Abstract
Allium parhamii is described and illustrated as a new species from the Kopet Dagh mountain range, North Khorassan province in Iran. Based on morphological features, the new species belongs to A. sect. Asteroprason. It differs from the closely related species A. monophyllum in several floral and leaf characters as well as the micromorphological characters of seed coat and karyotype. The new species is illustrated and Red-Listed as critically endangered and notes on habitats and distribution are provided.
References
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<p>Friesen, N., Fritsch, R.M. & Blattner, F.R. (2006) Phylogeny and new intrageneric classification of <em>Allium</em> (Alliaceae) based on nuclear ribosomal DNA ITS sequences. <em>Aliso</em> 22: 372–395. https://doi.org/10.5642/aliso.20062201.31</p>
<p>Fritsch, R.M. (2012) Illustrated key to the sections and subsections and brief general circumscription of <em>Allium</em> subg. <em>Melanocrommyum</em>. <em>Phyton (Horn)</em> 52: 1–37.</p>
<p>Fritsch, R.M. (2018) <em>Allium monophyllum</em> (Amaryllidaceae) is a diploid species. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 333: 298–300. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.333.2.16</p>
<p>Fritsch, R.M. & Astanova, S.B. (1998) Uniform karyotypes in different sections of <em>Allium</em> L. subg. <em>Melanocrommyum</em> (Webb & Berth.) Rouy from Central Asia. <em>Feddes Repertorium</em> 109: 539–549. https://doi.org/10.1002/fedr.19981090710</p>
<p>Fritsch, R.M., Blattner, F.R. & Gurushidze, M. (2010) New classification of <em>Allium</em> L. subg. <em>Melanocrommyum </em>(Webb. & Berthel.) Rouy (Alliaceae) based on molecular and morphological characters. <em>Phyton (Horn, Austria)</em> 49: 145–220.</p>
<p>Fritsch, R.M. & Abbasi, M. (2013) A taxonomic review of <em>Allium</em> subg. <em>Melanocrommyum</em> in Iran. Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung, 240 pp.</p>
<p>Genç, I., Özhatay, N. & Cevri, M. (2013) A karyomorphological study of the genus <em>Allium</em> (sect. <em>Melanocrommyum</em>) from Turkey. <em>Caryologia</em> 66: 31–40. https://doi.org/10.1080/00087114.2013.780439</p>
<p>Govaerts, R., Kington, S., Friesen, N., Fritsch, R.M., Snijman, D.A., Marcucci, R., Silverstone-Sopkin, P.A. & Brullo, S. (2021) World checklist of Amaryllidaceae. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Available at: https://wcsp.science.kew.org/incfamilies.do (accessed 4 September 2021).</p>
<p>Gurushidze, M., Fritsch, R.M. & Blattner, F.R. (2010) Species-level phylogeny of <em>Allium</em> subgenus <em>Melanocrommyum</em>: Incomplete lineage sorting, hybridization and <em>trn</em>F gene duplication. <em>Taxon</em> 59: 829–840. https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.593012</p>
<p>Hooker, J.D. (1903) <em>Allium ellisii</em>, native of Khorassan. <em>Curtis’s Botanical Magazine</em> 129: t7875.</p>
<p>IUCN (2019) Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 14. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Subcommittee. Available at: http://www.iucnredlist.org/ documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf (accessed 25 July 2021).</p>
<p>Kutarekar, D.R. & Wanjari, K.B. (1983) Karyomorphological studies in some of the varieties of Bengal Gram (<em>Cicer arietinum</em> L.). <em>Cytologia</em> 48: 699–705. https://doi.org/10.1508/cytologia.48.699</p>
<p>Levan, A., Fredga, K. & Sandberg, A.A. (1964) Nomenclature for centromeric position on chromosomes. <em>Hereditas</em> 52: 201–220. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5223.1964.tb01953.x</p>
<p>Linnaeus, C. (1753) <em>Species Plantarum</em>, Vol. 1. Laurentius Salvius, Stockholm.</p>
<p>Matin, F. (1992) The genus <em>Allium</em> in Iran, diversity, distribution and endemism. <em>In</em>: Hanelt, P., Hammer, K. & Knüpffer, H. (eds.) <em>The genus Allium - Taxonomic Problems and Genetic Resources</em>. (Proc. Int. Symp. Gatersleben, June 11–13, 1991). IPK, Gatersleben, pp. 193–194.</p>
<p>Memariani, F. (2020) The Khorassan-Kopet Dagh Mountains. <em>In:</em> Noroozi, J. (Ed.) <em>Plant Biogeography and Vegetation of High Mountains of Central and South-West Asia</em>. Springer Nature Switzerland AG, Cham, pp. 93–116. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45212-4_3</p>
<p>Memariani, F., Joharchi, M.R. & Khassanov, F.O. (2007) <em>Allium</em> L. subg. <em>Rhizirideum</em> <em>sensu lato</em> in Iran, two new records and a synopsis of taxonomy and phytogeography. <em>Iranian Journal of Botany</em> 13: 12–20.</p>
<p>Memariani, F., Joharchi, M.R. & Arjmandi, A.A. (2012) <em>Allium aladaghense</em> (Amaryllidaceae, Allieae), a new species of section <em>Asteroprason</em> from northeast of Iran. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 56: 28–34. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.56.1.7</p>
<p>Memariani, F., Zarrinpour, V. & Akhani, H. (2016a) A review of plant diversity, vegetation, and phytogeography of the Khorassan-Kopet Dagh floristic province in the Irano-Turanian region (northeastern Iran– southern Turkmenistan). <em>Phytotaxa</em> 249: 8–30. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.249.1.4</p>
<p>Memariani, F., Akhani, H. & Joharchi, M.R. (2016b) Endemic plants of the Khorassan-Kopet Dagh floristic province in Irano-Turanian region: diversity, distribution patterns and conservation status. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 249: 31–117. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.249.1.5</p>
<p>Neshati, F. & Fritsch, R.M. (2009) Seed characters and testa sculpture of some Iranian <em>Allium </em>L. species (Alliaceae). <em>Feddes Repertorium</em> 120: 322–332. https://doi.org/10.1002/fedr.200911112</p>
<p>Pastor, J.E., Diuosdado, J.C. & Cabezudo, B. (1995) A karyological study of <em>Allium rouyi</em> Gautier (Liliaceae), a recently rediscovered endemic species from the south of Spain. <em>Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</em> 117: 255–258. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1995.tb00455.x</p>
<p>Peruzzi, L. & Eroğlu, H. (2013) Karyotype asymmetry: again, how to measure and what to measure? <em>Comparative Cytogenetics</em> 7: 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3897/compcytogen.v7i1.4431</p>
<p>Peruzzi, L., Carta, A. & Altinordu, F. (2017) Chromosome diversity and evolution in <em>Allium</em> (Allioideae, Amaryllidaceae). <em>Plant Biosystems</em> 151: 212–220. https://doi.org/10.1080/11263504.2016.1149123</p>
<p>Romero Zarco, C. (1986) A new method for estimating karyotype asymmetry. <em>Taxon</em> 35: 526–530. https://doi.org/10.2307/1221906</p>
<p>Rouy, G. (1910) <em>Flore de France; ou, Description des Plantes qui Croissent Spontanément en France, en Corse et en Alsace-Lorraine</em>. Vol. XII. Paris.</p>
<p>Stebbins, G.L. (1971) <em>Chromosomal Evolution in Higher Plants</em>. Edward Arnold, London.</p>
<p>Thiers, B. (2022) <em>Index Herbariorum, A global directory of public herbaria and associated staff</em>. New York Botanical Garden’s Virtual Herbarium. Available from: http://sweetgum.nybg.org/ih/ (accessed 5 February 2022)</p>
<p>Trautvetter, E.R. von (1884) Incrementa florae phanerogamae rossicae, fascic. IV. <em>Trudy Imperatorskago S. –Peterburgskago Botanicheskago Sada</em> 9: 221–642.</p>
<p>Tscholokaschvili, N.B. (1975) Ad cognitionem systematis generis <em>Allium</em>.<em> Zametki po Sistematike i Geografii Rastenii</em> <em>(Tbilisi) </em>31: 36–54.</p>
<p>Vvedensky, A.I. (1934) Descriptiones Alliorum novorum.<em> Byulleten’ Sredne-Aziatskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta</em> 19: 119–130.</p>
<p>Vvedensky, A.I. (1935) <em>Allium</em> L. <em>In:</em> Komarov, V.L. (Ed.) <em>Flora of the U.S.S.R.</em>, vol. IV. Izdatel‘stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR, Leningrad, pp. 87–280.</p>
<p>Watanabe, K., Yahara, T., Dendam, T. & Kosuge, K. (1999) Chromosomal evolution in the genus <em>Brachyscome</em> (Asteraceae, Astereae): statistical tests regarding correlation between changes in karyotype and habit using phylogenetic information. <em>Journal of Plant Research</em> 112: 145–161. https://doi.org/10.1007/PL00013869</p>
<p>Webb, P.B. & Berthelot, S. (1844–1850) <em>Histoire naturelle des Isles Canaries</em> 3 (2). Phytographia canariensis, sectio 3. Paris, Béthune etc., 479 pp., tab. 137–252.</p>
<p>Wendelbo, P. (1971) Alliaceae. <em>In</em>: Rechinger, K.H. (ed.) <em>Flora Iranica. </em>No. 76. Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt, Graz, 100 pp.</p>
<p>Dolatyari, A., Moazzeni, H., Hosseini, S., Blattner, F. & Fritsch, R.M. (2020) <em>Allium schisticola</em>, a new species with peculiar morphological characters and an unexpected phylogenetic position. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 450: 246–256. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.450.3.1</p>
<p>Friesen, N., Fritsch, R.M. & Blattner, F.R. (2006) Phylogeny and new intrageneric classification of <em>Allium</em> (Alliaceae) based on nuclear ribosomal DNA ITS sequences. <em>Aliso</em> 22: 372–395. https://doi.org/10.5642/aliso.20062201.31</p>
<p>Fritsch, R.M. (2012) Illustrated key to the sections and subsections and brief general circumscription of <em>Allium</em> subg. <em>Melanocrommyum</em>. <em>Phyton (Horn)</em> 52: 1–37.</p>
<p>Fritsch, R.M. (2018) <em>Allium monophyllum</em> (Amaryllidaceae) is a diploid species. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 333: 298–300. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.333.2.16</p>
<p>Fritsch, R.M. & Astanova, S.B. (1998) Uniform karyotypes in different sections of <em>Allium</em> L. subg. <em>Melanocrommyum</em> (Webb & Berth.) Rouy from Central Asia. <em>Feddes Repertorium</em> 109: 539–549. https://doi.org/10.1002/fedr.19981090710</p>
<p>Fritsch, R.M., Blattner, F.R. & Gurushidze, M. (2010) New classification of <em>Allium</em> L. subg. <em>Melanocrommyum </em>(Webb. & Berthel.) Rouy (Alliaceae) based on molecular and morphological characters. <em>Phyton (Horn, Austria)</em> 49: 145–220.</p>
<p>Fritsch, R.M. & Abbasi, M. (2013) A taxonomic review of <em>Allium</em> subg. <em>Melanocrommyum</em> in Iran. Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung, 240 pp.</p>
<p>Genç, I., Özhatay, N. & Cevri, M. (2013) A karyomorphological study of the genus <em>Allium</em> (sect. <em>Melanocrommyum</em>) from Turkey. <em>Caryologia</em> 66: 31–40. https://doi.org/10.1080/00087114.2013.780439</p>
<p>Govaerts, R., Kington, S., Friesen, N., Fritsch, R.M., Snijman, D.A., Marcucci, R., Silverstone-Sopkin, P.A. & Brullo, S. (2021) World checklist of Amaryllidaceae. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Available at: https://wcsp.science.kew.org/incfamilies.do (accessed 4 September 2021).</p>
<p>Gurushidze, M., Fritsch, R.M. & Blattner, F.R. (2010) Species-level phylogeny of <em>Allium</em> subgenus <em>Melanocrommyum</em>: Incomplete lineage sorting, hybridization and <em>trn</em>F gene duplication. <em>Taxon</em> 59: 829–840. https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.593012</p>
<p>Hooker, J.D. (1903) <em>Allium ellisii</em>, native of Khorassan. <em>Curtis’s Botanical Magazine</em> 129: t7875.</p>
<p>IUCN (2019) Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 14. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Subcommittee. Available at: http://www.iucnredlist.org/ documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf (accessed 25 July 2021).</p>
<p>Kutarekar, D.R. & Wanjari, K.B. (1983) Karyomorphological studies in some of the varieties of Bengal Gram (<em>Cicer arietinum</em> L.). <em>Cytologia</em> 48: 699–705. https://doi.org/10.1508/cytologia.48.699</p>
<p>Levan, A., Fredga, K. & Sandberg, A.A. (1964) Nomenclature for centromeric position on chromosomes. <em>Hereditas</em> 52: 201–220. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5223.1964.tb01953.x</p>
<p>Linnaeus, C. (1753) <em>Species Plantarum</em>, Vol. 1. Laurentius Salvius, Stockholm.</p>
<p>Matin, F. (1992) The genus <em>Allium</em> in Iran, diversity, distribution and endemism. <em>In</em>: Hanelt, P., Hammer, K. & Knüpffer, H. (eds.) <em>The genus Allium - Taxonomic Problems and Genetic Resources</em>. (Proc. Int. Symp. Gatersleben, June 11–13, 1991). IPK, Gatersleben, pp. 193–194.</p>
<p>Memariani, F. (2020) The Khorassan-Kopet Dagh Mountains. <em>In:</em> Noroozi, J. (Ed.) <em>Plant Biogeography and Vegetation of High Mountains of Central and South-West Asia</em>. Springer Nature Switzerland AG, Cham, pp. 93–116. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45212-4_3</p>
<p>Memariani, F., Joharchi, M.R. & Khassanov, F.O. (2007) <em>Allium</em> L. subg. <em>Rhizirideum</em> <em>sensu lato</em> in Iran, two new records and a synopsis of taxonomy and phytogeography. <em>Iranian Journal of Botany</em> 13: 12–20.</p>
<p>Memariani, F., Joharchi, M.R. & Arjmandi, A.A. (2012) <em>Allium aladaghense</em> (Amaryllidaceae, Allieae), a new species of section <em>Asteroprason</em> from northeast of Iran. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 56: 28–34. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.56.1.7</p>
<p>Memariani, F., Zarrinpour, V. & Akhani, H. (2016a) A review of plant diversity, vegetation, and phytogeography of the Khorassan-Kopet Dagh floristic province in the Irano-Turanian region (northeastern Iran– southern Turkmenistan). <em>Phytotaxa</em> 249: 8–30. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.249.1.4</p>
<p>Memariani, F., Akhani, H. & Joharchi, M.R. (2016b) Endemic plants of the Khorassan-Kopet Dagh floristic province in Irano-Turanian region: diversity, distribution patterns and conservation status. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 249: 31–117. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.249.1.5</p>
<p>Neshati, F. & Fritsch, R.M. (2009) Seed characters and testa sculpture of some Iranian <em>Allium </em>L. species (Alliaceae). <em>Feddes Repertorium</em> 120: 322–332. https://doi.org/10.1002/fedr.200911112</p>
<p>Pastor, J.E., Diuosdado, J.C. & Cabezudo, B. (1995) A karyological study of <em>Allium rouyi</em> Gautier (Liliaceae), a recently rediscovered endemic species from the south of Spain. <em>Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</em> 117: 255–258. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1995.tb00455.x</p>
<p>Peruzzi, L. & Eroğlu, H. (2013) Karyotype asymmetry: again, how to measure and what to measure? <em>Comparative Cytogenetics</em> 7: 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3897/compcytogen.v7i1.4431</p>
<p>Peruzzi, L., Carta, A. & Altinordu, F. (2017) Chromosome diversity and evolution in <em>Allium</em> (Allioideae, Amaryllidaceae). <em>Plant Biosystems</em> 151: 212–220. https://doi.org/10.1080/11263504.2016.1149123</p>
<p>Romero Zarco, C. (1986) A new method for estimating karyotype asymmetry. <em>Taxon</em> 35: 526–530. https://doi.org/10.2307/1221906</p>
<p>Rouy, G. (1910) <em>Flore de France; ou, Description des Plantes qui Croissent Spontanément en France, en Corse et en Alsace-Lorraine</em>. Vol. XII. Paris.</p>
<p>Stebbins, G.L. (1971) <em>Chromosomal Evolution in Higher Plants</em>. Edward Arnold, London.</p>
<p>Thiers, B. (2022) <em>Index Herbariorum, A global directory of public herbaria and associated staff</em>. New York Botanical Garden’s Virtual Herbarium. Available from: http://sweetgum.nybg.org/ih/ (accessed 5 February 2022)</p>
<p>Trautvetter, E.R. von (1884) Incrementa florae phanerogamae rossicae, fascic. IV. <em>Trudy Imperatorskago S. –Peterburgskago Botanicheskago Sada</em> 9: 221–642.</p>
<p>Tscholokaschvili, N.B. (1975) Ad cognitionem systematis generis <em>Allium</em>.<em> Zametki po Sistematike i Geografii Rastenii</em> <em>(Tbilisi) </em>31: 36–54.</p>
<p>Vvedensky, A.I. (1934) Descriptiones Alliorum novorum.<em> Byulleten’ Sredne-Aziatskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta</em> 19: 119–130.</p>
<p>Vvedensky, A.I. (1935) <em>Allium</em> L. <em>In:</em> Komarov, V.L. (Ed.) <em>Flora of the U.S.S.R.</em>, vol. IV. Izdatel‘stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR, Leningrad, pp. 87–280.</p>
<p>Watanabe, K., Yahara, T., Dendam, T. & Kosuge, K. (1999) Chromosomal evolution in the genus <em>Brachyscome</em> (Asteraceae, Astereae): statistical tests regarding correlation between changes in karyotype and habit using phylogenetic information. <em>Journal of Plant Research</em> 112: 145–161. https://doi.org/10.1007/PL00013869</p>
<p>Webb, P.B. & Berthelot, S. (1844–1850) <em>Histoire naturelle des Isles Canaries</em> 3 (2). Phytographia canariensis, sectio 3. Paris, Béthune etc., 479 pp., tab. 137–252.</p>
<p>Wendelbo, P. (1971) Alliaceae. <em>In</em>: Rechinger, K.H. (ed.) <em>Flora Iranica. </em>No. 76. Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt, Graz, 100 pp.</p>