Medlin, L.K. & Kaczmarska, I. (2004) Evolution of the diatoms: V. Morphological and cytological support for the major clades and a taxonomic revision. <em>Phycologia </em>43: 245–270. https://doi.org/10.2216/i0031-8884-43-3-245.1</p>
<p>Metzeltin, D. & Lange-Bertalot, H. (1998) Tropical diatoms of South America I: About 700 predominantly rarely known or new taxa representative of the neotropical flora. <em>Iconographia Diatomologica</em> 5: 3–695.</p>
<p>Metzeltin, D., Lange-Bertalot, H. & García-Rodríguez, F. (2005) Diatoms of Uruguay. Compared with other taxa from South America and elsewhere. <em>Iconographia Diatomologica </em>15: 1–736.</p>
<p>Metzeltin, D. & Lange-Bertalot, H. (2007) Tropical Diatoms of South America II. Special remarks on biogeographic disjunction. <em>Iconographia Diatomologica </em>18: 1–877.</p>
<p>Patrick, R. & Reimer, C.W. (1966) The diatoms of the United States. Exclusive of Alaska and Hawaii. Volume 1: Fragilariaceae, Eunotiaceae, Achnanthaceae, Naviculaceae. <em>Monographs of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia</em> 13: 1–688.</p>
<p>Radhakrishnan, C., Kulikovskiy, M., Glushchenko, A., Kuznetsova, I., Kociolek, P. & Karthick, B. (2018) <em>Oricymba sagarensis</em> (Gandhi) comb. nov., an endemic diatom from the Western Ghats, India. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 382: 267–274. https://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.382.3.3</p>
<p>Reichardt, E. (1995) Die Diatomeen (Bacillariophyceae) in Ehrenbergs Material von Cayenne, Guyane Gallica (1843). <em>Iconographia Diatomologica</em> 1: 7–99.</p>
<p>Round, F.E., Crawford, R.M. & Mann, D.G. (1990) <em>The Diatoms: Biology and morphology of the genera. </em>Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 747 pp.</p>
<p>Schumann, J. (1867) Preussische Diatomeen. <em>Schriften der koniglichen physikalisch-okonomischen Gesellschaft zu Konigsberg</em>, 8: 37–68.</p>
<p>Skvortzow, B.V. (Ed.) (2012) New and little known fresh- and brackish water diatoms chiefly from Eastern part of Asia and their geographical distribution with a map and 499 figures. <em>Iconographia Diatomologica</em> 23: 749–861.</p>
<p>Smith, W. (1853) <em>A synopsis of the British Diatomaceae; with remarks on their structure, functions and distribution; and instructions for collecting and preserving specimens. Vol. 1. </em>John Van Voorst, London, 89 pp.</p>
<p>Van de Vijver, B., Beyens, L. & Lange-Bertalot, H. (2004) The genus <em>Stauroneis </em>in Arctic and Antarctic regions. <em>Bibliotheca Diatomologica</em>, 51: 1–317.</p>
<p>Vouilloud, A.A., Guerrero, J.M., Palladino, M.B. & Lamaro, A.A. (2021) Revision of the type materials of <em>Stauroneis</em> <em>schinzii</em> var. <em>argentina</em> Frenguelli and <em>S</em>. <em>schinzii</em> var. <em>maxima</em> Frenguelli (bacillariophyceae). <em>Phytotaxa</em> 478: 119–130. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.478.1.8</p>
<p>Wadmare, N., Roy, S., Kociolek, J.P. & Karthick, B. (2019) Two new aerophilic species of <em>Stauroneis</em> Ehrenberg (Bacillariophyta) from the Eastern Himalayas. <em>Botany Letters</em> 166: 234–245. https://doi.org/10.1080/23818107.2019.1602786</p>
<p>Wadmare, N., Kociolek, J.P. & Karthick, B. (2021) Three new species of the genus <em>Stauroneis</em> Ehrenberg (Bacillariophyceae: Stauroneidaceae) from the Northern Western Ghats, India. <em>Fottea</em> 21: 220–234. https://doi.org/10.5507/fot.2021.007</p>
<p>Zidarova, R., Kopalová, K. & Van de Vijver, B. (2014) The genus <em>Stauroneis </em>(Bacillariophyta) from the South Shetland Islands and James Ross Island (Antarctica). <em>Fottea </em>14: 201–207. https://doi.org/10.5507/fot.2014.015</p>
<p>Bahls, L. (2010) <em>Stauroneis </em>in the Northern Rockies—50 species of <em>Stauroneis </em>sensu stricto from western Montana, northern Idaho, northeastern Washington and southwestern Alberta, including 16 species described as new. Vol. 4 <em>In</em>: Bahls, L. (ed.) <em>Northwest</em> <em>Diatoms, </em>Montana Diatom Collection, Helena, 179 pp.</p>
<p>Barber, H.G. & Haworth, E.Y. (1981) A guide to the morphology of the diatom frustule. <em>Freshwater Biological Association, Scientific Publication </em>44: 1–112.</p>
<p>Bessey, C. (1907) A synopsis of plant phyla<em>. Nebraska University Studies </em>7: 275–373.</p>
<p>Boyer, C.S. (1927) Supplement: Synopsis of North American Diatomaceae. Part II. Naviculatae, Surirellatae. <em>Proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of Philadelphia</em> 79: 228–583.</p>
<p>Ehrenberg, C.G. (1843) Verbreitung und Einflufs des mikroskopischen Lebens in Süd-und Nord-Amerika. <em>Abhandlungen der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin </em>1841: 291–445.</p>
<p>Ehrenberg, C.G. (1854) <em>Mikrogeologie</em>. <em>Das Erden und Felsen schaffende Wirken des unsichtbar kleinen selbstständigen Lebens auf der Erde</em>. [Texte]. Leopold Voss, Leipzig, xxviii + 374 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.118752</p>
<p>Gandhi, H.P. (1959a) The freshwater diatom flora from Mugad, Dharwar District with some ecological notes. <em>Ceylon Journal of Science (Biology Section)</em> 2: 98–116.</p>
<p>Gandhi, H.P. (1959b) Freshwater diatom flora of the Panhalgarh Hill Fort in the Kolhapur district. <em>Hydrobiologia</em> 14: 93–129.</p>
<p>Gonzalves, E.A. & Gandhi, H.P. (1953) A systematic account of the Diatoms of Bombay and Salsette -11. <em>Journal of the Indian Botanical Society</em> 32: 239–263.</p>
<p>Guiry, M.D., Vigneshwaran, A. & Karthick, B. (2020) Validation and replacement of some diatom names published by H.P. Gandhi. <em>Notulae algarum </em>133: 1–9. [http://www.notulaealgarum.org/2020/documents/Notulae%20algarum%20No.%20133.pdf]</p>
<p>Haeckel, E. (1878) <em>Das Protistenreich</em>. Eine populare Übersicht über das For-mengebiet der niedersten Lebewesen. Mit einem wissenschaftlichen Anhang: System der Protisten. Ernst Günther, Leipzig, 104 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.58542</p>
<p>Harrington, B. (2004–2005) <em>Inkscape</em>. Available from http://www.inkscape.org (accessed 2 June 2020).</p>
<p>Kale, A., Levkov, Z. & Karthick, B. (2017) Typification of two species of <em>Luticola</em> (Bacillariophyta) from aerophilic habitats of the Western Ghats, India. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 298: 29–42. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.298.1.3</p>
<p>Karthick, B., Taylor, J.C., Mahesh, M.K. & Ramachandra, T.V. (2010) Protocols for collection, preservation and enumeration of diatoms from Aquatic habitats for water quality monitoring in India. <em>The ICF Journal of Soil and Water Sciences </em>3: 1–36.</p>
<p>Karthick, B. & Kociolek, J.P. (2012) Reconsideration of the <em>Gomphonema</em> (Bacillariophyceae) species from Kolhapur, Northern Western Ghats, India: Taxonomy, typification and biogeography of the species reported by H.P. Gandhi. <em>Phycological Research</em> 60: 179–198. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1835.2012.00649.x</p>
<p>Kobayasi, H. & Ando, K. (1977) Diatoms from irrigation ponds in Musashikyuryo-shinrin Park, Saitama Prefecture. <em>Bulletin of Tokyo Gakugei University </em>29: 231–263.</p>
<p>Kobayasi, H. & Ando, K. (1978) New species and new combinations in the genus <em>Stauroneis</em>. <em>Japanese Journal of Phycology </em>26: 13–18.</p>
<p>Lange-Bertalot, H. & Metzeltin, D. (1996) Indicators of Oligotrophy: 800 Taxa Representative of Three Ecologically Distinct Lake Types. Vol. 2 <em>In</em>: Lange-Bertalot (ed.) <em>Iconographia Diatomologica</em>, Koeltz Scientific Books, Königstein, 390 pp.</p>
<p>Lange-Bertalot, H., Cavacini, P., Tagliaventi, N. & Alfinito, S. (2003) Diatoms of Sardinia. Rare and 76 new species in rock pools and other ephemeral waters. <em>Iconographia Diatomologica </em>12: 1–438.</p>
<p>Levkov, Z., Tofilovska, S., Jovanovska, E., Cvetkoska, A. & Metzeltin, D. (2016) Revision of the <em>Stauroneis smithii </em>Grunow (Bacillariophyceae) species complex from Macedonia. <em>Botanica Serbica </em>40: 167–178. http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.162215</p>
<p>Medlin, L.K. & Kaczmarska, I. (2004) Evolution of the diatoms: V. Morphological and cytological support for the major clades and a taxonomic revision. <em>Phycologia </em>43: 245–270. https://doi.org/10.2216/i0031-8884-43-3-245.1</p>
<p>Metzeltin, D. & Lange-Bertalot, H. (1998) Tropical diatoms of South America I: About 700 predominantly rarely known or new taxa representative of the neotropical flora. <em>Iconographia Diatomologica</em> 5: 3–695.</p>
<p>Metzeltin, D., Lange-Bertalot, H. & García-Rodríguez, F. (2005) Diatoms of Uruguay. Compared with other taxa from South America and elsewhere. <em>Iconographia Diatomologica </em>15: 1–736.</p>
<p>Metzeltin, D. & Lange-Bertalot, H. (2007) Tropical Diatoms of South America II. Special remarks on biogeographic disjunction. <em>Iconographia Diatomologica </em>18: 1–877.</p>
<p>Patrick, R. & Reimer, C.W. (1966) The diatoms of the United States. Exclusive of Alaska and Hawaii. Volume 1: Fragilariaceae, Eunotiaceae, Achnanthaceae, Naviculaceae. <em>Monographs of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia</em> 13: 1–688.</p>
<p>Radhakrishnan, C., Kulikovskiy, M., Glushchenko, A., Kuznetsova, I., Kociolek, P. & Karthick, B. (2018) <em>Oricymba sagarensis</em> (Gandhi) comb. nov., an endemic diatom from the Western Ghats, India. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 382: 267–274. https://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.382.3.3</p>
<p>Reichardt, E. (1995) Die Diatomeen (Bacillariophyceae) in Ehrenbergs Material von Cayenne, Guyane Gallica (1843). <em>Iconographia Diatomologica</em> 1: 7–99.</p>
<p>Round, F.E., Crawford, R.M. & Mann, D.G. (1990) <em>The Diatoms: Biology and morphology of the genera. </em>Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 747 pp.</p>
<p>Schumann, J. (1867) Preussische Diatomeen. <em>Schriften der koniglichen physikalisch-okonomischen Gesellschaft zu Konigsberg</em>, 8: 37–68.</p>
<p>Skvortzow, B.V. (Ed.) (2012) New and little known fresh- and brackish water diatoms chiefly from Eastern part of Asia and their geographical distribution with a map and 499 figures. <em>Iconographia Diatomologica</em> 23: 749–861.</p>
<p>Smith, W. (1853) <em>A synopsis of the British Diatomaceae; with remarks on their structure, functions and distribution; and instructions for collecting and preserving specimens. Vol. 1. </em>John Van Voorst, London, 89 pp.</p>
<p>Van de Vijver, B., Beyens, L. & Lange-Bertalot, H. (2004) The genus <em>Stauroneis </em>in Arctic and Antarctic regions. <em>Bibliotheca Diatomologica</em>, 51: 1–317.</p>
<p>Vouilloud, A.A., Guerrero, J.M., Palladino, M.B. & Lamaro, A.A. (2021) Revision of the type materials of <em>Stauroneis</em> <em>schinzii</em> var. <em>argentina</em> Frenguelli and <em>S</em>. <em>schinzii</em> var. <em>maxima</em> Frenguelli (bacillariophyceae). <em>Phytotaxa</em> 478: 119–130. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.478.1.8</p>
<p>Wadmare, N., Roy, S., Kociolek, J.P. & Karthick, B. (2019) Two new aerophilic species of <em>Stauroneis</em> Ehrenberg (Bacillariophyta) from the Eastern Himalayas. <em>Botany Letters</em> 166: 234–245. https://doi.org/10.1080/23818107.2019.1602786</p>
<p>Wadmare, N., Kociolek, J.P. & Karthick, B. (2021) Three new species of the genus <em>Stauroneis</em> Ehrenberg (Bacillariophyceae: Stauroneidaceae) from the Northern Western Ghats, India. <em>Fottea</em> 21: 220–234. https://doi.org/10.5507/fot.2021.007</p>
<p>Zidarova, R., Kopalová, K. & Van de Vijver, B. (2014) The genus <em>Stauroneis </em>(Bacillariophyta) from the South Shetland Islands and James Ross Island (Antarctica). <em>Fottea </em>14: 201–207. https://doi.org/10.5507/fot.2014.015</p>