Abstract
Allium parhamii is described and illustrated as a new species from the Kopet Dagh mountain range, North Khorassan province in Iran. Based on morphological features, the new species belongs to A. sect. Asteroprason. It differs from the closely related species A. monophyllum in several floral and leaf characters as well as the micromorphological characters of seed coat and karyotype. The new species is illustrated and Red-Listed as critically endangered and notes on habitats and distribution are provided.
References
Bachman, S., Moat, J., Hill, A.W., de la Torre, J. & Scott, B. (2011) Supporting Red List threat assessment with GeoCAT: geospatial conservation assessment tool. ZooKeys 150: 117–126. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.150.2109
Dolatyari, A., Moazzeni, H., Hosseini, S., Blattner, F. & Fritsch, R.M. (2020) Allium schisticola, a new species with peculiar morphological characters and an unexpected phylogenetic position. Phytotaxa 450: 246–256. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.450.3.1
Friesen, N., Fritsch, R.M. & Blattner, F.R. (2006) Phylogeny and new intrageneric classification of Allium (Alliaceae) based on nuclear ribosomal DNA ITS sequences. Aliso 22: 372–395. https://doi.org/10.5642/aliso.20062201.31
Fritsch, R.M. (2012) Illustrated key to the sections and subsections and brief general circumscription of Allium subg. Melanocrommyum. Phyton (Horn) 52: 1–37.
Fritsch, R.M. (2018) Allium monophyllum (Amaryllidaceae) is a diploid species. Phytotaxa 333: 298–300. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.333.2.16
Fritsch, R.M. & Astanova, S.B. (1998) Uniform karyotypes in different sections of Allium L. subg. Melanocrommyum (Webb & Berth.) Rouy from Central Asia. Feddes Repertorium 109: 539–549. https://doi.org/10.1002/fedr.19981090710
Fritsch, R.M., Blattner, F.R. & Gurushidze, M. (2010) New classification of Allium L. subg. Melanocrommyum (Webb. & Berthel.) Rouy (Alliaceae) based on molecular and morphological characters. Phyton (Horn, Austria) 49: 145–220.
Fritsch, R.M. & Abbasi, M. (2013) A taxonomic review of Allium subg. Melanocrommyum in Iran. Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung, 240 pp.
Genç, I., Özhatay, N. & Cevri, M. (2013) A karyomorphological study of the genus Allium (sect. Melanocrommyum) from Turkey. Caryologia 66: 31–40. https://doi.org/10.1080/00087114.2013.780439
Govaerts, R., Kington, S., Friesen, N., Fritsch, R.M., Snijman, D.A., Marcucci, R., Silverstone-Sopkin, P.A. & Brullo, S. (2021) World checklist of Amaryllidaceae. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Available at: https://wcsp.science.kew.org/incfamilies.do (accessed 4 September 2021).
Gurushidze, M., Fritsch, R.M. & Blattner, F.R. (2010) Species-level phylogeny of Allium subgenus Melanocrommyum: Incomplete lineage sorting, hybridization and trnF gene duplication. Taxon 59: 829–840. https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.593012
Hooker, J.D. (1903) Allium ellisii, native of Khorassan. Curtis’s Botanical Magazine 129: t7875.
IUCN (2019) Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 14. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Subcommittee. Available at: http://www.iucnredlist.org/ documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf (accessed 25 July 2021).
Kutarekar, D.R. & Wanjari, K.B. (1983) Karyomorphological studies in some of the varieties of Bengal Gram (Cicer arietinum L.). Cytologia 48: 699–705. https://doi.org/10.1508/cytologia.48.699
Levan, A., Fredga, K. & Sandberg, A.A. (1964) Nomenclature for centromeric position on chromosomes. Hereditas 52: 201–220. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5223.1964.tb01953.x
Linnaeus, C. (1753) Species Plantarum, Vol. 1. Laurentius Salvius, Stockholm.
Matin, F. (1992) The genus Allium in Iran, diversity, distribution and endemism. In: Hanelt, P., Hammer, K. & Knüpffer, H. (eds.) The genus Allium - Taxonomic Problems and Genetic Resources. (Proc. Int. Symp. Gatersleben, June 11–13, 1991). IPK, Gatersleben, pp. 193–194.
Memariani, F. (2020) The Khorassan-Kopet Dagh Mountains. In: Noroozi, J. (Ed.) Plant Biogeography and Vegetation of High Mountains of Central and South-West Asia. Springer Nature Switzerland AG, Cham, pp. 93–116. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45212-4_3
Memariani, F., Joharchi, M.R. & Khassanov, F.O. (2007) Allium L. subg. Rhizirideum sensu lato in Iran, two new records and a synopsis of taxonomy and phytogeography. Iranian Journal of Botany 13: 12–20.
Memariani, F., Joharchi, M.R. & Arjmandi, A.A. (2012) Allium aladaghense (Amaryllidaceae, Allieae), a new species of section Asteroprason from northeast of Iran. Phytotaxa 56: 28–34. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.56.1.7
Memariani, F., Zarrinpour, V. & Akhani, H. (2016a) A review of plant diversity, vegetation, and phytogeography of the Khorassan-Kopet Dagh floristic province in the Irano-Turanian region (northeastern Iran– southern Turkmenistan). Phytotaxa 249: 8–30. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.249.1.4
Memariani, F., Akhani, H. & Joharchi, M.R. (2016b) Endemic plants of the Khorassan-Kopet Dagh floristic province in Irano-Turanian region: diversity, distribution patterns and conservation status. Phytotaxa 249: 31–117. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.249.1.5
Neshati, F. & Fritsch, R.M. (2009) Seed characters and testa sculpture of some Iranian Allium L. species (Alliaceae). Feddes Repertorium 120: 322–332. https://doi.org/10.1002/fedr.200911112
Pastor, J.E., Diuosdado, J.C. & Cabezudo, B. (1995) A karyological study of Allium rouyi Gautier (Liliaceae), a recently rediscovered endemic species from the south of Spain. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 117: 255–258. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1995.tb00455.x
Peruzzi, L. & Ero?lu, H. (2013) Karyotype asymmetry: again, how to measure and what to measure? Comparative Cytogenetics 7: 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3897/compcytogen.v7i1.4431
Peruzzi, L., Carta, A. & Altinordu, F. (2017) Chromosome diversity and evolution in Allium (Allioideae, Amaryllidaceae). Plant Biosystems 151: 212–220. https://doi.org/10.1080/11263504.2016.1149123
Romero Zarco, C. (1986) A new method for estimating karyotype asymmetry. Taxon 35: 526–530. https://doi.org/10.2307/1221906
Rouy, G. (1910) Flore de France; ou, Description des Plantes qui Croissent Spontanément en France, en Corse et en Alsace-Lorraine. Vol. XII. Paris.
Stebbins, G.L. (1971) Chromosomal Evolution in Higher Plants. Edward Arnold, London.
Thiers, B. (2022) Index Herbariorum, A global directory of public herbaria and associated staff. New York Botanical Garden’s Virtual Herbarium. Available from: http://sweetgum.nybg.org/ih/ (accessed 5 February 2022)
Trautvetter, E.R. von (1884) Incrementa florae phanerogamae rossicae, fascic. IV. Trudy Imperatorskago S. –Peterburgskago Botanicheskago Sada 9: 221–642.
Tscholokaschvili, N.B. (1975) Ad cognitionem systematis generis Allium. Zametki po Sistematike i Geografii Rastenii (Tbilisi) 31: 36–54.
Vvedensky, A.I. (1934) Descriptiones Alliorum novorum. Byulleten’ Sredne-Aziatskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta 19: 119–130.
Vvedensky, A.I. (1935) Allium L. In: Komarov, V.L. (Ed.) Flora of the U.S.S.R., vol. IV. Izdatel‘stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR, Leningrad, pp. 87–280.
Watanabe, K., Yahara, T., Dendam, T. & Kosuge, K. (1999) Chromosomal evolution in the genus Brachyscome (Asteraceae, Astereae): statistical tests regarding correlation between changes in karyotype and habit using phylogenetic information. Journal of Plant Research 112: 145–161. https://doi.org/10.1007/PL00013869
Webb, P.B. & Berthelot, S. (1844–1850) Histoire naturelle des Isles Canaries 3 (2). Phytographia canariensis, sectio 3. Paris, Béthune etc., 479 pp., tab. 137–252.
Wendelbo, P. (1971) Alliaceae. In: Rechinger, K.H. (ed.) Flora Iranica. No. 76. Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt, Graz, 100 pp.
Dolatyari, A., Moazzeni, H., Hosseini, S., Blattner, F. & Fritsch, R.M. (2020) Allium schisticola, a new species with peculiar morphological characters and an unexpected phylogenetic position. Phytotaxa 450: 246–256. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.450.3.1
Friesen, N., Fritsch, R.M. & Blattner, F.R. (2006) Phylogeny and new intrageneric classification of Allium (Alliaceae) based on nuclear ribosomal DNA ITS sequences. Aliso 22: 372–395. https://doi.org/10.5642/aliso.20062201.31
Fritsch, R.M. (2012) Illustrated key to the sections and subsections and brief general circumscription of Allium subg. Melanocrommyum. Phyton (Horn) 52: 1–37.
Fritsch, R.M. (2018) Allium monophyllum (Amaryllidaceae) is a diploid species. Phytotaxa 333: 298–300. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.333.2.16
Fritsch, R.M. & Astanova, S.B. (1998) Uniform karyotypes in different sections of Allium L. subg. Melanocrommyum (Webb & Berth.) Rouy from Central Asia. Feddes Repertorium 109: 539–549. https://doi.org/10.1002/fedr.19981090710
Fritsch, R.M., Blattner, F.R. & Gurushidze, M. (2010) New classification of Allium L. subg. Melanocrommyum (Webb. & Berthel.) Rouy (Alliaceae) based on molecular and morphological characters. Phyton (Horn, Austria) 49: 145–220.
Fritsch, R.M. & Abbasi, M. (2013) A taxonomic review of Allium subg. Melanocrommyum in Iran. Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung, 240 pp.
Genç, I., Özhatay, N. & Cevri, M. (2013) A karyomorphological study of the genus Allium (sect. Melanocrommyum) from Turkey. Caryologia 66: 31–40. https://doi.org/10.1080/00087114.2013.780439
Govaerts, R., Kington, S., Friesen, N., Fritsch, R.M., Snijman, D.A., Marcucci, R., Silverstone-Sopkin, P.A. & Brullo, S. (2021) World checklist of Amaryllidaceae. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Available at: https://wcsp.science.kew.org/incfamilies.do (accessed 4 September 2021).
Gurushidze, M., Fritsch, R.M. & Blattner, F.R. (2010) Species-level phylogeny of Allium subgenus Melanocrommyum: Incomplete lineage sorting, hybridization and trnF gene duplication. Taxon 59: 829–840. https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.593012
Hooker, J.D. (1903) Allium ellisii, native of Khorassan. Curtis’s Botanical Magazine 129: t7875.
IUCN (2019) Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 14. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Subcommittee. Available at: http://www.iucnredlist.org/ documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf (accessed 25 July 2021).
Kutarekar, D.R. & Wanjari, K.B. (1983) Karyomorphological studies in some of the varieties of Bengal Gram (Cicer arietinum L.). Cytologia 48: 699–705. https://doi.org/10.1508/cytologia.48.699
Levan, A., Fredga, K. & Sandberg, A.A. (1964) Nomenclature for centromeric position on chromosomes. Hereditas 52: 201–220. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5223.1964.tb01953.x
Linnaeus, C. (1753) Species Plantarum, Vol. 1. Laurentius Salvius, Stockholm.
Matin, F. (1992) The genus Allium in Iran, diversity, distribution and endemism. In: Hanelt, P., Hammer, K. & Knüpffer, H. (eds.) The genus Allium - Taxonomic Problems and Genetic Resources. (Proc. Int. Symp. Gatersleben, June 11–13, 1991). IPK, Gatersleben, pp. 193–194.
Memariani, F. (2020) The Khorassan-Kopet Dagh Mountains. In: Noroozi, J. (Ed.) Plant Biogeography and Vegetation of High Mountains of Central and South-West Asia. Springer Nature Switzerland AG, Cham, pp. 93–116. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45212-4_3
Memariani, F., Joharchi, M.R. & Khassanov, F.O. (2007) Allium L. subg. Rhizirideum sensu lato in Iran, two new records and a synopsis of taxonomy and phytogeography. Iranian Journal of Botany 13: 12–20.
Memariani, F., Joharchi, M.R. & Arjmandi, A.A. (2012) Allium aladaghense (Amaryllidaceae, Allieae), a new species of section Asteroprason from northeast of Iran. Phytotaxa 56: 28–34. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.56.1.7
Memariani, F., Zarrinpour, V. & Akhani, H. (2016a) A review of plant diversity, vegetation, and phytogeography of the Khorassan-Kopet Dagh floristic province in the Irano-Turanian region (northeastern Iran– southern Turkmenistan). Phytotaxa 249: 8–30. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.249.1.4
Memariani, F., Akhani, H. & Joharchi, M.R. (2016b) Endemic plants of the Khorassan-Kopet Dagh floristic province in Irano-Turanian region: diversity, distribution patterns and conservation status. Phytotaxa 249: 31–117. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.249.1.5
Neshati, F. & Fritsch, R.M. (2009) Seed characters and testa sculpture of some Iranian Allium L. species (Alliaceae). Feddes Repertorium 120: 322–332. https://doi.org/10.1002/fedr.200911112
Pastor, J.E., Diuosdado, J.C. & Cabezudo, B. (1995) A karyological study of Allium rouyi Gautier (Liliaceae), a recently rediscovered endemic species from the south of Spain. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 117: 255–258. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1995.tb00455.x
Peruzzi, L. & Ero?lu, H. (2013) Karyotype asymmetry: again, how to measure and what to measure? Comparative Cytogenetics 7: 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3897/compcytogen.v7i1.4431
Peruzzi, L., Carta, A. & Altinordu, F. (2017) Chromosome diversity and evolution in Allium (Allioideae, Amaryllidaceae). Plant Biosystems 151: 212–220. https://doi.org/10.1080/11263504.2016.1149123
Romero Zarco, C. (1986) A new method for estimating karyotype asymmetry. Taxon 35: 526–530. https://doi.org/10.2307/1221906
Rouy, G. (1910) Flore de France; ou, Description des Plantes qui Croissent Spontanément en France, en Corse et en Alsace-Lorraine. Vol. XII. Paris.
Stebbins, G.L. (1971) Chromosomal Evolution in Higher Plants. Edward Arnold, London.
Thiers, B. (2022) Index Herbariorum, A global directory of public herbaria and associated staff. New York Botanical Garden’s Virtual Herbarium. Available from: http://sweetgum.nybg.org/ih/ (accessed 5 February 2022)
Trautvetter, E.R. von (1884) Incrementa florae phanerogamae rossicae, fascic. IV. Trudy Imperatorskago S. –Peterburgskago Botanicheskago Sada 9: 221–642.
Tscholokaschvili, N.B. (1975) Ad cognitionem systematis generis Allium. Zametki po Sistematike i Geografii Rastenii (Tbilisi) 31: 36–54.
Vvedensky, A.I. (1934) Descriptiones Alliorum novorum. Byulleten’ Sredne-Aziatskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta 19: 119–130.
Vvedensky, A.I. (1935) Allium L. In: Komarov, V.L. (Ed.) Flora of the U.S.S.R., vol. IV. Izdatel‘stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR, Leningrad, pp. 87–280.
Watanabe, K., Yahara, T., Dendam, T. & Kosuge, K. (1999) Chromosomal evolution in the genus Brachyscome (Asteraceae, Astereae): statistical tests regarding correlation between changes in karyotype and habit using phylogenetic information. Journal of Plant Research 112: 145–161. https://doi.org/10.1007/PL00013869
Webb, P.B. & Berthelot, S. (1844–1850) Histoire naturelle des Isles Canaries 3 (2). Phytographia canariensis, sectio 3. Paris, Béthune etc., 479 pp., tab. 137–252.
Wendelbo, P. (1971) Alliaceae. In: Rechinger, K.H. (ed.) Flora Iranica. No. 76. Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt, Graz, 100 pp.