Abstract
A new powdery mildew fungus, Erysiphe pakistanica (Erysiphaceae) infecting Indian willows is described from north-western areas of Pakistan. Identification is based upon morpho-anatomical features and molecular analysis. This species is characterized by having nipple-shaped appressoria, small chasmothecia and ascospores. Phylogenetic analysis of nrDNA of ITS and LSU regions of E. pakistanica supports its novel identity within the genus Erysiphe (Sect. Uncinula). A comprehensive description along with photographs and phylograms to show its exact position and a comparison with closely related taxa is provided.
References
<p>Ahmed, M., Husain, T., Sheikh, A.H., Hussain, S.S. & Siddiqui, M.F. (2006) Phytosociology and structure of Himalayan forests from different climatic zones of Pakistan. <em>Pakistan Journal of Botany</em> 38 (2): 361–383.</p>
<p>Ali, S.I. (2001) Salicaceae. <em>In</em>: Ali, S.I. & Qaiser, M. (Eds.) <em>Flora of Pakistan No. 203</em>. Department of Botany, University of Karachi and Missouri Botanical Press, Missouri Botanical Garden, St, Louis, Missouri, U.S.A., pp. 1–60.</p>
<p>Awan, A.A., Akhtar, T. & Dar, M.E.U.I. (2007) Fodder plants of some selected areas of Jhelum Valley. <em>Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences</em> 10 (9): 1547–1549. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2007.1547.1549</p>
<p>Braun, U. & Cook, R.T.A. (2012) Taxonomic manual of Erysiphales (powdery mildews). <em>CBS Biodiversity Series</em> 11: 1‒707.</p>
<p>Braun, U., Takamatsu, S., Heluta, V., Limkaisang, S., Divarangkoon, R., Cook, R. & Boyle, H. (2006) Phylogeny and taxonomy of powdery mildew fungi of <em>Erysiphe</em> sect. <em>Uncinula</em> on <em>Carpinus</em> species<em>. Mycological Progress</em> 5 (3): 139–153. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-006-0509-6</p>
<p>Cunnington, J.H., Takamatsu, S., Lawrie, A.C. & Pascoe, I.G. (2003) Molecular identification of anamorphic powdery mildews (Erysiphales). <em>Australasian Plant Pathology</em> 32 (3): 421‒428. https://doi.org/10.1071/AP03045</p>
<p>Darsaraei, H., Khodaparast, S.A., Takamatsu, S., Abbasi, M., Asgari, B., Sajedi, S., Götz, M., Liu, S.Y., Feng, J., Bradshaw, M., Bulgakov, T. & Braun, U. (2021) Phylogeny and taxonomy of the <em>Erysiphe adunca</em> complex (Erysiphaceae, Helotiales) on poplars and willows. <em>Mycological Progress</em> 20 (4): 517–537. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-021-01688-7</p>
<p>Divarangkoon, R., Meeboon, J., Monkhung, S., To-anun, C. & Takamatsu, S. (2011) Two new species of <em>Erysiphe</em> (Erysiphales, Ascomycota) from Thailand. <em>Mycosphere</em> 2 (3): 231–238.</p>
<p>Gligorić, E., Igić, R., Suvajdžić, L. & Grujić-Letić, N. (2019) Species of the genus <em>Salix</em> L.: biochemical screening and molecular docking approach to potential acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. <em>Applied Sciences</em> 9 (9): 1842. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9091842</p>
<p>Khan, A.G. (2004) <em>Technical report on the characterization of the agroecological context in which FAnGR (farm animal genetic resource) are found development and application of decision support tools to conserve and sustainably use genetic diversity in indigenous livestock and wild relatives</em>. Islamabad, Pakistan.</p>
<p>Khan, W., Khan, S.M. & Ahmad, H. (2015) Altitudinal variation in plant species richness and diversity at Thandiani sub forests division, Abbottabad, Pakistan. <em>Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences</em> 7 (1): 46–53.</p>
<p>Khan, W., Khan, S.M., Ahmad, H., Alqarawi, A.A., Shah, G.M., Hussain, M. & Abd_Allah, E.F. (2018) Life forms, leaf size spectra, regeneration capacity and diversity of plant species grown in the Thandiani forests, district Abbottabad, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. <em>Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences</em> 25 (1): 94–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2016.11.009</p>
<p>Malik, S.N. & Sukhera, O.R. (2012) Management of natural gas resources and search for alternative renewable energy resources: a case study of Pakistan. <em>Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews</em> 16 (2): 1282–1290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.10.003</p>
<p>Meeboon, J. & Takamatsu, S. (2013) Molecular phylogeny reveals the presence of cryptic speciation within <em>Erysiphe japonica</em> (= <em>Typhulochaeta</em> <em>japonica</em>), a powdery mildew on <em>Quercus</em> spp. <em>Mycoscience</em> 54 (1): 69–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.myc.2012.07.003</p>
<p>Miller, M.A., Pfeiffer, W. & Schwartz, T. (2010) Creating the CIPRES Science Gateway for inference of large phylogenetic trees. <em>In:</em> <em>2010 Gateway Computing Environments Workshop (GCE).</em> pp. 1‒8. https://doi.org/10.1109/GCE.2010.5676129</p>
<p>Mori, Y., Sato, Y. & Takamatsu, S. (2000) Evolutionary analysis of the powdery mildew fungi using nucleotide sequences of the nuclear ribosomal DNA. <em>Mycologia</em> 92 (1): 74‒93. https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.2000.12061132</p>
<p>Niinomi, S., Takamatsu, S. & Havrylenko, M. (2008) Molecular data do not support a southern hemisphere base of <em>Nothofagus</em> powdery mildews. <em>Mycologia</em> 100 (5): 716–726. https://doi.org/10.3852/08-030</p>
<p>Piątczak, E., Dybowska, M., Płuciennik, E., Kośla, K., Kolniak-Ostek, J. & Kalinowska-Lis, U. (2020) Identification and accumulation of phenolic compounds in the leaves and bark of <em>Salix</em> <em>alba</em> (L.) and their biological potential. <em>Biomolecules</em> 10 (10): 1391. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom10101391</p>
<p>Rambaut, A. (2014) FigTree 1.4. 2 software. Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh.</p>
<p>Siahaan, S.A., Sakamoto, H., Shinoda, T. & Takamatsu, S. (2018) Geographic and temporal distributions of four genotypes found in <em>Erysiphe</em> <em>gracilis</em> var. <em>gracilis</em>, a powdery mildew of evergreen oaks (Erysiphales). <em>Mycoscience</em> 59 (2): 110–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.myc.2017.08.002</p>
<p>Stamatakis, A. (2014) RAxML version 8: a tool for phylogenetic analysis and post-analysis of large phylogenies. <em>Bioinformatics</em> 30 (9): 1312‒1313. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btu033</p>
<p>Takamatsu, S. & Kano, Y. (2001) PCR primers useful for nucleotide sequencing of rDNA of the powdery mildew fungi. <em>Mycoscience</em> 42 (1): 135‒139. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02463987</p>
<p>Takamatsu, S., Ito, H., Shiroya, Y., Kiss, L. & Heluta, V. (2015) First comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the genus <em>Erysiphe</em> (Erysiphales, Erysiphaceae) II: the <em>Uncinula</em> lineage. <em>Mycologia</em> 107 (5): 903–914. https://doi.org/10.3852/15-062</p>
<p>Wani, B.A., Khan, A. & Bodha, R.H. (2011) <em>Salix</em>: a viable option for phytoremediation. <em>African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology</em> 5 (8): 567‒571.</p>
<p>Ali, S.I. (2001) Salicaceae. <em>In</em>: Ali, S.I. & Qaiser, M. (Eds.) <em>Flora of Pakistan No. 203</em>. Department of Botany, University of Karachi and Missouri Botanical Press, Missouri Botanical Garden, St, Louis, Missouri, U.S.A., pp. 1–60.</p>
<p>Awan, A.A., Akhtar, T. & Dar, M.E.U.I. (2007) Fodder plants of some selected areas of Jhelum Valley. <em>Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences</em> 10 (9): 1547–1549. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2007.1547.1549</p>
<p>Braun, U. & Cook, R.T.A. (2012) Taxonomic manual of Erysiphales (powdery mildews). <em>CBS Biodiversity Series</em> 11: 1‒707.</p>
<p>Braun, U., Takamatsu, S., Heluta, V., Limkaisang, S., Divarangkoon, R., Cook, R. & Boyle, H. (2006) Phylogeny and taxonomy of powdery mildew fungi of <em>Erysiphe</em> sect. <em>Uncinula</em> on <em>Carpinus</em> species<em>. Mycological Progress</em> 5 (3): 139–153. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-006-0509-6</p>
<p>Cunnington, J.H., Takamatsu, S., Lawrie, A.C. & Pascoe, I.G. (2003) Molecular identification of anamorphic powdery mildews (Erysiphales). <em>Australasian Plant Pathology</em> 32 (3): 421‒428. https://doi.org/10.1071/AP03045</p>
<p>Darsaraei, H., Khodaparast, S.A., Takamatsu, S., Abbasi, M., Asgari, B., Sajedi, S., Götz, M., Liu, S.Y., Feng, J., Bradshaw, M., Bulgakov, T. & Braun, U. (2021) Phylogeny and taxonomy of the <em>Erysiphe adunca</em> complex (Erysiphaceae, Helotiales) on poplars and willows. <em>Mycological Progress</em> 20 (4): 517–537. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-021-01688-7</p>
<p>Divarangkoon, R., Meeboon, J., Monkhung, S., To-anun, C. & Takamatsu, S. (2011) Two new species of <em>Erysiphe</em> (Erysiphales, Ascomycota) from Thailand. <em>Mycosphere</em> 2 (3): 231–238.</p>
<p>Gligorić, E., Igić, R., Suvajdžić, L. & Grujić-Letić, N. (2019) Species of the genus <em>Salix</em> L.: biochemical screening and molecular docking approach to potential acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. <em>Applied Sciences</em> 9 (9): 1842. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9091842</p>
<p>Khan, A.G. (2004) <em>Technical report on the characterization of the agroecological context in which FAnGR (farm animal genetic resource) are found development and application of decision support tools to conserve and sustainably use genetic diversity in indigenous livestock and wild relatives</em>. Islamabad, Pakistan.</p>
<p>Khan, W., Khan, S.M. & Ahmad, H. (2015) Altitudinal variation in plant species richness and diversity at Thandiani sub forests division, Abbottabad, Pakistan. <em>Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences</em> 7 (1): 46–53.</p>
<p>Khan, W., Khan, S.M., Ahmad, H., Alqarawi, A.A., Shah, G.M., Hussain, M. & Abd_Allah, E.F. (2018) Life forms, leaf size spectra, regeneration capacity and diversity of plant species grown in the Thandiani forests, district Abbottabad, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. <em>Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences</em> 25 (1): 94–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2016.11.009</p>
<p>Malik, S.N. & Sukhera, O.R. (2012) Management of natural gas resources and search for alternative renewable energy resources: a case study of Pakistan. <em>Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews</em> 16 (2): 1282–1290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.10.003</p>
<p>Meeboon, J. & Takamatsu, S. (2013) Molecular phylogeny reveals the presence of cryptic speciation within <em>Erysiphe japonica</em> (= <em>Typhulochaeta</em> <em>japonica</em>), a powdery mildew on <em>Quercus</em> spp. <em>Mycoscience</em> 54 (1): 69–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.myc.2012.07.003</p>
<p>Miller, M.A., Pfeiffer, W. & Schwartz, T. (2010) Creating the CIPRES Science Gateway for inference of large phylogenetic trees. <em>In:</em> <em>2010 Gateway Computing Environments Workshop (GCE).</em> pp. 1‒8. https://doi.org/10.1109/GCE.2010.5676129</p>
<p>Mori, Y., Sato, Y. & Takamatsu, S. (2000) Evolutionary analysis of the powdery mildew fungi using nucleotide sequences of the nuclear ribosomal DNA. <em>Mycologia</em> 92 (1): 74‒93. https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.2000.12061132</p>
<p>Niinomi, S., Takamatsu, S. & Havrylenko, M. (2008) Molecular data do not support a southern hemisphere base of <em>Nothofagus</em> powdery mildews. <em>Mycologia</em> 100 (5): 716–726. https://doi.org/10.3852/08-030</p>
<p>Piątczak, E., Dybowska, M., Płuciennik, E., Kośla, K., Kolniak-Ostek, J. & Kalinowska-Lis, U. (2020) Identification and accumulation of phenolic compounds in the leaves and bark of <em>Salix</em> <em>alba</em> (L.) and their biological potential. <em>Biomolecules</em> 10 (10): 1391. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom10101391</p>
<p>Rambaut, A. (2014) FigTree 1.4. 2 software. Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh.</p>
<p>Siahaan, S.A., Sakamoto, H., Shinoda, T. & Takamatsu, S. (2018) Geographic and temporal distributions of four genotypes found in <em>Erysiphe</em> <em>gracilis</em> var. <em>gracilis</em>, a powdery mildew of evergreen oaks (Erysiphales). <em>Mycoscience</em> 59 (2): 110–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.myc.2017.08.002</p>
<p>Stamatakis, A. (2014) RAxML version 8: a tool for phylogenetic analysis and post-analysis of large phylogenies. <em>Bioinformatics</em> 30 (9): 1312‒1313. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btu033</p>
<p>Takamatsu, S. & Kano, Y. (2001) PCR primers useful for nucleotide sequencing of rDNA of the powdery mildew fungi. <em>Mycoscience</em> 42 (1): 135‒139. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02463987</p>
<p>Takamatsu, S., Ito, H., Shiroya, Y., Kiss, L. & Heluta, V. (2015) First comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the genus <em>Erysiphe</em> (Erysiphales, Erysiphaceae) II: the <em>Uncinula</em> lineage. <em>Mycologia</em> 107 (5): 903–914. https://doi.org/10.3852/15-062</p>
<p>Wani, B.A., Khan, A. & Bodha, R.H. (2011) <em>Salix</em>: a viable option for phytoremediation. <em>African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology</em> 5 (8): 567‒571.</p>