Abstract
A new species of Paypayrola is described from multiple exsiccatae from west-central and east-central Panama. Paypayrola panamensis sp. nov. is represented by dozens of herbarium specimens from 26 putatively distinct populations located at lower elevations on the northern slope, in wet evergreen tropical forest on slopes and ridgetops, as well as along streams and rivers. By in its moderately short-petiolate leaves and yellow corollas, the new species resembles northern South American P. guianensis and P. hulkiana. It differs from P. guianensis in its proportionally longer leaf blades, subsessile to short-pedunculate, short inflorescences, and puberulent sepals longer than broad. It differs from P. hulkiana in its proportionally broader leaf blades, and proportionally broader elliptical to suborbicular sepals, commonly with two (rarely four) distinct lateral nerves besides the medial nerve, and a broadly rounded to frequently truncate or retuse apex. The new species also differs from both in its larger leaf blades with more lateral nerves, tapering to a narrowly rounded or weakly subattenuate apex, and a more densely flowered inflorescence. A key differentiating it from other species of Paypayrola is provided. In discussing the genus, three species complexes are well separated based on corolla color and inflorescence features.
References
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<p>Turland, N.J., Wiersema, J.H., Barrie, F.R., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D.L., Herendeen, P.S., Knapp, S., Kusber, W.-H., Li, D.-Z., Marhold, K., May, T.W., McNeill, J., Monro, A.M., Prado, J., Price, M.J. & Smith, G.F. (2018) <em>International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017</em>. Koeltz Botanical Books, Glashütten, Germany.</p>
<p>Wahlert, G.A., Ballard Jr., H.E. & de Paula-Souza, J. (2015) <em>Ixchelia</em>, a new genus of Violaceae from Mexico and Mesoamerica. <em>Brittonia</em> 67: 273–283. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12228-015-9375-3</p>
<p>Wahlert, G.A., Hoyos-Goméz, S.E. & Ballard Jr., H.E. (2018) Systematic studies in Neotropical Rinorea (Violaceae): Two new sections and a new generic segregate. <em>Brittonia</em> 70: 140–147. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12228-017-9507-z</p>
<p>Wahlert, G.A., Marcussen, T., de Paula-Souza, J., Feng, M. & Ballard, H.E. (2014) A Phylogeny of the Violaceae (Malpighiales) Inferred from Plastid DNA Sequences: Implications for Generic Diversity and Intrafamilial Classification. <em>Systematic Botany</em> 39: 239–252. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364414X678008</p>
<p>Aymard-C., G., Campbell, L.M. & Romero-González, G.A. (2014) <em>Paypayrola arenacea</em> (Violaceae), a new species with an unusual life-form from a white sand Savanna in the Amazon River Basin of Venezuela. <em>Harvard Papers in Botany</em> 19: 175–184. https://doi.org/10.3100/hpib.v19iss2.2014.n2</p>
<p>Bachman, S. & Moat, J. (2012) GeoCAT-an open source tool for rapid Red List assessments. <em>BGCI</em> 9: No. 1. Available from: https://www.kew.org/science/our-science/projects/geocat-geospatial-conservation-assessment-tool (accessed 1 May 2021)</p>
<p>Ballard Jr., H.E (2015) Violaceae. <em>In</em>: Hammel, B., Grayum, M., Herrera, C. & Zamora, N. (Eds.) <em>Manual de Plantas de Costa Rica, Dicotiledoneas (Sabiaceae-Zygophyllaceae)</em>. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO, pp. 593–611.</p>
<p>Ballard Jr., H.E., Paula Souza, J. & Wahlert G.A. (2014) Violaceae. <em>In</em>: Kubitzki, K. (Ed.) <em>The families and genera of vascular plants</em>. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany. pp. 303–322. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39417-1_25</p>
<p>Bentham, G. (1842) Schomburg’s Guiana plants [Capparidaceae to Tiliaceae]. <em>Journal of botany :being a second series of the Botanical miscellany</em> 4: 99–133.</p>
<p>Bentham, G. & Hooker, J.D. (1862) <em>Genera plantarum</em>. A. Black, London, England.</p>
<p>de Candolle, A.P. (1824) <em>Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis</em>. Treuttel et Würtz, Paris, France.</p>
<p>Christenhusz, M.J.M., Fay, M F. & Byng J.W. (2018) <em>Plant Gateway’s the Global Flora: A practical flora to vascular plant species of the world</em>. Bradford, United Kingdom.</p>
<p>Gray, A. (1852) <em>Isodendrion</em>, Three hundred sixty-first meeting. <em>Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences</em> 2: 324–325.</p>
<p>Hekking, W.H.A. (1988) Violaceae part 1-<em>Rinorea</em> and <em>Rinoreocarpus</em>. <em>Flora Neotropica</em> 46: 1–207.</p>
<p>Jacquin, N.J. (1760) <em>Enumeratio systematica plantarum</em>. Theodor Haak, Lugduni Batavorum [Leiden, The Netherlands].</p>
<p>de Jussieu, A.L. (1789) <em>Genera plantarum : secundum ordines naturales disposita, juxta methodum in Horto regio parisiensi exaratam</em>. Herissant et Theophilum Barrois, Paris, France. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.284</p>
<p>Melchior, H. (1925) Violaceae. <em>In</em>: Engler, H.G.A. & Prantl, K.A.E. (Eds.) <em>Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien</em>. Duncker and Humblot, Berlin, Germany. pp. 329–363.</p>
<p>Munzinger, J.K. & Ballard, H.E. (2003) <em>Hekkingia</em> (Violaceae), a new arborescent violet genus from French Guiana, with a key to genera in the family. <em>Systematic Botany</em> 28: 345–351.</p>
<p>de Paula-Souza, J. & Souza, A.C. (2003) <em>Hybanthopsis</em>, a new genus of Violaceae from Eastern Brazil. <em>Brittonia</em> 55: 209–213. https://doi.org/10.1663/0007-196X(2003)055[0209:HANGOV]2.0.CO;2</p>
<p>Persoon, C.H. (1805) <em>Synopsis plantarum, seu Enchiridium botanicum, complectens enumerationem systematicam specierum hucusque cognitarum</em>. C.F. Cramer, Paris, France. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.638</p>
<p>Pulle, A.A. (1912) Neue Beiträge zur Flora Surinams III. <em>Recueil des travaux botaniques néerlandais</em> 9: 125–168.</p>
<p>Rasband, W.S. (2019) <em>ImageJ</em>. Available from: https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/ (accessed 1 February 2021)</p>
<p>Reiche, K. & Taubert, P. (1895) Violaceae. <em>In</em>: Engler, A. & Prantl, K. (Ed.) <em>Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien</em>, W. Engelmann, Leipzig, Germany, pp. 322–336.</p>
<p>Robyns, A. (1967) Flora of Panama Part VI. Family 127. Violaceae. <em>Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden</em> 54: 65–84. https://doi.org/10.2307/2394894</p>
<p>Scopoli, J.A. (1777) <em>Introductio ad historiam naturalem sistens genera lapidum, plantarum, et animalium :hactenus detecta, caracteribus essentialibus donata, in tribus divisa, subinde ad leges naturae</em>. Wolfgang Gerle, Pragae [Praha, Czech Republic] https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.10827</p>
<p>Sprengel, C.[K.]. (1827) <em>Caroli Linnaei,...Systema vegetabilium</em>. Librariae Dieterichianae, Gottingae [Göttingen, Germany].</p>
<p>Thiers, B. (continuously updated) <em>Index Herbariorum: A global directory of public herbaria and associated staff</em>. <em>New York Botanical Garden’s Virtual Herbarium</em>. Available from: http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/ (accessed 1 May 2021)</p>
<p>Tulasne, L.-R. (1847) Flore de la Colombie-Plantes nouvelles [Samydeae to Violarieae]. <em>Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, Série III</em> 7: 360–373.</p>
<p>Turland, N.J., Wiersema, J.H., Barrie, F.R., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D.L., Herendeen, P.S., Knapp, S., Kusber, W.-H., Li, D.-Z., Marhold, K., May, T.W., McNeill, J., Monro, A.M., Prado, J., Price, M.J. & Smith, G.F. (2018) <em>International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017</em>. Koeltz Botanical Books, Glashütten, Germany.</p>
<p>Wahlert, G.A., Ballard Jr., H.E. & de Paula-Souza, J. (2015) <em>Ixchelia</em>, a new genus of Violaceae from Mexico and Mesoamerica. <em>Brittonia</em> 67: 273–283. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12228-015-9375-3</p>
<p>Wahlert, G.A., Hoyos-Goméz, S.E. & Ballard Jr., H.E. (2018) Systematic studies in Neotropical Rinorea (Violaceae): Two new sections and a new generic segregate. <em>Brittonia</em> 70: 140–147. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12228-017-9507-z</p>
<p>Wahlert, G.A., Marcussen, T., de Paula-Souza, J., Feng, M. & Ballard, H.E. (2014) A Phylogeny of the Violaceae (Malpighiales) Inferred from Plastid DNA Sequences: Implications for Generic Diversity and Intrafamilial Classification. <em>Systematic Botany</em> 39: 239–252. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364414X678008</p>