Abstract
Oreocharis hainanensis, a new species of Gesneriaceae is described and illustrated from low-altitudual karst areas in Hainan Island, South China. The new species is easily distinguished from its closely-related O. jasminina by campanulate floral tube, zygomorphic corolla and exserted stamens. It also shows different habitats from the four currently-recognized Oreocharis taxa on the island. Molecular phylogeny analysis based on plastid trnL-trnF and nuclear ITS1/2 sequences supported the delimitation of the new species, which forms a monophyletic clade with all the other Oreocharis taxa from Hainan Island. The roles of habitat and floral isolation in the evolution of the new species and its affinities are discussed. The species was assessed as Vulnerable (VU C1 and D2) according to IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria.
References
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<p>Martén-Rodríguez, S., Almarales-Castro, A. & Fenster, C.B. (2009) Evaluation of pollination syndromes in Antillean Gesneriaceae: evidence for bat, hummingbird and generalized flowers. <em>Journal of Ecology</em> 97: 348–359. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2008.01465.x</p>
<p>Merrill, E.D. (1922) Diagnoses of Hainan plants. <em>The Philippine Journal of Science</em> 21: 337–355.</p>
<p>Muchhala, N. (2007) Adaptive trade-off in floral morphology mediates specialization for flowers pollinated by bats and hummingbirds. <em>American Naturalist</em> 169: 494–504. https://doi.org/10.1086/512047</p>
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<p>Möller, M., Middleton, D., Nishii, K., Wei, Y.G., Sontag, S. & Weber, A. (2011) A new delineation for <em>Oreocharis</em> incorporating an additional ten genera of Chinese Gesneriaceae. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 23: 1–36. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.23.1.1</p>
<p>Nees von Essenbeck, C.G.D. (1825) Trichosporeae. <em>Flora oder Botanische Zeitung</em> 8: 143.</p>
<p>Nylander, J.A.A. (2004) <em>MrModeltest v2. Program distributed by the author</em>. Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University.</p>
<p>Pan, K.Y. (1987) Taxonomy of the genus <em>Oreocharis</em> (Gesneriaceae). <em>Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica</em> 26: 450–457.</p>
<p>Swofford, D.L. (2003) <em>PAUP*: Phylogenetic analysis using parsimony (* and other methods) Version 4.0b10</em>. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts, 142 pp.</p>
<p>Stevens, W.D. (2009) <em>Apocynaceae</em>. <em>In</em>: Davidse, G., Sousa, M. & Chater, A.O. (Eds.) <em>Flora Mesoamericana</em>. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, pp. 703–768.</p>
<p>Taberlet, P., Gielly, L., Pautou, G. & Bouvet, J. (1991) Universal primers for amplification of three non-coding regions of chloroplast DNA. <em>Plant Molecular Biology</em> 17: 1105–1109. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00037152</p>
<p>Wei, Y.G. (2010) <em>Gesneriaceae of South China</em>. Guangxi Science and Technology Publishing House, Nanning, 777 pp.</p>
<p>Weber, A., Clark, J.L. & Möller, M. (2013) A new formal classification of Gesneriaceae. <em>Selbyana</em> 31: 68–94. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/24894283]</p>
<p>White, T.J., Bruns, T.D., Lee, S.B. & Taylor, J. (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. <em>PCR Protocols</em> 1990: 315–322.</p>
<p>Xing, F.W. & Li, Z.X. (1993) A new species of <em>Paraboea</em> from Hainan Island. <em>Acta Botanica Yunnanica</em> 15: 1–3.</p>
<p>Arnott, G.A.W. (1832) Botany. <em>In</em>: Napier, M. & Browne, J. (Eds.) <em>Encyclopedia Britannica, ed. 7(5)</em>. Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc, Edinburgh, 121 pp.</p>
<p>Bentham, G. (1876) Gesneriaceae. <em>In</em>: Bentham, G. & Hooker, J.D. (Eds.) <em>Genera Plantarum 2 (2)</em>. Lovell Reeve & Co., London, pp. 990–1025.</p>
<p>Blume, C.L. (1826) <em>Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië</em>. Ter Lands Drukkerij, Batavia, 766 pp.</p>
<p>Burtt, B.L. (1984) Studies in the Gesneriaceae of the Old World: XLVII. Revised generic concepts for <em>Boea</em> and its allies. <em>Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden</em>, <em>Edinburgh</em> 41: 401–452.</p>
<p>Chun, H.Y. (1946) Gesneriacearum Plantae Novae Sinicarum.<em> Sunyatsenia</em> 6: 299–300.</p>
<p>Chun, H.Y. (1974) <em>Flora of Hainan </em>3. Science Press, Beijing. 588 pp.</p>
<p>Castellanos, M.C., Wilson, P. & Thomson, J.D. (2004) ‘Anti-bee’ and ‘pro-bird’ changes during the evolution of hummingbird pollination in <em>Penstemon</em> flowers. <em>Journal of Evolutionary Biology</em> 17: 876–885. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2004.00729.x</p>
<p>Chen, W.H., Nguyen, Q.H., Chen, R.Z., Nguyen, S.K., Nguyen, V.T., Möller, M., Middleton, D.J. & Shui, Y.M. (2018) Two new species of <em>Oreocharis</em> (Gesneriaceae) from Fan Si Pan, the highest mountain in Vietnam. <em>PhytoKeys</em> 94: 95–106. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.94.21329</p>
<p>Chen, W.H., Zhang, Y.M., Guo, S.W., Zhang, Z.R., Chen, L. & Shui, Y.M. (2020) Reassessment of <em>Bournea</em> Oliver (Gesneriaceae) based on molecular and palynological evidence. <em>PhytoKeys</em> 157: 27–41. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.157.55254</p>
<p>Doyle, J.J. & Doyle, J.L. (1987) A rapid DNA isolation procedure for small quantities of fresh leaf tissue. <em>Phytochemical Bulletin</em> 19: 11–15. <br>https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(80)85004-7</p>
<p>Forster, J.R. & Forster, G. (1776) <em>Characteres Generum Plantarum. </em>White, B., Cadell, T. & Elmsley, P., London, 150 pp.</p>
<p>Hall, T.A. (1999) BioEdit: A user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. <em>Nucleic Acids Symposium Series</em> 41: 95–98. https://doi.org/10.14601/Phytopathol_Mediterr-14998u1.29</p>
<p>Hooker, J.D. (1893) <em>Icones Plantarum, or figures, with brief descriptive characters and remarks, of new or rare plants, selected from the author’s herbarium.</em> Vol. 23, ser. 4, 3. Longman, Reese, Orne, Brown, Green & Longman, Kew, Bentham-Moxon Trust, London, t. 2254.</p>
<p>Huelsenbeck, J.P. & Ronquist, F. (2001) MRBAYES: Bayesian inference of phylogenetic trees. <em>Bioinformatics</em> 17: 754–755. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/17.8.754</p>
<p>IUCN Standards and Petitions Subcommittee (2019) <em>Guidelines for using the IUCN Red List Categories and criteria, version 14.</em> Standards and Petitions Committee, 113 pp.</p>
<p>Jack, W. (1823) On Cyrtandraceae, a new natural order of plants. <em>Transactions of the Linnean Society of London</em> 14: 23–44.</p>
<p>Jin, X., Ling, S.J., Wen, F. & Ren, M.X. (2021) Biogeographical pattern and floral evolution of <em>Oreocharis</em> (Gesneriaceae). <em>Plant Science Journal</em> 39: 379–388. https://doi.org/10.11913/PSJ.2095-0837.2021.40379</p>
<p>Kong, H.H., Condamine, F.L., Yang, L.H., Harris, A.J., Feng, C., Wen, F. & Kang, M. (2021) Phylogenomic and macroevolutionary evidence for an explosive radiation of a plant genus in the miocene. <em>Systematic Biology</em> syab068. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syab068</p>
<p>Kumar, S., Nei, M., Dudley, J. & Tamura, K. (2008) MEGA: a biologist-centric software for evolutionary analysis of DNA and protein sequences. <em>Briefings in Bioinformatics</em> 9: 299–306. https://doi.org/10.1093/bib/bbn017</p>
<p>Li, Z.Y. & Wang, Y.Z. (2005) <em>Plants of Gesneriaceae in China</em>. Henan Science & Technology Publishing House, Zhengzhou, 721 pp.</p>
<p>Ling, S.J., Meng, Q.W., Tang, L. & Ren, M.X. (2017) Pollination syndromes of Chinese Gesneriaceae: a comparative study between Hainan Island and neighboring regions. <em>The Botanical Review</em> 83: 59–73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12229-017-9181-6</p>
<p>Ling, S.J., Qin, X.T., Song, X.Q., Zhang, L.N. & Ren, M.X. (2020a) Genetic delimitation of <em>Oreocharis</em> species from Hainan Island. <em>PhytoKeys</em> 157: 59–81. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.157.32427</p>
<p>Ling, S.J., Guan, S.P., Wen, F., Shui, Y.M. & Ren, M.X. (2020b) <em>Oreocharis jasminina</em> (Gesneriaceae), a new species from mountain tops of Hainan Island, South China. <em>PhytoKeys</em> 157: 121–135. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.157.50246</p>
<p>Lv, Z.Y., Yusupov, Z., Zhang, D.G., Zhang, Y.Z., Zhang, X.S., Lin, N., Tojibaev, K., Sun, H. & Deng, T. (in press) <em>Oreocharis xieyongii</em>, an unusual new species of Gesneriaceae from western Hunan, China. <em>Plant Diversity</em>. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pld.2021.11.008</p>
<p>Martén-Rodríguez, S., Almarales-Castro, A. & Fenster, C.B. (2009) Evaluation of pollination syndromes in Antillean Gesneriaceae: evidence for bat, hummingbird and generalized flowers. <em>Journal of Ecology</em> 97: 348–359. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2008.01465.x</p>
<p>Merrill, E.D. (1922) Diagnoses of Hainan plants. <em>The Philippine Journal of Science</em> 21: 337–355.</p>
<p>Muchhala, N. (2007) Adaptive trade-off in floral morphology mediates specialization for flowers pollinated by bats and hummingbirds. <em>American Naturalist</em> 169: 494–504. https://doi.org/10.1086/512047</p>
<p>Myers, N., Mittermeier, R.A., Mittermeier, C.G., da Fonseca, G.A. & Kent, J. (2000) Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. <em>Nature</em> 403: 853–858. https://doi.org/10.1038/35002501</p>
<p>Möller, M., Middleton, D., Nishii, K., Wei, Y.G., Sontag, S. & Weber, A. (2011) A new delineation for <em>Oreocharis</em> incorporating an additional ten genera of Chinese Gesneriaceae. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 23: 1–36. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.23.1.1</p>
<p>Nees von Essenbeck, C.G.D. (1825) Trichosporeae. <em>Flora oder Botanische Zeitung</em> 8: 143.</p>
<p>Nylander, J.A.A. (2004) <em>MrModeltest v2. Program distributed by the author</em>. Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University.</p>
<p>Pan, K.Y. (1987) Taxonomy of the genus <em>Oreocharis</em> (Gesneriaceae). <em>Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica</em> 26: 450–457.</p>
<p>Swofford, D.L. (2003) <em>PAUP*: Phylogenetic analysis using parsimony (* and other methods) Version 4.0b10</em>. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts, 142 pp.</p>
<p>Stevens, W.D. (2009) <em>Apocynaceae</em>. <em>In</em>: Davidse, G., Sousa, M. & Chater, A.O. (Eds.) <em>Flora Mesoamericana</em>. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, pp. 703–768.</p>
<p>Taberlet, P., Gielly, L., Pautou, G. & Bouvet, J. (1991) Universal primers for amplification of three non-coding regions of chloroplast DNA. <em>Plant Molecular Biology</em> 17: 1105–1109. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00037152</p>
<p>Wei, Y.G. (2010) <em>Gesneriaceae of South China</em>. Guangxi Science and Technology Publishing House, Nanning, 777 pp.</p>
<p>Weber, A., Clark, J.L. & Möller, M. (2013) A new formal classification of Gesneriaceae. <em>Selbyana</em> 31: 68–94. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/24894283]</p>
<p>White, T.J., Bruns, T.D., Lee, S.B. & Taylor, J. (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. <em>PCR Protocols</em> 1990: 315–322.</p>
<p>Xing, F.W. & Li, Z.X. (1993) A new species of <em>Paraboea</em> from Hainan Island. <em>Acta Botanica Yunnanica</em> 15: 1–3.</p>