Abstract
On the basis of expansive molecular phylogenetic analyses of the genus Miliusa (Annonaceae) utilising up to seven plastid DNA regions, four major clades are identified: clades A, B, C and D. Members of clade C possess axillary inflorescences and crescent-shaped to semicircular glandular structures at the base or (slightly) higher inside the inner petals. In this clade, accessions of M. mollis are recovered as a monophyletic group, divided into two major clades. One of them is recognised as a new species, M. microphylla, which differs from the other (M. mollis) in the following characters: pedicel length, as well as glandular structures and indumentum on the inner petals. The new species is endemic to southeastern Thailand, whereas M. mollis has a much wider distribution (central, eastern, northeastern, northern and peninsular Thailand plus Cambodia and Vietnam). In addition, M. glandulifera, a new record for Thailand, is retrieved as the sister group of a clade composed of M. microphylla and M. mollis. The name M. glandulifera is lectotypified and the description of M. glandulifera is emended, with the information on mature monocarps added. The conservation status of M. microphylla and M. glandulifera is provisionally assessed. A revised key to the species in clade C in Thailand is provided. The phylogenetic position of M. nakhonsiana and M. sessilis in clade C, as well as of M. chantaburiana and M. eupoda in clade B is confirmed for the first time.
References
Akaike, H. (1974) A new look at the statistical model identification. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control 19: 716–723. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1694-0_16
Bangkomnate, R., Damthongdee, A., Baka, A., Aongyong, K. & Chaowasku, T. (2021) Pyramidanthe and Mitrella (Annonaceae, Uvarieae) unified: molecular phylogenetic and morphological congruence, with new combinations in Pyramidanthe. Willdenowia 51: 383–394. https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.51.51306
Chaowasku, T. (2013) Miliusa codonantha (Annonaceae), a new species from the Indian eastern Himalaya, with a new combination, M. dioeca. Willdenowia 43: 101–105. https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.43.43111
Chaowasku, T. (2014) Miliusa pumila (Annonaceae), a new species from S Thailand. Willdenowia 44: 407–413. https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.44.44311
Chaowasku, T. (2020) Toward a phylogenetic reclassification of the subfamily Ambavioideae (Annonaceae): establishment of a new subfamily and a new tribe. Acta Botanica Brasilica 34: 522–529. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-33062020abb0051
Chaowasku, T., Aongyong, K., Damthongdee, A., Jongsook, H. & Johnson, D.M. (2020) Generic status of Winitia (Annonaceae, Miliuseae) reaffirmed by molecular phylogenetic analysis, including a new species and a new combination from Thailand. European Journal of Taxonomy 659: 1–23. https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.659
Chaowasku, T., Damthongdee, A., Jongsook, H., Ngo, D.T., Le, H.T., Tran, D.M. & Suddee, S. (2018a) Enlarging the monotypic Monocarpieae (Annonaceae, Malmeoideae): recognition of a second genus from Vietnam informed by morphology and molecular phylogenetics. Candollea 73: 261–275. https://doi.org/10.15553/c2018v732a11
Chaowasku, T., Damthongdee, A., Jongsook, H., Nuraliev, M.S., Ngo, D.T., Le, H.T., Lithanatudom, P., Osathanunkul, M., Deroin, T., Xue, B. & Wipasa, J. (2018b) Genus Huberantha (Annonaceae) revisited: erection of Polyalthiopsis, a new genus for H. floribunda, with a new combination H. luensis. Annales Botanici Fennici 55: 121–136. https://doi.org/10.5735/085.055.0114
Chaowasku, T. & Kessler, P.J.A. (2006) Miliusa lanceolata (Annonaceae), a new species from Papua New Guinea. Blumea 51: 553–557. https://doi.org/10.3767/000651906X622102
Chaowasku, T. & Kessler, P.J.A. (2013) Seven new species of Miliusa (Annonaceae) from Thailand. Nordic Journal of Botany 31: 680–699. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-1051.2012.01785.x
Chaowasku, T. & Kessler, P.J.A. (2014) Miliusa cambodgensis sp. nov. (Annonaceae) from Cambodia and M. astiana, M. ninhbinhensis spp. nov. from Vietnam. Nordic Journal of Botany 32: 298–307. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-1051.2013.00219.x
Chaowasku, T., Kessler, P.J.A. & Chatrou, L.W. (2013) Phylogeny of Miliusa (Magnoliales: Annonaceae: Malmeoideae: Miliuseae), with descriptions of two new species from Malesia. European Journal of Taxonomy 54: 1–21. https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2013.54
Chaowasku, T., Thomas, D.C., van der Ham, R.W.J.M., Smets, E.F., Mols, J.B. & Chatrou, L.W. (2014) A plastid DNA phylogeny of tribe Miliuseae: insights into relationships and character evolution in one of the most recalcitrant major clades of Annonaceae. American Journal of Botany 101: 691–709. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1300403
Chatrou, L.W., Pirie, M.D., Erkens, R.H.J., Couvreur, T.L.P., Neubig, K.M., Abbott, J.R., Mols, J.B., Maas, J.W., Saunders, R.M.K. & Chase, M.W. (2012) A new subfamilial and tribal classification of the pantropical flowering plant family Annonaceae informed by molecular phylogenetics. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 169: 5–40. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2012.01235.x
Chatrou, L.W., Turner, I.M., Klitgaard, B.B., Maas, P.J.M. & Utteridge, T.M.A. (2018) A linear sequence to facilitate curation of herbarium specimens of Annonaceae. Kew Bulletin 73: art. 39. [10 pp.] https://doi.org/10.1007/s12225-018-9764-3
Chernomor, O., von Haeseler, A. & Minh, B.Q. (2016) Terrace aware data structure for phylogenomic inference from supermatrices. Systematic Biology 65: 997–1008. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syw037
Couvreur, T.L.P., Helmstetter, A.J., Koenen, E.J.M., Bethune, K., Brandão, R.D., Little, S.A., Sauquet, H. & Erkens, R.H.J. (2019) Phylogenomics of the major tropical plant family Annonaceae using targeted enrichment of nuclear genes. Frontiers in Plant Science 9-art. 1941: 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.01941
Craib, W.G. (1912) Contributions to the flora of Siam. Additamenta. Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information, Kew 1912: 144–155. https://doi.org/10.2307/4104569
Damthongdee, A., Aongyong, K. & Chaowasku, T. (2021) Orophea sichaikhanii (Annonaceae), a new species from southern Thailand, with a key to the species of Orophea in Thailand and notes on some species. Plant Ecology and Evolution 154: 307–315. https://doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.2021.1780
Damthongdee, A. & Chaowasku, T. (2018) Miliusa chantaburiana (Annonaceae), a new species from SE Thailand. Willdenowia 48: 293–301. https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.48.48208
De Candolle, A.L.P.P. (1832) Mémoire sur la famille des Anonacées, et en particulier sur les espèces du pays des Birmans. Memoires de la Société de Physique et d’Histoire Naturelle de Genève 5: 177–221.
Edgar, R.C. (2004) MUSCLE: multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput. Nucleic Acids Research 32: 1792–1797. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkh340
Felsenstein, J. (1985) Confidence limits on phylogenies: an approach using the bootstrap. Evolution 39: 783–791. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1985.tb00420.x
Finet, A. & Gagnepain, F. (1906) Contributions à l’étude de la flore de l’Asie orientale [Anonacées]. Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 53 (Mémoires 4): 55–170. https://doi.org/10.1080/00378941.1905.10833364
Finet, A. & Gagnepain, F. (1907) Additions à la flore de l’Asie orientale. Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 54: 82–90. https://doi.org/10.1080/00378941.1907.10831230
Fischer, C.E.C. (1926) Contributions to the flora of Burma. Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information, Kew 1926: 446–468. https://doi.org/10.2307/4114288
Goloboff, P.A. & Catalano, S.A. (2016) TNT version 1.5, including a full implementation of phylogenetic morphometrics. Cladistics 32: 221–238. https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12160
Goloboff, P.A., Farris, J.S., Källersjö, M., Oxelman, B., Ramírez, M.J. & Szumik, C.A. (2003) Improvements to resampling measures of group support. Cladistics 19: 324–332. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.2003.tb00376.x
Hewson, H.J. (1988) Plant indumentum. A handbook of terminology. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, 27 pp.
IUCN Standards and Petitions Committee. (2019) Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 14. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Committee. Available from: http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf (accessed 14 November 2021)
Kumar, S., Stecher, G. & Tamura, K. (2016) MEGA7: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 7.0 for bigger datasets. Molecular Biology and Evolution 33: 1870–1874. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msw054
Marshall, D.C. (2010) Cryptic failure of partitioned Bayesian phylogenetic analyses: lost in the land of long trees. Systematic Biology 59: 108–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syp080
Miller, M.A., Pfeiffer, W. & Schwartz, T. (2010) Creating the CIPRES Science Gateway for inference of large phylogenetic trees. In: Proceedings of the Gateway Computing Environments Workshop (GCE). IEEE, Piscataway, pp. 45–52. https://doi.org/10.1109/GCE.2010.5676129
Minh, B.Q., Schmidt, H.A., Chernomor, O., Schrempf, D., Woodhams, M.D., von Haeseler, A. & Lanfear, R. (2020) IQ-TREE 2: new models and efficient methods for phylogenetic inference in the genomic era. Molecular Biology and Evolution 37: 1530–1534. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msaa015
Miquel, F.A.W. (1861) Flora van Nederlandsch Indië, Eerste Bijvoegsel, part 3. Van der Post, Amsterdam, pp. 337–656. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.93
Mols, J.B. & Kessler, P.J.A. (2003) The genus Miliusa (Annonaceae) in the Austro-Malesian area. Blumea 48: 421–462. https://doi.org/10.3767/000651903X489384
Narayanan, M.K.R., Sujanapal, P., Kumar, N.A., Sasidharan, N. & Sivadasan, M. (2010) Miliusa wayanadica (Annonaceae), a new species from Western Ghats, India. Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 4: 63–67.
Page, N.V. & Nerlekar, A.N. (2016) A new species of Miliusa (Annonaceae) from the Western Ghats of Karnataka, India. Phytotaxa 245: 79–83. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.245.1.10
Photikwan, E., Damthongdee, A., Jongsook, H. & Chaowasku, T. (2021) Artabotrys angustipetalus (Annonaceae), a new species from Thailand, including a plastid phylogeny and character evolutionary analyses of thorn occurrence in Artabotrys. Willdenowia 51: 69–82. https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.51.51106
Pierre, L. (1881) Flore forestière de la Cochinchine, fasc. 3. Doin, Paris, pl. 33–48. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.61558
Pirie, M.D., Chatrou, L.W., Mols, J.B., Erkens, R.H.J. & Oosterhof, J. (2006) ‘Andean-centred’ genera in the short-branch clade of Annonaceae: testing biogeographical hypotheses using phylogeny reconstruction and molecular dating. Journal of Biogeography 33: 31–46. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2005.01388.x
Posada, D. & Crandall, K.A. (1998) Modeltest: testing the model of DNA substitution. Bioinformatics 14: 817–818. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/14.9.817
Rambaut, A., Suchard, M. & Drummond, A. (2013) Tracer, version 1.6. Available from: http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/tracer (accessed 18 May 2017)
Ridley, H.N. (1910) New or rare Malayan plants. Series V. Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 54: 1–61.
Ronquist, F., Teslenko, M., van der Mark, P., Ayres, D.L., Darling, A., Höhna, S., Larget, B., Liu, L., Suchard, M.A. & Huelsenbeck, J.P. (2012) MrBayes 3.2: efficient Bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space. Systematic Biology 61: 539–542. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/sys029
Roxburgh, W. (1832) Flora Indica, vol. 2, Thacker & Co., Calcutta, 691 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.590
Sawasdee, K., Chaowasku, T. & Likhitwitayawuid, K. (2010) New neolignans and a phenylpropanoid glycoside from twigs of Miliusa mollis. Molecules 15: 639–648. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15020639
Sawasdee, K., Chaowasku, T., Lipipun, V., Dufat, T.H., Michel, S. & Likhitwitayawuid, K. (2013) Neolignans from leaves of Miliusa mollis. Fitoterapia 85: 49–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2012.12.028
Simmons, M.P. (2004) Independence of alignment and tree search. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 31: 874–879. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2003.10.008
Simmons, M.P. & Ochoterena, H. (2000) Gaps as characters in sequence-based phylogenetic analyses. Systematic Biology 49: 369–381. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/49.2.369
Staden, R., Beal, K.F. & Bonfield, J.K. (2000) The Staden package, 1998. In: Misener, S. & Krawetz, S.A. (Eds.) Bioinformatics methods and protocols. Methods in Molecular Biology™. Humana Press, Totowa, pp. 115–130. https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-192-2:115
Tavaré, S. (1986) Some probabilistic and statistical problems in the analysis of DNA sequences. Lectures on Mathematics in the Life Sciences 17: 57–86.
Turner, I.M. (2015) Notes on Asian taxa described in Guatteria (Annonaceae). Webbia 70: 113–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00837792.2015.1012824
Turner, I.M. (2018) Annonaceae of the Asia-Pacific region: names, types and distributions. Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 70: 409–744. https://doi.org/10.26492/gbs70(2).2018-11
Wiens, J.J. (1998) Combining data sets with different phylogenetic histories. Systematic Biology 47: 568–581. https://doi.org/10.1080/106351598260581
Yang, Z. & Rannala, B. (1997) Bayesian phylogenetic inference using DNA sequences: a Markov Chain Monte Carlo method. Molecular Biology and Evolution 14: 717–724. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025811
Bangkomnate, R., Damthongdee, A., Baka, A., Aongyong, K. & Chaowasku, T. (2021) Pyramidanthe and Mitrella (Annonaceae, Uvarieae) unified: molecular phylogenetic and morphological congruence, with new combinations in Pyramidanthe. Willdenowia 51: 383–394. https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.51.51306
Chaowasku, T. (2013) Miliusa codonantha (Annonaceae), a new species from the Indian eastern Himalaya, with a new combination, M. dioeca. Willdenowia 43: 101–105. https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.43.43111
Chaowasku, T. (2014) Miliusa pumila (Annonaceae), a new species from S Thailand. Willdenowia 44: 407–413. https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.44.44311
Chaowasku, T. (2020) Toward a phylogenetic reclassification of the subfamily Ambavioideae (Annonaceae): establishment of a new subfamily and a new tribe. Acta Botanica Brasilica 34: 522–529. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-33062020abb0051
Chaowasku, T., Aongyong, K., Damthongdee, A., Jongsook, H. & Johnson, D.M. (2020) Generic status of Winitia (Annonaceae, Miliuseae) reaffirmed by molecular phylogenetic analysis, including a new species and a new combination from Thailand. European Journal of Taxonomy 659: 1–23. https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.659
Chaowasku, T., Damthongdee, A., Jongsook, H., Ngo, D.T., Le, H.T., Tran, D.M. & Suddee, S. (2018a) Enlarging the monotypic Monocarpieae (Annonaceae, Malmeoideae): recognition of a second genus from Vietnam informed by morphology and molecular phylogenetics. Candollea 73: 261–275. https://doi.org/10.15553/c2018v732a11
Chaowasku, T., Damthongdee, A., Jongsook, H., Nuraliev, M.S., Ngo, D.T., Le, H.T., Lithanatudom, P., Osathanunkul, M., Deroin, T., Xue, B. & Wipasa, J. (2018b) Genus Huberantha (Annonaceae) revisited: erection of Polyalthiopsis, a new genus for H. floribunda, with a new combination H. luensis. Annales Botanici Fennici 55: 121–136. https://doi.org/10.5735/085.055.0114
Chaowasku, T. & Kessler, P.J.A. (2006) Miliusa lanceolata (Annonaceae), a new species from Papua New Guinea. Blumea 51: 553–557. https://doi.org/10.3767/000651906X622102
Chaowasku, T. & Kessler, P.J.A. (2013) Seven new species of Miliusa (Annonaceae) from Thailand. Nordic Journal of Botany 31: 680–699. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-1051.2012.01785.x
Chaowasku, T. & Kessler, P.J.A. (2014) Miliusa cambodgensis sp. nov. (Annonaceae) from Cambodia and M. astiana, M. ninhbinhensis spp. nov. from Vietnam. Nordic Journal of Botany 32: 298–307. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-1051.2013.00219.x
Chaowasku, T., Kessler, P.J.A. & Chatrou, L.W. (2013) Phylogeny of Miliusa (Magnoliales: Annonaceae: Malmeoideae: Miliuseae), with descriptions of two new species from Malesia. European Journal of Taxonomy 54: 1–21. https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2013.54
Chaowasku, T., Thomas, D.C., van der Ham, R.W.J.M., Smets, E.F., Mols, J.B. & Chatrou, L.W. (2014) A plastid DNA phylogeny of tribe Miliuseae: insights into relationships and character evolution in one of the most recalcitrant major clades of Annonaceae. American Journal of Botany 101: 691–709. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1300403
Chatrou, L.W., Pirie, M.D., Erkens, R.H.J., Couvreur, T.L.P., Neubig, K.M., Abbott, J.R., Mols, J.B., Maas, J.W., Saunders, R.M.K. & Chase, M.W. (2012) A new subfamilial and tribal classification of the pantropical flowering plant family Annonaceae informed by molecular phylogenetics. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 169: 5–40. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2012.01235.x
Chatrou, L.W., Turner, I.M., Klitgaard, B.B., Maas, P.J.M. & Utteridge, T.M.A. (2018) A linear sequence to facilitate curation of herbarium specimens of Annonaceae. Kew Bulletin 73: art. 39. [10 pp.] https://doi.org/10.1007/s12225-018-9764-3
Chernomor, O., von Haeseler, A. & Minh, B.Q. (2016) Terrace aware data structure for phylogenomic inference from supermatrices. Systematic Biology 65: 997–1008. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syw037
Couvreur, T.L.P., Helmstetter, A.J., Koenen, E.J.M., Bethune, K., Brandão, R.D., Little, S.A., Sauquet, H. & Erkens, R.H.J. (2019) Phylogenomics of the major tropical plant family Annonaceae using targeted enrichment of nuclear genes. Frontiers in Plant Science 9-art. 1941: 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.01941
Craib, W.G. (1912) Contributions to the flora of Siam. Additamenta. Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information, Kew 1912: 144–155. https://doi.org/10.2307/4104569
Damthongdee, A., Aongyong, K. & Chaowasku, T. (2021) Orophea sichaikhanii (Annonaceae), a new species from southern Thailand, with a key to the species of Orophea in Thailand and notes on some species. Plant Ecology and Evolution 154: 307–315. https://doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.2021.1780
Damthongdee, A. & Chaowasku, T. (2018) Miliusa chantaburiana (Annonaceae), a new species from SE Thailand. Willdenowia 48: 293–301. https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.48.48208
De Candolle, A.L.P.P. (1832) Mémoire sur la famille des Anonacées, et en particulier sur les espèces du pays des Birmans. Memoires de la Société de Physique et d’Histoire Naturelle de Genève 5: 177–221.
Edgar, R.C. (2004) MUSCLE: multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput. Nucleic Acids Research 32: 1792–1797. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkh340
Felsenstein, J. (1985) Confidence limits on phylogenies: an approach using the bootstrap. Evolution 39: 783–791. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1985.tb00420.x
Finet, A. & Gagnepain, F. (1906) Contributions à l’étude de la flore de l’Asie orientale [Anonacées]. Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 53 (Mémoires 4): 55–170. https://doi.org/10.1080/00378941.1905.10833364
Finet, A. & Gagnepain, F. (1907) Additions à la flore de l’Asie orientale. Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 54: 82–90. https://doi.org/10.1080/00378941.1907.10831230
Fischer, C.E.C. (1926) Contributions to the flora of Burma. Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information, Kew 1926: 446–468. https://doi.org/10.2307/4114288
Goloboff, P.A. & Catalano, S.A. (2016) TNT version 1.5, including a full implementation of phylogenetic morphometrics. Cladistics 32: 221–238. https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12160
Goloboff, P.A., Farris, J.S., Källersjö, M., Oxelman, B., Ramírez, M.J. & Szumik, C.A. (2003) Improvements to resampling measures of group support. Cladistics 19: 324–332. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.2003.tb00376.x
Hewson, H.J. (1988) Plant indumentum. A handbook of terminology. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, 27 pp.
IUCN Standards and Petitions Committee. (2019) Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 14. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Committee. Available from: http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf (accessed 14 November 2021)
Kumar, S., Stecher, G. & Tamura, K. (2016) MEGA7: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 7.0 for bigger datasets. Molecular Biology and Evolution 33: 1870–1874. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msw054
Marshall, D.C. (2010) Cryptic failure of partitioned Bayesian phylogenetic analyses: lost in the land of long trees. Systematic Biology 59: 108–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syp080
Miller, M.A., Pfeiffer, W. & Schwartz, T. (2010) Creating the CIPRES Science Gateway for inference of large phylogenetic trees. In: Proceedings of the Gateway Computing Environments Workshop (GCE). IEEE, Piscataway, pp. 45–52. https://doi.org/10.1109/GCE.2010.5676129
Minh, B.Q., Schmidt, H.A., Chernomor, O., Schrempf, D., Woodhams, M.D., von Haeseler, A. & Lanfear, R. (2020) IQ-TREE 2: new models and efficient methods for phylogenetic inference in the genomic era. Molecular Biology and Evolution 37: 1530–1534. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msaa015
Miquel, F.A.W. (1861) Flora van Nederlandsch Indië, Eerste Bijvoegsel, part 3. Van der Post, Amsterdam, pp. 337–656. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.93
Mols, J.B. & Kessler, P.J.A. (2003) The genus Miliusa (Annonaceae) in the Austro-Malesian area. Blumea 48: 421–462. https://doi.org/10.3767/000651903X489384
Narayanan, M.K.R., Sujanapal, P., Kumar, N.A., Sasidharan, N. & Sivadasan, M. (2010) Miliusa wayanadica (Annonaceae), a new species from Western Ghats, India. Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 4: 63–67.
Page, N.V. & Nerlekar, A.N. (2016) A new species of Miliusa (Annonaceae) from the Western Ghats of Karnataka, India. Phytotaxa 245: 79–83. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.245.1.10
Photikwan, E., Damthongdee, A., Jongsook, H. & Chaowasku, T. (2021) Artabotrys angustipetalus (Annonaceae), a new species from Thailand, including a plastid phylogeny and character evolutionary analyses of thorn occurrence in Artabotrys. Willdenowia 51: 69–82. https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.51.51106
Pierre, L. (1881) Flore forestière de la Cochinchine, fasc. 3. Doin, Paris, pl. 33–48. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.61558
Pirie, M.D., Chatrou, L.W., Mols, J.B., Erkens, R.H.J. & Oosterhof, J. (2006) ‘Andean-centred’ genera in the short-branch clade of Annonaceae: testing biogeographical hypotheses using phylogeny reconstruction and molecular dating. Journal of Biogeography 33: 31–46. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2005.01388.x
Posada, D. & Crandall, K.A. (1998) Modeltest: testing the model of DNA substitution. Bioinformatics 14: 817–818. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/14.9.817
Rambaut, A., Suchard, M. & Drummond, A. (2013) Tracer, version 1.6. Available from: http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/tracer (accessed 18 May 2017)
Ridley, H.N. (1910) New or rare Malayan plants. Series V. Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 54: 1–61.
Ronquist, F., Teslenko, M., van der Mark, P., Ayres, D.L., Darling, A., Höhna, S., Larget, B., Liu, L., Suchard, M.A. & Huelsenbeck, J.P. (2012) MrBayes 3.2: efficient Bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space. Systematic Biology 61: 539–542. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/sys029
Roxburgh, W. (1832) Flora Indica, vol. 2, Thacker & Co., Calcutta, 691 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.590
Sawasdee, K., Chaowasku, T. & Likhitwitayawuid, K. (2010) New neolignans and a phenylpropanoid glycoside from twigs of Miliusa mollis. Molecules 15: 639–648. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15020639
Sawasdee, K., Chaowasku, T., Lipipun, V., Dufat, T.H., Michel, S. & Likhitwitayawuid, K. (2013) Neolignans from leaves of Miliusa mollis. Fitoterapia 85: 49–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2012.12.028
Simmons, M.P. (2004) Independence of alignment and tree search. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 31: 874–879. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2003.10.008
Simmons, M.P. & Ochoterena, H. (2000) Gaps as characters in sequence-based phylogenetic analyses. Systematic Biology 49: 369–381. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/49.2.369
Staden, R., Beal, K.F. & Bonfield, J.K. (2000) The Staden package, 1998. In: Misener, S. & Krawetz, S.A. (Eds.) Bioinformatics methods and protocols. Methods in Molecular Biology™. Humana Press, Totowa, pp. 115–130. https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-192-2:115
Tavaré, S. (1986) Some probabilistic and statistical problems in the analysis of DNA sequences. Lectures on Mathematics in the Life Sciences 17: 57–86.
Turner, I.M. (2015) Notes on Asian taxa described in Guatteria (Annonaceae). Webbia 70: 113–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00837792.2015.1012824
Turner, I.M. (2018) Annonaceae of the Asia-Pacific region: names, types and distributions. Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 70: 409–744. https://doi.org/10.26492/gbs70(2).2018-11
Wiens, J.J. (1998) Combining data sets with different phylogenetic histories. Systematic Biology 47: 568–581. https://doi.org/10.1080/106351598260581
Yang, Z. & Rannala, B. (1997) Bayesian phylogenetic inference using DNA sequences: a Markov Chain Monte Carlo method. Molecular Biology and Evolution 14: 717–724. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025811