Abstract
We propose the new species Dyckia pseudodelicata which is described and illustrated here, and provide data on its distribution and habitat. We compare the new species to the related Dyckia delicata and highlight their morphological differences. Morphological features that have been little explored in Dyckia taxonomy proved to be diagnostic in our analysis, such as the presence and morphology of trichomes on the petal margins and the position of ovules in relation to the longitudinal axis of the ovary and their disposition in the placenta.
References
<p>Baker, J.G. (1889) <em>Handbook of the Bromeliaceae</em>. G. Bell & Sons, London, 243 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.51681</p>
<p>Barfuss, M.H.J., Till, W., Leme, E.M.C., Pinzón, J.P., Manzanares, J.M., Halbritter, H., Samuel, R. & Brown, G.K. (2016) Taxonomic revision of Bromeliaceae subfam. Tillandsioideae based on a multi-locus DNA sequence phylogeny and morphology. <em>Phytotaxa </em>279: 1–97. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.279.1.1</p>
<p>Bentham, G. (1882) Plate 1385, <em>Helietta parvifolia</em>. <em>Icones plantarum</em> 14: 66–67.</p>
<p>Bernardello, L.M., Galetto, L. & Juliani, H.R. (1991) Floral nectar, nectary structure and pollinators in some Argentinean Bromeliaceae. <em>Annals of Botany</em> 67: 401–411. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a088174</p>
<p>Brown, G.K. & Gilmartin, A.J. (1984) Stigma structure and variation in Bromeliaceae - Neglected taxonomic characters. <em>Brittonia</em> 36: 364–374. https://doi.org/10.2307/2806597</p>
<p>Brown, G.K. & Gilmartin, A.J. (1989) Stigma types in Bromeliaceae - A systematic survey. <em>Systematic Botany</em> 14: 110–132. https://doi.org/10.2307/2419055</p>
<p>Büneker, H.M. (2021) <em>Revisão taxonômica do complexo Dyckia selloa (Bromeliaceae, Pitcairnioideae) baseada em caracteres morfológicos</em>. Masters dissertation, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 290 pp.</p>
<p>Büneker, H.M. & Witeck-Neto, L. (2016) Levantamento de Bromeliaceae na região do curso médio do rio Toropi, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. <em>Balduinia</em> 52: 1–14.</p>
<p> https://doi.org/10.5902/2358198022371</p>
<p>Büneker, H.M., Ferrarese, M.D. & Canto-Dorow, T.S. (2017) <em>Tradescantia multibracteata</em>, a new species of Commelinaceae from Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. <em>Phytotaxa </em>308: 89–96. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.308.1.7</p>
<p>Büneker, H.M., Guarçoni, E.A.E., Santos-Silva, F. & Forzza, R.C. (2020) <em>Dyckia</em> <em>in Flora do Brasil 2020</em>. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. Available from: http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/reflora/floradobrasil/FB6046 (accessed 8 January 2021).</p>
<p>Büneker, H.M., Pontes, R.C., Soares, K.P., Witeck-Neto, L. & Longhi, S.J. (2013) Uma nova espécie reófita de <em>Dyckia</em> (Bromeliaceae, Pitcairnioideae) para a flora do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. <em>Revista Brasileira de Biociências</em> 11: 284–289.</p>
<p>Büneker, H.M., Pontes, R.C., Witeck-Neto, L. & Soares, K.P. (2015a) <em>Tillandsia leucopetala</em>, a new species of Bromeliaceae from Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 202: 143–148. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.202.2.6</p>
<p>Büneker, H.M., Soares, K.P., Assis, L.C.de & Witeck-Neto, L. (2018) Taxonomic novelties in Southern Brazilian Amaryllidaceae – III: <em>Hippeastrum multiflorum</em>, a new species from Rio Grande do Sul. <em>Balduinia</em> 64: 34–41. https://doi.org/10.5902/2358198035736</p>
<p>Büneker, H.M., Witeck-Neto, L. & Soares, K.P. (2015b) <em>Dyckia pontesii</em> (Bromeliaceae, Pitcairnioideae), uma nova espécie do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. <em>Rodriguésia</em> 66: 499–504. https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-7860201566217</p>
<p>Carvalho, J.D.T., Essi, L. & Oliveira, J.M.S. (2017) Flower and floral trichome morphology of species of <em>Dyckia </em>Schult. f. (Bromeliaceae, Pitcairnioideae), and their importance to species characterization and genus taxonomy. <em>Acta Botanica Brasilica </em>31: 29–41. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-33062016abb0335</p>
<p>Chautems, A.P. (1990) Taxonomic revision of <em>Sinningia</em> Nees: nomenclatural changes and new synonymies. <em>Candollea</em> 45: 381–388.</p>
<p>Coelho, G.P. & Miotto, S.T.S. (2017) A new species of <em>Buddleja </em>(Scrophulariaceae) From Southern Brazil. <em>Systematic Botany</em> 42: 968–973. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364417X696591</p>
<p>Deble, L.P. & Alves, F.daS. (2013) <em>Herbertia amabilis</em> Deble & F.S. Alves (Iridaceae), a new species from Brazil. <em>Candollea</em> 68: 133–137. https://doi.org/10.15553/c2013v681a18</p>
<p>Endress, P.K. (2011) Angiosperm ovules: diversity, development, evolution. <em>Annals of Botany </em>107: 1465–1489. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcr120</p>
<p>Feder, N. & O’Brien, T.P. (1968) Plant microtechnique: some principles and new methods. <em>American Journal of Botany</em> 55: 123–142. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1968.tb06952.x</p>
<p>Figueira, M. & Schindler, B. (2021) <em>Rhamnidium riograndense</em> (Rhamnaceae), a new species from southern Brazil. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 510: 53–60. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.510.1.5</p>
<p>Fitzhugh, K. (2009) Species as Explanatory Hypotheses: Refinements and Implications. <em>Acta Biotheor</em> 57: 201–248. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10441-009-9071-3</p>
<p>Forzza, R.C. (2001) <em>Filogenia da tribo Puyeae Wittm. e revisão taxonômica do gênero Encholirium Mart. ex Schult. & Schult.f. (Pitcarnioideae-Bromeliaceae)</em>. Thesis for PhD. Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 208 pp.</p>
<p>Gabriel, B.L. (1982) <em>Biological electron microscopy</em>. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, 264 pp.</p>
<p>Gerloff, N. (1993) <em>Notocactus oxycostatus</em> Buining & Brederoo fa.<em> securituberculatus</em> (Ritter) Gerloff <em>comb. et stat. nov.</em> <em>Internoto</em> 14: 83–95.</p>
<p>Gomes-da-Silva, J., Amorim, A.M. & Forzza, R.C. (2017) Distribution of the xeric clade species of Pitcairnioideae (Bromeliaceae) in South America: a perspective based on areas of endemism. <em>Journal of Biogeography</em> 44: 1994–2006. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.12990</p>
<p>Gomes-da-Silva, J., Santos-Silva, F. & Forzza, R.C. (2019) Does nomenclatural stability justify para/polyphyletic taxa? A phylogenetic classification in the xeric clade Pitcairnioideae (Bromeliaceae). <em>Systematics and Biodiversity</em> 17: 467–490. https://doi.org/10.1080/14772000.2019.1646834</p>
<p>Guiggi, A. (2012) New genera and combinations in the family of Cactaceae Jussieu (Magnoliopsida-Cactales). <em>Cactology</em> 3: 5–9.</p>
<p>Hassler, E. (1919) <em>Bromeliacearum paraguariensiam conspectus</em>. <em>Annuair du Conservatoire et du Jardin Botaniques de Genèves</em> 20: 268–341.</p>
<p>Herbert, W. (1837) <em>Amaryllidaceae</em>. James Ridway & Sons, London, 428 pp.</p>
<p>Herm, K. (1993) <em>N. horstii</em> (Ritter) <em>forma purpureus</em> (Ritter) Herm <em>forma nova</em>. <em>Internoto</em> 14: 59–64.</p>
<p>Hooker, W.J. & Arnott, G.A.W. (1836) Contributions towards a Flora of South America and the Islands of the Pacific. <em>Companion to the Botanical Magazine</em> 1: 234–244.</p>
<p>Irgang, B.E. & Sobral, M. (1987) <em>Dyckia agudensis</em> (Bromeliaceae), nova espécie do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. <em>Napaea </em>3: 5–7.</p>
<p>Johansen, D.A. (1940) <em>Plant microtechnique</em>. MacGraw-Hill, New York, 523 pp.</p>
<p>King, R.M. & Robinson, H.E. (1972) Studies in the Eupatorieae (Asteraceae). LXXXI. A new genus, <em>Hatschbachiella</em>. <em>Phytologia</em> 23: 393–394. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.19873</p>
<p>Koch, K. (1873) <em>Index seminum in horto botanico berolinensi anno 1873 collectorum. Appendix quarta ad indicem seminum horti botanici Berolinenensis anni 1873</em>. Berlin, pp. 1–7.</p>
<p>Krapp, F. & Eggli, U. (2019) <em>Dyckia</em>, Bromeliaceae. <em>In</em>: Eggli, U. & Nyffeler, R. (Eds.) <em>Illustrated Handbook of Succulent Plants: Monocotyledons,</em> ed. 2. Springer, Berlin, pp. 1–71. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-56324-3_80-1</p>
<p>Krapp, F., Pinangé, D.S.B., Benko-Iseppon, A.M., Leme, E.M.C. & Weising, K. (2014) Phylogeny and evolution of <em>Dyckia</em> (Bromeliaceae) inferred from chloroplast and nuclear sequences. <em>Plant Systematics and Evolution</em> 300: 1591–1614. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-014-0985-0</p>
<p>Kuhn, S.A., Nogueira, F.M., Chauveau, O. & Mariath, J.E.deA. (2020) Diversity and evolutionary trends of the ovary and ovule in Bromeliaceae. <em>Flora</em> 272: 151691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2020.151691</p>
<p>Larocca, J. & Sobral, M. (2002) <em>Dyckia delicata</em> (Bromeliaceae), a new species from Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. <em>Novon </em>12: 234–236.</p>
<p>Leme, E.M.C. (1993) Novas bromeliáceaes nativas do Brasil – XI. <em>Pabstia</em> 4: 6–7.</p>
<p>Leme, E.M.C., Ribeiro, O.B.C. & Miranda, Z.J.G. (2012) New species of <em>Dyckia</em> (Bromeliaceae) from Brazil. <em>Phytotaxa </em>67: 9–37. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.67.1.2</p>
<p>Lindley, J (1828) Gesnéria macrostáchya. Long-spiked Gesneria. <em>Botanical Register</em> 14: t. 1202.</p>
<p>Linnaeus, C. (1758) <em>Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata</em>, vol. 1. Laurentius Salvius, Holmiae, 824 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.542</p>
<p>Marchiori, J.N.C., Canto-Dorow, T.S., Büneker, H.M., Essi, L., Breier, T.B. & Pontes, R.C. (2014) Campos e florestas no curso médio do Rio Toropi, Rio Grande do Sul (Brasil). Retrato de um admirável patrimônio ameaçado. <em>Balduinia </em>45: 1–16. https://doi.org/10.5902/2358198014685</p>
<p>Martius, C.F.P. (1829) <em>Nova Genera et Species Plantarum Brasiliensium</em>. <em>Nova Genera et Species Plantarum</em> 3: 1–198.</p>
<p>McDowell, E.M. & Trump, B.F. (1976) Histologic fixatives suitable for diagnostic light and electron microscopy. <em>Archives of Pathology & Laboratory</em> <em>Medicine </em>100: 405–414.</p>
<p>Menezes, L.C. (2009) Uma nova espécie do Rio Grande do Sul: <em>Cyrtopodium witeckii</em>. <em>Boletim CAOB</em> 75: 58–63.</p>
<p>Mez, C. (1896) Bromeliaceae. <em>In</em>: De Candolle, C. (Ed.) <em>Monographiae Phanerogamarum</em> 9. Sumptibus G. Masson & Cie., Paris, 990 pp.</p>
<p>Mez, C. (1935) Bromeliaceae. <em>In</em>: Engler, A. (Ed.) <em>Das Pflanzenreich, regni vegetabilis conspectus</em> 4 (32). W. Engelmann, Leipzig, 667 pp.</p>
<p>O’Brien, T.P. & McCully, M.E. (1981) <em>The study of plant structure principles and selected methods</em>. Termarcarphi Pty Ltd., Melbourne, 344 pp.</p>
<p>Pereira, E. & Martinelli, G. (1982) <em>Species novae in brasilia bromeliacearum </em>XIX. <em>Bradea</em> 3: 251–260.</p>
<p>Pereira, E.E. & Gouda, E.J. (2018) A new <em>Dyckia</em> species (Bromeliaceae, Pitcairnioideae) from Brazilian Central-West region, Pantanal Mato-Grossense. <em>Phytotaxa </em>333: 137–14. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.333.1.12</p>
<p>Pinangé, D.S.B., Krapp, F., Zizka, G., Silvestro, D., Leme, E.M.C., Weising, K. & Benko-Iseppon, A.M. (2017) Molecular phylogenetics, historical biogeography and character evolution in <em>Dyckia</em> (Bromeliaceae, Pitcairnioideae). <em>Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society </em>183: 39–56. https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12489</p>
<p>Queiroz, K. de (2007) Species concepts and species delimitation<em>. Systematic Biology</em> 56: 879–886.</p>
<p>Rapini, A. (2004) Classes or individuals? The paradox of systematics revisited. <em>Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences</em> 35: 675–695. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsc.2004.09.006</p>
<p>Ritter, F. (1966) <em>Eriocactus magnificus</em> Ritter <em>spec. nova. Succulenta </em>45: 50–53.</p>
<p>Ritter, F. (1970) Nieuwe cactussen uit Zuid-Amerika I. <em>Succulenta </em>49: 108–109.</p>
<p>Ritter, F. (1979) <em>Kakteen in Südamerika</em>. <em>Band 1. Brasilien/Uruguay/Paraguay. </em>Friedrich Ritter Selbstverlag, Spangenberg, 374 pp.</p>
<p>Sachs, H. (2011) Searching for <em>Dyckia delicata.</em> <em>Die Bromelie </em>2011: 118–121.</p>
<p>Scharf, U. & Gouda, E.J. (2008) Bringing Bromeliaceae back to homeland botany. <em>Journal of the Bromeliad Society</em> 58: 123–129.</p>
<p>Schultes, J.A. & Schultes, J.H. (1830) <em>Classis VL, Hexandria</em>. <em>In</em>: Roemer, J.J. & Schultes, J.A. (Eds.) <em>Systema Vegetabilium</em> 7 (2). Cottaem, Stuttgart, pp. 45–107.</p>
<p>Silveira, F.S., Bordignon, S.A.L. & Miotto, S.T.S. (2019) <em>Mimosa cerifera</em>, a new threatened species from the Pampa Biome, Southern Brazil. <em>Systematic Botany</em> 44: 133–138. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364419X697976</p>
<p>Smith, L.B. (1932) Studies in the Bromeliaceae – III. <em>Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University </em>98: 3–42. https://doi.org/10.5962/p.336146</p>
<p>Smith, L.B. (1971) Notes on Bromeliaceae, XXXII. <em>Phytologia</em> 21: 73–96.</p>
<p>Smith, L.B. & Downs, R.J. (1974) Bromeliaceae (Pitcairnioideae). <em>Flora Neotropica Monograph</em> 14: 1–662.</p>
<p>Soares, K.P. & Longhi, S.J. (2011) Uma nova espécie de <em>Butia</em> (Becc.) Becc. (Arecaceae) para o Rio Grande do Sul. <em>Ciência Florestal</em> 21: 203–208. https://doi.org/10.5902/198050983223</p>
<p>Stamos, D.M. (2003) <em>The species problem. Biological species, ontology, and the metaphysics of biology</em>. Lexington Books, New York, 380 pp.</p>
<p>Strehl, T. (2004) Novas espécies de Bromeliaceae do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. <em>Vidalia</em> 2: 19–25.</p>
<p>Strehl, T. (2008) New bromeliads, genus <em>Dyckia</em>, from Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. <em>Bromeliaceae </em>42: 8–22.</p>
<p>Strehl, T. & Beheregaray, L.B. (2006) Morfologia de sementes do gênero <em>Dyckia</em> subfamília Pitcairnioideae (Bromeliaceae). <em>Pesquisas Botânicas</em> 57: 103–120.</p>
<p>Thiers, B. (2020 [continuously updated]) <em>Index Herbariorum</em>: A global directory of public herbaria and associated staff. New York Botanical Garden’s Virtual Herbarium. Available from: http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/ (accessed 10 January 2020).</p>
<p>Turland, N.J., Wiersema, J.H., Barrie, F.R., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D.L., Herendeen, P.S., Knapp, S., Kusber, W.-H., Li, D.-Z., Marhold, K., May, T.W., McNeill, J., Monro, A.M., Prado, J., Price, M.J. & Smith, G.F. (Eds.) (2018) International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. <em>Regnum Vegetabile</em> 159. Koeltz Botanical Books, Glashütten. https://doi.org/10.12705/Code.2018</p>
<p>Wiehler, H. (1978) Miscellaneous transfers and new species of Neotropical Gesneriaceae. <em>Selbyana </em>5: 61–93.</p>
<p>Winkler, S. (1982) Die Bromeliaceae von Rio Grande do Sul. <em>Documenta Naturae</em> 3: 1–90.</p>
<p>Zachos, E.F. (2016) <em>Species Concepts in Biology. Historical Development, Theoretical Foundations and Practical Relevance</em>. Springer, Cham, 220 pp.</p>
<p>Barfuss, M.H.J., Till, W., Leme, E.M.C., Pinzón, J.P., Manzanares, J.M., Halbritter, H., Samuel, R. & Brown, G.K. (2016) Taxonomic revision of Bromeliaceae subfam. Tillandsioideae based on a multi-locus DNA sequence phylogeny and morphology. <em>Phytotaxa </em>279: 1–97. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.279.1.1</p>
<p>Bentham, G. (1882) Plate 1385, <em>Helietta parvifolia</em>. <em>Icones plantarum</em> 14: 66–67.</p>
<p>Bernardello, L.M., Galetto, L. & Juliani, H.R. (1991) Floral nectar, nectary structure and pollinators in some Argentinean Bromeliaceae. <em>Annals of Botany</em> 67: 401–411. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a088174</p>
<p>Brown, G.K. & Gilmartin, A.J. (1984) Stigma structure and variation in Bromeliaceae - Neglected taxonomic characters. <em>Brittonia</em> 36: 364–374. https://doi.org/10.2307/2806597</p>
<p>Brown, G.K. & Gilmartin, A.J. (1989) Stigma types in Bromeliaceae - A systematic survey. <em>Systematic Botany</em> 14: 110–132. https://doi.org/10.2307/2419055</p>
<p>Büneker, H.M. (2021) <em>Revisão taxonômica do complexo Dyckia selloa (Bromeliaceae, Pitcairnioideae) baseada em caracteres morfológicos</em>. Masters dissertation, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 290 pp.</p>
<p>Büneker, H.M. & Witeck-Neto, L. (2016) Levantamento de Bromeliaceae na região do curso médio do rio Toropi, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. <em>Balduinia</em> 52: 1–14.</p>
<p> https://doi.org/10.5902/2358198022371</p>
<p>Büneker, H.M., Ferrarese, M.D. & Canto-Dorow, T.S. (2017) <em>Tradescantia multibracteata</em>, a new species of Commelinaceae from Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. <em>Phytotaxa </em>308: 89–96. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.308.1.7</p>
<p>Büneker, H.M., Guarçoni, E.A.E., Santos-Silva, F. & Forzza, R.C. (2020) <em>Dyckia</em> <em>in Flora do Brasil 2020</em>. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. Available from: http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/reflora/floradobrasil/FB6046 (accessed 8 January 2021).</p>
<p>Büneker, H.M., Pontes, R.C., Soares, K.P., Witeck-Neto, L. & Longhi, S.J. (2013) Uma nova espécie reófita de <em>Dyckia</em> (Bromeliaceae, Pitcairnioideae) para a flora do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. <em>Revista Brasileira de Biociências</em> 11: 284–289.</p>
<p>Büneker, H.M., Pontes, R.C., Witeck-Neto, L. & Soares, K.P. (2015a) <em>Tillandsia leucopetala</em>, a new species of Bromeliaceae from Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 202: 143–148. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.202.2.6</p>
<p>Büneker, H.M., Soares, K.P., Assis, L.C.de & Witeck-Neto, L. (2018) Taxonomic novelties in Southern Brazilian Amaryllidaceae – III: <em>Hippeastrum multiflorum</em>, a new species from Rio Grande do Sul. <em>Balduinia</em> 64: 34–41. https://doi.org/10.5902/2358198035736</p>
<p>Büneker, H.M., Witeck-Neto, L. & Soares, K.P. (2015b) <em>Dyckia pontesii</em> (Bromeliaceae, Pitcairnioideae), uma nova espécie do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. <em>Rodriguésia</em> 66: 499–504. https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-7860201566217</p>
<p>Carvalho, J.D.T., Essi, L. & Oliveira, J.M.S. (2017) Flower and floral trichome morphology of species of <em>Dyckia </em>Schult. f. (Bromeliaceae, Pitcairnioideae), and their importance to species characterization and genus taxonomy. <em>Acta Botanica Brasilica </em>31: 29–41. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-33062016abb0335</p>
<p>Chautems, A.P. (1990) Taxonomic revision of <em>Sinningia</em> Nees: nomenclatural changes and new synonymies. <em>Candollea</em> 45: 381–388.</p>
<p>Coelho, G.P. & Miotto, S.T.S. (2017) A new species of <em>Buddleja </em>(Scrophulariaceae) From Southern Brazil. <em>Systematic Botany</em> 42: 968–973. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364417X696591</p>
<p>Deble, L.P. & Alves, F.daS. (2013) <em>Herbertia amabilis</em> Deble & F.S. Alves (Iridaceae), a new species from Brazil. <em>Candollea</em> 68: 133–137. https://doi.org/10.15553/c2013v681a18</p>
<p>Endress, P.K. (2011) Angiosperm ovules: diversity, development, evolution. <em>Annals of Botany </em>107: 1465–1489. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcr120</p>
<p>Feder, N. & O’Brien, T.P. (1968) Plant microtechnique: some principles and new methods. <em>American Journal of Botany</em> 55: 123–142. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1968.tb06952.x</p>
<p>Figueira, M. & Schindler, B. (2021) <em>Rhamnidium riograndense</em> (Rhamnaceae), a new species from southern Brazil. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 510: 53–60. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.510.1.5</p>
<p>Fitzhugh, K. (2009) Species as Explanatory Hypotheses: Refinements and Implications. <em>Acta Biotheor</em> 57: 201–248. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10441-009-9071-3</p>
<p>Forzza, R.C. (2001) <em>Filogenia da tribo Puyeae Wittm. e revisão taxonômica do gênero Encholirium Mart. ex Schult. & Schult.f. (Pitcarnioideae-Bromeliaceae)</em>. Thesis for PhD. Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 208 pp.</p>
<p>Gabriel, B.L. (1982) <em>Biological electron microscopy</em>. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, 264 pp.</p>
<p>Gerloff, N. (1993) <em>Notocactus oxycostatus</em> Buining & Brederoo fa.<em> securituberculatus</em> (Ritter) Gerloff <em>comb. et stat. nov.</em> <em>Internoto</em> 14: 83–95.</p>
<p>Gomes-da-Silva, J., Amorim, A.M. & Forzza, R.C. (2017) Distribution of the xeric clade species of Pitcairnioideae (Bromeliaceae) in South America: a perspective based on areas of endemism. <em>Journal of Biogeography</em> 44: 1994–2006. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.12990</p>
<p>Gomes-da-Silva, J., Santos-Silva, F. & Forzza, R.C. (2019) Does nomenclatural stability justify para/polyphyletic taxa? A phylogenetic classification in the xeric clade Pitcairnioideae (Bromeliaceae). <em>Systematics and Biodiversity</em> 17: 467–490. https://doi.org/10.1080/14772000.2019.1646834</p>
<p>Guiggi, A. (2012) New genera and combinations in the family of Cactaceae Jussieu (Magnoliopsida-Cactales). <em>Cactology</em> 3: 5–9.</p>
<p>Hassler, E. (1919) <em>Bromeliacearum paraguariensiam conspectus</em>. <em>Annuair du Conservatoire et du Jardin Botaniques de Genèves</em> 20: 268–341.</p>
<p>Herbert, W. (1837) <em>Amaryllidaceae</em>. James Ridway & Sons, London, 428 pp.</p>
<p>Herm, K. (1993) <em>N. horstii</em> (Ritter) <em>forma purpureus</em> (Ritter) Herm <em>forma nova</em>. <em>Internoto</em> 14: 59–64.</p>
<p>Hooker, W.J. & Arnott, G.A.W. (1836) Contributions towards a Flora of South America and the Islands of the Pacific. <em>Companion to the Botanical Magazine</em> 1: 234–244.</p>
<p>Irgang, B.E. & Sobral, M. (1987) <em>Dyckia agudensis</em> (Bromeliaceae), nova espécie do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. <em>Napaea </em>3: 5–7.</p>
<p>Johansen, D.A. (1940) <em>Plant microtechnique</em>. MacGraw-Hill, New York, 523 pp.</p>
<p>King, R.M. & Robinson, H.E. (1972) Studies in the Eupatorieae (Asteraceae). LXXXI. A new genus, <em>Hatschbachiella</em>. <em>Phytologia</em> 23: 393–394. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.19873</p>
<p>Koch, K. (1873) <em>Index seminum in horto botanico berolinensi anno 1873 collectorum. Appendix quarta ad indicem seminum horti botanici Berolinenensis anni 1873</em>. Berlin, pp. 1–7.</p>
<p>Krapp, F. & Eggli, U. (2019) <em>Dyckia</em>, Bromeliaceae. <em>In</em>: Eggli, U. & Nyffeler, R. (Eds.) <em>Illustrated Handbook of Succulent Plants: Monocotyledons,</em> ed. 2. Springer, Berlin, pp. 1–71. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-56324-3_80-1</p>
<p>Krapp, F., Pinangé, D.S.B., Benko-Iseppon, A.M., Leme, E.M.C. & Weising, K. (2014) Phylogeny and evolution of <em>Dyckia</em> (Bromeliaceae) inferred from chloroplast and nuclear sequences. <em>Plant Systematics and Evolution</em> 300: 1591–1614. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-014-0985-0</p>
<p>Kuhn, S.A., Nogueira, F.M., Chauveau, O. & Mariath, J.E.deA. (2020) Diversity and evolutionary trends of the ovary and ovule in Bromeliaceae. <em>Flora</em> 272: 151691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2020.151691</p>
<p>Larocca, J. & Sobral, M. (2002) <em>Dyckia delicata</em> (Bromeliaceae), a new species from Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. <em>Novon </em>12: 234–236.</p>
<p>Leme, E.M.C. (1993) Novas bromeliáceaes nativas do Brasil – XI. <em>Pabstia</em> 4: 6–7.</p>
<p>Leme, E.M.C., Ribeiro, O.B.C. & Miranda, Z.J.G. (2012) New species of <em>Dyckia</em> (Bromeliaceae) from Brazil. <em>Phytotaxa </em>67: 9–37. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.67.1.2</p>
<p>Lindley, J (1828) Gesnéria macrostáchya. Long-spiked Gesneria. <em>Botanical Register</em> 14: t. 1202.</p>
<p>Linnaeus, C. (1758) <em>Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata</em>, vol. 1. Laurentius Salvius, Holmiae, 824 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.542</p>
<p>Marchiori, J.N.C., Canto-Dorow, T.S., Büneker, H.M., Essi, L., Breier, T.B. & Pontes, R.C. (2014) Campos e florestas no curso médio do Rio Toropi, Rio Grande do Sul (Brasil). Retrato de um admirável patrimônio ameaçado. <em>Balduinia </em>45: 1–16. https://doi.org/10.5902/2358198014685</p>
<p>Martius, C.F.P. (1829) <em>Nova Genera et Species Plantarum Brasiliensium</em>. <em>Nova Genera et Species Plantarum</em> 3: 1–198.</p>
<p>McDowell, E.M. & Trump, B.F. (1976) Histologic fixatives suitable for diagnostic light and electron microscopy. <em>Archives of Pathology & Laboratory</em> <em>Medicine </em>100: 405–414.</p>
<p>Menezes, L.C. (2009) Uma nova espécie do Rio Grande do Sul: <em>Cyrtopodium witeckii</em>. <em>Boletim CAOB</em> 75: 58–63.</p>
<p>Mez, C. (1896) Bromeliaceae. <em>In</em>: De Candolle, C. (Ed.) <em>Monographiae Phanerogamarum</em> 9. Sumptibus G. Masson & Cie., Paris, 990 pp.</p>
<p>Mez, C. (1935) Bromeliaceae. <em>In</em>: Engler, A. (Ed.) <em>Das Pflanzenreich, regni vegetabilis conspectus</em> 4 (32). W. Engelmann, Leipzig, 667 pp.</p>
<p>O’Brien, T.P. & McCully, M.E. (1981) <em>The study of plant structure principles and selected methods</em>. Termarcarphi Pty Ltd., Melbourne, 344 pp.</p>
<p>Pereira, E. & Martinelli, G. (1982) <em>Species novae in brasilia bromeliacearum </em>XIX. <em>Bradea</em> 3: 251–260.</p>
<p>Pereira, E.E. & Gouda, E.J. (2018) A new <em>Dyckia</em> species (Bromeliaceae, Pitcairnioideae) from Brazilian Central-West region, Pantanal Mato-Grossense. <em>Phytotaxa </em>333: 137–14. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.333.1.12</p>
<p>Pinangé, D.S.B., Krapp, F., Zizka, G., Silvestro, D., Leme, E.M.C., Weising, K. & Benko-Iseppon, A.M. (2017) Molecular phylogenetics, historical biogeography and character evolution in <em>Dyckia</em> (Bromeliaceae, Pitcairnioideae). <em>Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society </em>183: 39–56. https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12489</p>
<p>Queiroz, K. de (2007) Species concepts and species delimitation<em>. Systematic Biology</em> 56: 879–886.</p>
<p>Rapini, A. (2004) Classes or individuals? The paradox of systematics revisited. <em>Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences</em> 35: 675–695. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsc.2004.09.006</p>
<p>Ritter, F. (1966) <em>Eriocactus magnificus</em> Ritter <em>spec. nova. Succulenta </em>45: 50–53.</p>
<p>Ritter, F. (1970) Nieuwe cactussen uit Zuid-Amerika I. <em>Succulenta </em>49: 108–109.</p>
<p>Ritter, F. (1979) <em>Kakteen in Südamerika</em>. <em>Band 1. Brasilien/Uruguay/Paraguay. </em>Friedrich Ritter Selbstverlag, Spangenberg, 374 pp.</p>
<p>Sachs, H. (2011) Searching for <em>Dyckia delicata.</em> <em>Die Bromelie </em>2011: 118–121.</p>
<p>Scharf, U. & Gouda, E.J. (2008) Bringing Bromeliaceae back to homeland botany. <em>Journal of the Bromeliad Society</em> 58: 123–129.</p>
<p>Schultes, J.A. & Schultes, J.H. (1830) <em>Classis VL, Hexandria</em>. <em>In</em>: Roemer, J.J. & Schultes, J.A. (Eds.) <em>Systema Vegetabilium</em> 7 (2). Cottaem, Stuttgart, pp. 45–107.</p>
<p>Silveira, F.S., Bordignon, S.A.L. & Miotto, S.T.S. (2019) <em>Mimosa cerifera</em>, a new threatened species from the Pampa Biome, Southern Brazil. <em>Systematic Botany</em> 44: 133–138. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364419X697976</p>
<p>Smith, L.B. (1932) Studies in the Bromeliaceae – III. <em>Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University </em>98: 3–42. https://doi.org/10.5962/p.336146</p>
<p>Smith, L.B. (1971) Notes on Bromeliaceae, XXXII. <em>Phytologia</em> 21: 73–96.</p>
<p>Smith, L.B. & Downs, R.J. (1974) Bromeliaceae (Pitcairnioideae). <em>Flora Neotropica Monograph</em> 14: 1–662.</p>
<p>Soares, K.P. & Longhi, S.J. (2011) Uma nova espécie de <em>Butia</em> (Becc.) Becc. (Arecaceae) para o Rio Grande do Sul. <em>Ciência Florestal</em> 21: 203–208. https://doi.org/10.5902/198050983223</p>
<p>Stamos, D.M. (2003) <em>The species problem. Biological species, ontology, and the metaphysics of biology</em>. Lexington Books, New York, 380 pp.</p>
<p>Strehl, T. (2004) Novas espécies de Bromeliaceae do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. <em>Vidalia</em> 2: 19–25.</p>
<p>Strehl, T. (2008) New bromeliads, genus <em>Dyckia</em>, from Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. <em>Bromeliaceae </em>42: 8–22.</p>
<p>Strehl, T. & Beheregaray, L.B. (2006) Morfologia de sementes do gênero <em>Dyckia</em> subfamília Pitcairnioideae (Bromeliaceae). <em>Pesquisas Botânicas</em> 57: 103–120.</p>
<p>Thiers, B. (2020 [continuously updated]) <em>Index Herbariorum</em>: A global directory of public herbaria and associated staff. New York Botanical Garden’s Virtual Herbarium. Available from: http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/ (accessed 10 January 2020).</p>
<p>Turland, N.J., Wiersema, J.H., Barrie, F.R., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D.L., Herendeen, P.S., Knapp, S., Kusber, W.-H., Li, D.-Z., Marhold, K., May, T.W., McNeill, J., Monro, A.M., Prado, J., Price, M.J. & Smith, G.F. (Eds.) (2018) International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. <em>Regnum Vegetabile</em> 159. Koeltz Botanical Books, Glashütten. https://doi.org/10.12705/Code.2018</p>
<p>Wiehler, H. (1978) Miscellaneous transfers and new species of Neotropical Gesneriaceae. <em>Selbyana </em>5: 61–93.</p>
<p>Winkler, S. (1982) Die Bromeliaceae von Rio Grande do Sul. <em>Documenta Naturae</em> 3: 1–90.</p>
<p>Zachos, E.F. (2016) <em>Species Concepts in Biology. Historical Development, Theoretical Foundations and Practical Relevance</em>. Springer, Cham, 220 pp.</p>