Abstract
The high Andean forests harbor great and unique biodiversity. Here, we report a new species of Epidendrum from Peru. Epidendrum alejandrinae is described, illustrated and compared with the morphologically similar Epidendrum ochoae, Epidendrum pachydiscum and Epidendrum aida-alvareziae. We performed a systematic review of herbarium information on the species reported for the Region of Huancavelica and compared the morphological features of the closest species to rule out possible matches. The new species is characterized by a short, foliate aggregate stems, an apical pendulous inflorescence formed from the stem, green resupinate flowers opening in succession, the petals and sepals semi-extended, a 3-lobed lip, lateral lobes obliquely ovoid, median lobe broadly cuneate, bicallose, and four, obovoid, laterally compressed pollinia. The novelty represents an important record for the flora associated with the high Andean forest dominated by Polylepis and Gynoxys in central Peru.
References
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<p>Gobierno Regional de Huancavelica (2016) <em>Ordenanza Regional N° 354-GOB.REG-HVCA/CR.</em></p>
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<p>Hágsater, E. & Santiago, E. (Eds.) (2021) The Genus <em>Epidendrum</em>, Part 14. <em>Icones Orchidacearum</em> 18 (2): pl. 1849–1900.</p>
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<p>Karremans, A.P. (2021) With great biodiversity comes great responsibility: the underestimated diversity of <em>Epidendrum</em> (Orchidaceae). <em>Harvard Papers in Botany</em> 26: 299–369. https://doi.org/10.3100/hpib.v26iss2.2021.n1</p>
<p>Kessler, M. (2002) The “<em>Polylepis</em> problem”: Where do we stand?. <em>Ecotropica</em> 8<em>:</em> 97–110.</p>
<p>Lindley, J. (1841) <em>Epidendrum rupeste</em> in Lindley upon the Genus <em>Epidendrum</em>, Hooker’s. <em>Journal of Botany</em> 3: 84.</p>
<p>Linnaeus, C. (1753) <em>Species Plantarum</em>, vol. 2. Holmiae, Impensis Laurentii Salvii, 1200 pp.</p>
<p>Linnaeus, C. (1754) <em>Flora anglica</em> [dissertation of I. O. Grufberg]. Uppsala.</p>
<p>Linnaeus, C. (1763) <em>Species Plantarum</em>, ed 2. 2: 1347. [https://biodiversitylibrary.org&page/11834734]</p>
<p>MINAM (2021) Decreto Supremo que establece el Área de Conservación Regional Bosque Nublado Amaru-Huachocolpa-Chihuana. Decreto Supremo N° 032-2021-MINAM. El Peruano. Lima. Available from: https://busquedas.elperuano.pe/normaslegales/decreto-supremo-que-establece-el-area-de-conservacion-region-decreto-supremo-no-032-2021-minam-2008459-2/?fbclid=IwAR2EKlUmw1Sav3U3YhIgAsPRNlixaCvQswz2UGe1whQkQClqb86qpgbt5Jc (accessed 8 november 2021)</p>
<p>Mutis, J.C. (1821) <em>Escallonia</em>. <em>In:</em> <em>A selection of the correspondence of Linnaeus, and other naturalists, from the original manuscripts</em> [J.E. Smith] 2: 532.</p>
<p>Myers, N., Mittermeier, R.A., Mittermeier, C.G., da Fonseca, G.A.B. & Kent, J. (2000) Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. <em>Nature</em> 403: 853–858. https://doi.org/10.1038/35002501</p>
<p>Navarro Romo, W.C., Quispe-Melgar, H.R. & Hágsater, E. (2020) <em>Epidendrum curimarcense</em> (Orchidaceae), a new species from Central Peru. <em>Lankesteriana</em> 20: 7–13. https://doi.org/10.15517/lank.v20i1.40781</p>
<p>Pilger, R.K.F. (1906) Rosaceae andinae. <em>Botanische Jahrbucher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie</em> 37: 534–539.</p>
<p>Ruiz López, H. & Pavón, J.A. (1794) <em>Polylepis. </em>In: <em>Florae Peruvianae et Chilensis Prodromus, sive novorum generum plantarum peruvianum et chilensis descriptions et icones. </em>80. Madrid. t. 15.</p>
<p>Swenson, J.J., Young, B.E., Beck, S., Comer, P., Córdova, J.H., Dyson, J., Embert, D., Encarnación, F., Ferreira, W., Franke, I., Grossman, D., Hernandez, P., Herzog, S.K., Josse, C., Navarro, G., Pacheco, V., Stein, B.A., Timaná, M., Tovar, A., Tovar, C., Vargas, J. & Zambrana-Torrelio, C.M. (2012) Plant and animal endemism in the eastern Andean slope: Challenges to conservation. <em>BMC Ecology</em> 12 (1): 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6785-12-1</p>
<p>Tejedor, N.G. (2014) Impact of Climate Change on Extinction Risk of Montane Tree, Bournemouth University. Available from: http://eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk/21485/ (accessed 8 April 2020)</p>
<p>Tejedor, N.G., Newton, A.C., Golicher, D. & Oldfield, S. (2015) The relative impact of climate change on the extinction risk of tree species in the montane tropical Andes. <em>PLoS ONE</em> 10 (7): 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0131388</p>
<p>AMO-DATA (2021) Digital database of the Herbario AMO, Instituto Chinoin, Mexico City. [Accessed September 2021]</p>
<p>Bennett, D.E & Christenson, E.A. (1993) <em>Icones Orchidacearum Peruviarum. </em>pl. 1–200.</p>
<p>Bennett, D.E & Christenson, E.A. (1995a) <em>Icones Orchidacearum Peruviarum. </em>pl. 201–300.</p>
<p>Bennett, D.E & Christenson, E.A. (1995b) <em>Icones Orchidacearum Peruviarum. </em>pl. 301–400.</p>
<p>Bennett, D.E & Christenson, E.A. (1998) <em>Icones Orchidacearum Peruviarum. </em>pl. 401–600.</p>
<p>Bennett, D.E & Christenson, E.A. (2001) <em>Icones Orchidacearum Peruviarum. </em>pl. 601–800.</p>
<p>Boza Espinoza, T.E., Quispe-Melgar, H.R. & Kessler, M. (2019) Taxonomic Reevaluation of the <em>Polylepis sericea</em> Complex (Rosaceae), with the Description of a New Species. <em>Systematic Botany</em> 44 (2): 324–334. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364419x15562052252225</p>
<p>Cassini, A.H.G. de (1827) <em>Gynoxys. In:</em> <em>Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles, dans lequel on traite méthodiquement des différens êtres de la nature, considérés soit en eux-mêmes, d’après l’état actuel de nos connoissances, soit relativement à l’utilité qu’en peuvent retirer la médicine, l’agriculture, le commerce et les arts. </em>Edition 2. 48. Strasbourg. pp. 455.</p>
<p>Collantes Meza, B. (2014) <em>Huancavelica: Amaru, paraíso de orquídeas. </em>Lima: Gobierno Regional de Huancavelica, 338 pp.</p>
<p>Collantes, B. & Hágsater, E. (2015) <em>Epidendrum ochoae. In:</em> Hágsater, E. & L. Sánchez, S. (Eds.) The Genus <em>Epidendrum</em>, Part 11. <em>Icones Orchidacearum</em> 15 (1): pl. 1546.</p>
<p>Damian, A. & Hágsater, E. (2016) <em>Epidendrum yanatilense</em> (Orchidaceae: Laeliinae), a new species from Cusco, Peru. <em>Phytotaxa </em>246 (4): 287–292.</p>
<p>Dodson, C.H. & Bennett, Jr, D.E. (1989a) Orchids of Peru. <em>In:</em> <em>Icones Plantarum Tropicarum </em>series II. pl. 1–100.</p>
<p>Dodson, C.H. & Bennett, Jr, D.E. (1989b) Orchids of Peru. <em>In:</em> <em>Icones Plantarum Tropicarum </em>series II. pl. 101–200.</p>
<p>Fjeldså, J. & Kessler, M. (1996) <em>Conserving the biological diversity of Polylepis woodlands of the Highland of Peru and Bolivia. A contribution to sustainable natural resource management in the Andes (Primera).</em> Copenhagen, Denmark: NORDECO.</p>
<p>Gobierno Regional de Huancavelica (2016) <em>Ordenanza Regional N° 354-GOB.REG-HVCA/CR.</em></p>
<p>Goicochea, A., Gutiérrez, A., Ruiz, A. & Salas, M. (2019) <em>Orquídeas del Perú: Relacion de especies y sus sinónimos.</em> Corporación G y G E.I.R.L, Moyobamba, San Martín. pp. 285.</p>
<p>Hágsater, E. (2004) <em>Epidendrum pachydiscum. In:</em> Hágsater, E. & Sánchez S., L. (Eds.) The Genus <em>Epidendrum</em>, Part 4. <em>Icones Orchidacearum</em> <em>7</em>: pl. 773.</p>
<p>Hágsater, E. (2016) <em>Epidendrum aida-alvarezii. In:</em> Hágsater, E. & Sánchez S., L. (Eds.) The Genus <em>Epidendrum</em>, Part 11. <em>Icones Orchidacearum</em> 15 (2): pl. 1570.</p>
<p>Hágsater, E. & Santiago, E. (Eds.) (2018a) The Genus <em>Epidendrum</em>, Part 12. <em>Icones Orchidacearum</em> 16 (1): pl. 1601–1667.</p>
<p>Hágsater, E. & Santiago, E. (Eds.) (2018b) The Genus <em>Epidendrum</em>, Part 12. <em>Icones Orchidacearum</em> 16 (2): pl. 1668–1700.</p>
<p>Hágsater, E. & Santiago, E. (Eds.) (2019) The Genus <em>Epidendrum</em>, Part 13. <em>Icones Orchidacearum</em> 17 (1): pl. 1701–1756.</p>
<p>Hágsater, E. & Santiago, E. (Eds.) (2020a) The Genus <em>Epidendrum</em>, Part 13. <em>Icones Orchidacearum</em> 17 (2): pl. 1757–1800.</p>
<p>Hágsater, E. & Santiago, E. (Eds.) (2020b) The Genus <em>Epidendrum</em>, Part 14. <em>Icones Orchidacearum</em> 18 (1): pl. 1801–1848.</p>
<p>Hágsater, E. & Santiago, E. (Eds.) (2021) The Genus <em>Epidendrum</em>, Part 14. <em>Icones Orchidacearum</em> 18 (2): pl. 1849–1900.</p>
<p>Hágsater, E. & Soto, M.A. (2005)<em> Epidendrum</em>. <em>In:</em> Pridgeon, A.M., Cribb, P.J., Chase, M.W. & Rasmussen, F.N. (Eds.) <em>Genera Orchidacearum, </em>Vol. 4<em>. </em>Epidendroideae (Part One). Oxford University Press. pp. 236–251.</p>
<p>Herzog, S.K., Martínez, R., Jørgensen, P.M. & Tiessen, H. (2012) Cambio climático y biodiversidad en los Andes Tropicales. In <em>Cambio Climático y Biodiversidad en los Andes Tropicales</em>. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/245023891_Cambio_Climatico_y_Biodiversidad_en_los_Andes_Tropicales_Fenologa_y_Relaciones_Ecolgicas_Interespecficas_de_la_Biota_Andina_Frente_al_Cambio_Climtico?ev=prf_pub]</p>
<p>Karremans, A.P. (2021) With great biodiversity comes great responsibility: the underestimated diversity of <em>Epidendrum</em> (Orchidaceae). <em>Harvard Papers in Botany</em> 26: 299–369. https://doi.org/10.3100/hpib.v26iss2.2021.n1</p>
<p>Kessler, M. (2002) The “<em>Polylepis</em> problem”: Where do we stand?. <em>Ecotropica</em> 8<em>:</em> 97–110.</p>
<p>Lindley, J. (1841) <em>Epidendrum rupeste</em> in Lindley upon the Genus <em>Epidendrum</em>, Hooker’s. <em>Journal of Botany</em> 3: 84.</p>
<p>Linnaeus, C. (1753) <em>Species Plantarum</em>, vol. 2. Holmiae, Impensis Laurentii Salvii, 1200 pp.</p>
<p>Linnaeus, C. (1754) <em>Flora anglica</em> [dissertation of I. O. Grufberg]. Uppsala.</p>
<p>Linnaeus, C. (1763) <em>Species Plantarum</em>, ed 2. 2: 1347. [https://biodiversitylibrary.org&page/11834734]</p>
<p>MINAM (2021) Decreto Supremo que establece el Área de Conservación Regional Bosque Nublado Amaru-Huachocolpa-Chihuana. Decreto Supremo N° 032-2021-MINAM. El Peruano. Lima. Available from: https://busquedas.elperuano.pe/normaslegales/decreto-supremo-que-establece-el-area-de-conservacion-region-decreto-supremo-no-032-2021-minam-2008459-2/?fbclid=IwAR2EKlUmw1Sav3U3YhIgAsPRNlixaCvQswz2UGe1whQkQClqb86qpgbt5Jc (accessed 8 november 2021)</p>
<p>Mutis, J.C. (1821) <em>Escallonia</em>. <em>In:</em> <em>A selection of the correspondence of Linnaeus, and other naturalists, from the original manuscripts</em> [J.E. Smith] 2: 532.</p>
<p>Myers, N., Mittermeier, R.A., Mittermeier, C.G., da Fonseca, G.A.B. & Kent, J. (2000) Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. <em>Nature</em> 403: 853–858. https://doi.org/10.1038/35002501</p>
<p>Navarro Romo, W.C., Quispe-Melgar, H.R. & Hágsater, E. (2020) <em>Epidendrum curimarcense</em> (Orchidaceae), a new species from Central Peru. <em>Lankesteriana</em> 20: 7–13. https://doi.org/10.15517/lank.v20i1.40781</p>
<p>Pilger, R.K.F. (1906) Rosaceae andinae. <em>Botanische Jahrbucher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie</em> 37: 534–539.</p>
<p>Ruiz López, H. & Pavón, J.A. (1794) <em>Polylepis. </em>In: <em>Florae Peruvianae et Chilensis Prodromus, sive novorum generum plantarum peruvianum et chilensis descriptions et icones. </em>80. Madrid. t. 15.</p>
<p>Swenson, J.J., Young, B.E., Beck, S., Comer, P., Córdova, J.H., Dyson, J., Embert, D., Encarnación, F., Ferreira, W., Franke, I., Grossman, D., Hernandez, P., Herzog, S.K., Josse, C., Navarro, G., Pacheco, V., Stein, B.A., Timaná, M., Tovar, A., Tovar, C., Vargas, J. & Zambrana-Torrelio, C.M. (2012) Plant and animal endemism in the eastern Andean slope: Challenges to conservation. <em>BMC Ecology</em> 12 (1): 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6785-12-1</p>
<p>Tejedor, N.G. (2014) Impact of Climate Change on Extinction Risk of Montane Tree, Bournemouth University. Available from: http://eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk/21485/ (accessed 8 April 2020)</p>
<p>Tejedor, N.G., Newton, A.C., Golicher, D. & Oldfield, S. (2015) The relative impact of climate change on the extinction risk of tree species in the montane tropical Andes. <em>PLoS ONE</em> 10 (7): 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0131388</p>