Abstract
A new species from the state of Goiás, Brazil, Phyllanthus pterocaulis, is described and illustrated, with comments on its geographic distribution and environmental preferences, phenology, morphological relationships, and systematic position. It is morphologically allied with Phyllanthus avicularis, P. heliotropus, and P. hyssopifolioides, but differs from all of them by a set of characters related to cymules sex, presence and types of trichomes on leaves and stems, leaf consistency, numbers of sepals in flower of both sexes, integrity of stamens, capsules and seeds. Additionally, we provide images of the new species in the field, conservation status, mapped distribution, the anatomical description of its stem and leaves, and a key to differentiate it from the other similar species belonging to Phyllanthus sect. Loxopodium occurring in Brazil. The new species is one of the few in the genus that occurs in shaded environments in seasonal dry forests within the Cerrado biome.
References
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<p>Linnaeus, C. (1753) <em>Species plantarum</em>. Laurentius Salvius, Stockholm, 1200 pp.</p>
<p>Martinov, I. (1820) <em>Phyllanthaceae</em>. <em>In</em>: Tekhbo-Botanicheskii Slovar. Imperatorskaja Rossiskaja Akademia, St. Petersburg (in Russian), 369 pp.</p>
<p>Martins, E.R. & Lima, L.R. (2011) Sinopse do gênero <em>Phyllanthus</em> (Phyllanthaceae) do estado de São Paulo. <em>Hoehnea</em> 38: 123–133. https://doi.org/10.1590/S2236-89062011000100011</p>
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<p>Martins, E.R., Lima, L.R. & Cordeiro, I. (2017) Flora do Espírito Santo: <em>Phyllanthus</em> (Phyllanthaceae). <em>Rodriguésia</em> 68: 1813–1828. https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-7860201768517</p>
<p>Müller Argoviensis, J. (1863) Euphorbiaceae: Vorläufige Mitteilungen aus dem für De Candolle’s Prodromus bestimmten Manuscript über diese Familie. <em>Linnaea</em> 32: 1‒126.</p>
<p>Müller Argoviensis, J. (1873) <em>Phyllanthus</em>. <em>In</em>: Martius, C.F.P. von & Eichler, A.W. (Eds.) <em>Flora brasiliensis</em> vol. 11 (2). Wien & Leipzig, pp. 23–76.</p>
<p>Orlandini, P., Torres, A.M., Mendes, J.C.R. & Silva, M.J. (2020) <em>Phyllanthus</em> in Flora do Brasil 2020. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. Available from: http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/reflora/floradobrasil/FB24160 (accessed 13 July 2021)</p>
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<p>Schumacher, C.F. (1827) <em>Beskrivelse af Guineeiske planter, som ere fundne af Danske botanikere, isaer af etatsraad Thonning</em>. Frid. Popps Bogtrikkerie, Kjöbenhavn, 466 pp.</p>
<p>Silva, M.J. & Sales, M.F. (2004) O gênero <em>Phyllanthus</em> L. (Phyllantheae - Euphorbiaceae Juss.) no bioma Caatinga do estado de Pernambuco – Brasil. <em>Rodriguésia</em> 55: 101–126. https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-78602004558407</p>
<p>Silva, M.J. & Sales, M.F. (2007) <em>Phyllanthus</em> L. (Phyllanthaceae) em Pernambuco, Brasil. <em>Acta Botanica Brasilica </em>21: 79–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-33062007000100008</p>
<p>Silva, M.J & Sales, M.F. (2008) Sinopse do gênero <em>Phyllanthus</em> (Phyllanthaceae) no Nordeste do Brasil. <em>Rodriguésia</em> 59: 407–422. https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-7860200859214</p>
<p>Silva, M.J. (2009) Two new Brazilian species of <em>Phyllanthus</em> (Phyllanthaceae). <em>Novon</em> 19: 229–233.</p>
<p>Thiers B (2021 [continuously updated]) Index Herbariorum: A global directory of public herbaria and associated staff. New York Botanical Garden’s Virtual Herbarium. Available from: http://sweetgum.nybg.org/ih/ (accessed 12 July 2021)</p>
<p>Theobald, W.L., Krahulik, J.L. & Rollins, R.C. (1979) <em>Trichome description, and classification</em>. <em>In</em>: Metcalfe, C.R. & Chalk, L. (Eds.) <em>Anatomy of the dicotyledons.</em>Vol. 1. Systematic anatomy of the leaf and stem. 2nd. edn. Oxford, Oxford Claredon Press. pp. 40–53.</p>
<p>Torres, D.S.C., Cordeiro, I. & Giulietti, A.M. (2003) O gênero <em>Phyllanthus</em> L. (Euphorbiaceae) na Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brasil. <em>Acta Botanica Brasilica</em> 17: 265–278. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-33062003000200009</p>
<p>Walter, T. (1788) <em>Flora caroliniana. </em>J. Fraser, London, 263 pp.</p>
<p>Webster, G.L. (1955) Studies of the Euphorbiaceae, Phyllanthoideae I. Taxonomic notes on the West Indian species of <em>Phyllanthus</em>. <em>Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University</em> 176: 45–63.</p>
<p>Webster, G.L. (1956) A monographic study of the West Indian species of <em>Phyllanthus.</em> <em>Journal of the Arnold Arboretum</em> 37: 91–359.</p>
<p>Webster, G.L. (1957) A monographic study of the West Indian species of the <em>Phyllanthus</em> L.<em> Journal of the Arnold Arboretum </em>38: 51–375.</p>
<p>Webster, G.L. (1958) A monographic Study of the West Indian species of the <em>Phyllanthus</em> L. <em>Journal of the Arnold Arboretum </em>39: 49–212.</p>
<p>Webster, G.L. (2002a) Three new sections and a new subgenus of <em>Phyllanthus</em> (Euphorbiaceae). <em>Novon</em> 12: 290–298. https://doi.org/10.2307/3392970</p>
<p>Webster, G.L. (2002b) A synopsis of the Brazilian taxa of <em>Phyllanthus</em> section <em>Phyllanthus</em> (Euphorbiaceae). <em>Lundelia</em> 5: 1–26. https://doi.org/10.25224/1097-993X-5.1.1</p>
<p>Bouman, R.W., Keβler, P.J.A., Telford, I.R.H., Bruhl, J.J. & Welzen, P.C. van (2018) Subgeneric delimitation of the plant genus <em>Phyllanthus</em> L. (Phyllanthaceae). <em>Blumea</em> 63: 167–198. https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2018.63.02.14</p>
<p>Bouman, R.W., Keβler, P.J.A., Telford, I.R.H., Bruhl, J.J., Strijk, J.S., Saunders, R.M.K. & Welzen, P.C. van (2021) Molecular phylogenetics of <em>Phyllanthus</em> sensu lato (Phyllanthaceae): Towards coherent monophyletic taxa. <em>Taxon</em> 70: 72–98. https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.12424</p>
<p>Conceição, L.O. & Aoyama, E.M. (2016) Anatomia e histoquímica da lâmina foliar de espécies conhecidas por quebra-pedra (<em>Euphorbia prostrata</em> Aiton, <em>Euphorbia hyssopifolia</em> L., <em>Phyllanthus amarus</em> Schumach. & Thonn e <em>Phyllanthus tenellus</em> Roxb.). <em>Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais</em> 18: 571–581. https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-084x/15_226</p>
<p>Cordeiro, I. & Carneiro-Torres, D.S. (2004) A new species of <em>Phyllanthus</em> (Phyllanthaceae) from Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brazil. <em>Botanical</em> <em>Journal of the Linnean Society </em>146: 247‒250. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2004.00316.x</p>
<p>Garcia, C.M., Zanetti, D., Zago, A.M., Bittencourt, C.F. & Heinzmann, B.M. (2004) Estudo morfo-anatômico de <em>Phyllanthus niruri</em> L. e <em>Phyllanthus tenellus</em> Roxb. <em>Acta Farmacêutica Bonaerense</em> 23: 67–70.</p>
<p>Govaerts, R.H.A., Frodin, D.G. & Radcliffe-Smith, A. (2000) <em>World checklist and bibliography of Euphorbiaceae</em>, 4 vols. Richmond, U.K.: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.</p>
<p>Grisebach, A.H.R. (1865) Diagnosen neuer Euphorbiaceen aus Cuba. <em>Nachrichten von der Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften und von der Georg-Augusts-Universität</em> 1: 161–181. [http://www.digizeitschriften.de/dms/resolveppn/?PPN=GDZPPN002510227]</p>
<p>Hickey, L. (1973) Classification of the architecture of dicotyledonous leaves. <em>American Journal of Botany </em>60: 17–33. https://doi.org/10.2307/2441319</p>
<p>Howard, R.A. (1979) <em>The petiole</em>. <em>In</em>: Metcalfe, C.R. & Chalk, L. (Eds.) <em>Anatomy of the dicotyledons.</em> Vol. 1. Systematic anatomy of the leaf and stem. 2nd. edn. Oxford, Claredon Press Oxford. pp. 88–96.</p>
<p>IUCN (2017) Guidelines for using the IUCN red list categories and criteria. Version 13. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Subcommittee of the IUCN Species Survival Commission. IUCN, Gland and Cambridge. Available from: http://cmsdocs.s3.amazonaws.com/RedListGuidelines.pdf (accessed 27 June 2021)</p>
<p>Johansen, D.A. (1940) <em>Plant microtechnique</em>. McGraw-Hill Book Company Inc., New York, 523 pp.</p>
<p>JSTOR Global Plants (2021) JSTOR Global Plants. Available from: http://plants.jstor.org/ (accessed 27 April 2021)</p>
<p>Khatoon, S., Rai, V., Rawat, A.K.S. & Mehrotra, S. (2006) Comparative pharmacognostic studies of three <em>Phyllanthus</em> species. <em>Journal of Ethnopharmacology</em> 104: 79–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2005.08.048</p>
<p>Klotzsch, J.F. (1843) <em>Euphorbiaceae</em>. <em>In</em>: Bentham, G. Contributions towards a Flora of South America—Enumeration of plants vollected by Mr. Schomburgk, in British Guiana. <em>London Journal of Botany</em> 2: 42–52.</p>
<p>Kunth, K.S. (1817) <em>Euphorbiaceae</em>. <em>In</em>: Humboldt, F.W.H.A, Bonpland, A.J.A. & Kunth, K.S. (Eds.) Nova Genera et Species Plantarum 2. Librairie Graeco-Latino-Germanicae, Paris, 401 pp.</p>
<p>Linnaeus, C. (1753) <em>Species plantarum</em>. Laurentius Salvius, Stockholm, 1200 pp.</p>
<p>Martinov, I. (1820) <em>Phyllanthaceae</em>. <em>In</em>: Tekhbo-Botanicheskii Slovar. Imperatorskaja Rossiskaja Akademia, St. Petersburg (in Russian), 369 pp.</p>
<p>Martins, E.R. & Lima, L.R. (2011) Sinopse do gênero <em>Phyllanthus</em> (Phyllanthaceae) do estado de São Paulo. <em>Hoehnea</em> 38: 123–133. https://doi.org/10.1590/S2236-89062011000100011</p>
<p>Martins, E.R., Lima, L.R. & Cordeiro, I. (2014) <em>Phyllanthus</em> (Phyllanthaceae) no estado do Rio de Janeiro. <em>Rodriguésia</em> 65: 405–424. https://doi.org/10.1590/S2175-78602014000200007</p>
<p>Martins, E.R., Lima, L.R. & Cordeiro, I. (2017) Flora do Espírito Santo: <em>Phyllanthus</em> (Phyllanthaceae). <em>Rodriguésia</em> 68: 1813–1828. https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-7860201768517</p>
<p>Müller Argoviensis, J. (1863) Euphorbiaceae: Vorläufige Mitteilungen aus dem für De Candolle’s Prodromus bestimmten Manuscript über diese Familie. <em>Linnaea</em> 32: 1‒126.</p>
<p>Müller Argoviensis, J. (1873) <em>Phyllanthus</em>. <em>In</em>: Martius, C.F.P. von & Eichler, A.W. (Eds.) <em>Flora brasiliensis</em> vol. 11 (2). Wien & Leipzig, pp. 23–76.</p>
<p>Orlandini, P., Torres, A.M., Mendes, J.C.R. & Silva, M.J. (2020) <em>Phyllanthus</em> in Flora do Brasil 2020. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. Available from: http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/reflora/floradobrasil/FB24160 (accessed 13 July 2021)</p>
<p>QGIS Development Team (2016) QGIS 2.14.19 Brighton software. Geographic Information System. Open Source Geospatial Foundation Project. Available at: http://doc.qgis.org (accessed 15 June 2021)</p>
<p>Ribeiro, J.F. & Walter, B.M.T. (2008) As principais fitofisionomias do Bioma Cerrado. <em>In</em>: Sano, S.M., Almeida, S.P. & Ribeiro, J.F. (Eds.) <em>Cerrado: ecologia e flora.</em> Embrapa Cerrados, Planaltina, pp. 151–212.</p>
<p>Roxburgh, W. (1832) <em>Flora Indica or, Descriptions of Indian Plants. </em>3 edition, W. Thacker and Co. Calcutta, and Parbury, Allen and Co. London, Serampore, 668 pp.</p>
<p>Schumacher, C.F. (1827) <em>Beskrivelse af Guineeiske planter, som ere fundne af Danske botanikere, isaer af etatsraad Thonning</em>. Frid. Popps Bogtrikkerie, Kjöbenhavn, 466 pp.</p>
<p>Silva, M.J. & Sales, M.F. (2004) O gênero <em>Phyllanthus</em> L. (Phyllantheae - Euphorbiaceae Juss.) no bioma Caatinga do estado de Pernambuco – Brasil. <em>Rodriguésia</em> 55: 101–126. https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-78602004558407</p>
<p>Silva, M.J. & Sales, M.F. (2007) <em>Phyllanthus</em> L. (Phyllanthaceae) em Pernambuco, Brasil. <em>Acta Botanica Brasilica </em>21: 79–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-33062007000100008</p>
<p>Silva, M.J & Sales, M.F. (2008) Sinopse do gênero <em>Phyllanthus</em> (Phyllanthaceae) no Nordeste do Brasil. <em>Rodriguésia</em> 59: 407–422. https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-7860200859214</p>
<p>Silva, M.J. (2009) Two new Brazilian species of <em>Phyllanthus</em> (Phyllanthaceae). <em>Novon</em> 19: 229–233.</p>
<p>Thiers B (2021 [continuously updated]) Index Herbariorum: A global directory of public herbaria and associated staff. New York Botanical Garden’s Virtual Herbarium. Available from: http://sweetgum.nybg.org/ih/ (accessed 12 July 2021)</p>
<p>Theobald, W.L., Krahulik, J.L. & Rollins, R.C. (1979) <em>Trichome description, and classification</em>. <em>In</em>: Metcalfe, C.R. & Chalk, L. (Eds.) <em>Anatomy of the dicotyledons.</em>Vol. 1. Systematic anatomy of the leaf and stem. 2nd. edn. Oxford, Oxford Claredon Press. pp. 40–53.</p>
<p>Torres, D.S.C., Cordeiro, I. & Giulietti, A.M. (2003) O gênero <em>Phyllanthus</em> L. (Euphorbiaceae) na Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brasil. <em>Acta Botanica Brasilica</em> 17: 265–278. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-33062003000200009</p>
<p>Walter, T. (1788) <em>Flora caroliniana. </em>J. Fraser, London, 263 pp.</p>
<p>Webster, G.L. (1955) Studies of the Euphorbiaceae, Phyllanthoideae I. Taxonomic notes on the West Indian species of <em>Phyllanthus</em>. <em>Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University</em> 176: 45–63.</p>
<p>Webster, G.L. (1956) A monographic study of the West Indian species of <em>Phyllanthus.</em> <em>Journal of the Arnold Arboretum</em> 37: 91–359.</p>
<p>Webster, G.L. (1957) A monographic study of the West Indian species of the <em>Phyllanthus</em> L.<em> Journal of the Arnold Arboretum </em>38: 51–375.</p>
<p>Webster, G.L. (1958) A monographic Study of the West Indian species of the <em>Phyllanthus</em> L. <em>Journal of the Arnold Arboretum </em>39: 49–212.</p>
<p>Webster, G.L. (2002a) Three new sections and a new subgenus of <em>Phyllanthus</em> (Euphorbiaceae). <em>Novon</em> 12: 290–298. https://doi.org/10.2307/3392970</p>
<p>Webster, G.L. (2002b) A synopsis of the Brazilian taxa of <em>Phyllanthus</em> section <em>Phyllanthus</em> (Euphorbiaceae). <em>Lundelia</em> 5: 1–26. https://doi.org/10.25224/1097-993X-5.1.1</p>