Abstract
Caperonia (Ditaxinae, Euphorbiaceae) has ca. 34 species distributed in the Americas and Africa, with approximately 26 of them occurring in South America. The species are exclusively of open marshy environments. The new species Caperonia amarumayu and C. maracaibensis, from Bolivia and Venezuela respectively, are hereby described. We also designate a lectotype, and report two new occurrences of C. zaponzeta for Bolivia and Brazil.
References
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<p>Müller, J. (1874) Euphorbiaceae. <em>In:</em> Martius, C.F.P. & Eichler, A.W. (Eds.) <em>Flora Brasiliensis</em> 11 (2). Fleischer, München & Leipzig, pp. 1–1752.</p>
<p>Müller, J. (1880) Reliquiae Rutenbergianae. <em>Abhandlungen herausgegeben vom Naturwissenschaftlichen Verein zu Bremen</em> 7: 1–25.</p>
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<p>Paula, J.E. & Alves, J.L.H. (1978) Contribuição para o conhecimento dos gêneros <em>Caperonia</em> St. Hil., S<em>tigmaphyllon</em> A. Juss. e <em>Vochysia</em> Juss. <em>Rodriguésia</em> 30 (46): 163–171.</p>
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<p>POWO (2019) <em>Plants of the World Online</em>. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Available from: http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/ (accessed 15 October 2020)</p>
<p>Rafinesque, C.S. (1838) <em>Sylva Telluriana. New genera and species of trees and shrubs of North America, and other parts</em>. Printed and edited by the author, Philadelphia, 184 pp.</p>
<p>Radcliffe-Smith, A. (2001) <em>Genera Euphorbiacearum</em>. The Board of Trustees, Royal Botanic Garden Kew, 464 pp.</p>
<p>Rusby, H.H. (1922) Report of Work on the Mulford Biological Exploration of 1921–1922. <em>Journal of New York Botanical Garden </em>23: l0l–112.</p>
<p>Saint-Hilaire, A. (1825) <em>Histoire de plantes les plus remarquables du Breìsil et du Paraguay 14</em>. Belin, Paris, 355 pp.</p>
<p>Turland, N.J., Wiersema, J.H., Barrie, F.R., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D.L., Herendeen, P.S., Knapp, S., Kusber, W.-H., Li, D.-Z., Marhold, K., May, T.W., McNeill, J., Monro, A.M., Prado, J., Price, M.J. & Smith, G.F. (eds.) (2018) <em>International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, Appendix III, Conserved, protected, and rejected names of genera and subdivisions of genera (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017</em>. Regnum Vegetabile 159. Koeltz Botanical Books. Glashütten. https://doi.org/10.12705/Code.2018</p>
<p>Webster, G.L. (1967) A new species of <em>Caperonia</em> (Euphorbiaceae) from Panama. <em>Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden </em>54: 192–193. https://doi.org/10.2307/2395012</p>
<p>Webster, G.L. (2014) Euphorbiaceae. <em>In: </em>Kubitzki, K. (Ed.) <em>The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Flowering plants. Eudicots. Malpighiales 11</em>. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 58–216. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39417-1_10</p>
<p>Anshori, Z.A., Irsyam, A.S.D., Hariri, M.R. & Irwanto, R.R. (2020) The occurrence of <em>Croton bonplandianus</em> in Java and a new record of <em>Caperonia palustris</em> for Malesia Region. <em>Journal of Tropical Biodiversity and Conservation</em> 17: 273–283.</p>
<p>Browne, P. (1756) <em>The civil and natural history of Jamaica </em>1. Containing the Civil State of that Ifland, London, 503 pp.</p>
<p>Croizat, L. (1943) Notes on American Euphorbiaceae, with descriptions of eleven new species. <em>Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences </em>33: 11–20.</p>
<p>Didrichsen, D.F. (1857) Plantas nonnullas musei Universitatis Hauniensis descripsit. <em>Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening i Kjøbenhavn</em> 8–10: 122–151.</p>
<p>Eskuche, U.G. (2002) Dos especies nuevas en el geìnero <em>Caperonia</em> A. St.-Hil. (Euphorbiaceae) para la flora del Paraguay. <em>Candollea</em> 57: 288–292.</p>
<p>Godara, R.K., William, B.J., Webster, E.P., Griffin, J.L. & Geaghan, J.P. (2012) Texasweed (<em>Caperonia palustris</em>) interference in drill-seeded rice. <em>Weed Technol</em>ogy 26: 356–363. https://doi.org/10.1614/WT-D-11-00123.1</p>
<p>Gomez, M. & Jimenez, M. (1894) Memorias de Historia Natural, Contribuciones al estudio de la Glauconita. <em>Anales de la Sociedad EspanÞola de Histoìria Natural</em> 23: 1–316.</p>
<p>Harms, H. (2016) Biography of Ernst Ule (1854–1915). Available from: https://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/einrichtungen/wissenschaftliche-sammlungen/herbarium-hamburgense/publikationen/ule-biography-translation-2016.pdf (accessed 11 September 2021)</p>
<p>Huber, O. & Oliveira-Miranda, M.A. (2010) Ambientes terrestres de Venezuela. <em>In: </em>Rodríguez, J.P., Rojas-Suárez, F. & Hernández, G. (eds.) <em>Libro Rojo de los Ecosistemas Terrestres de Venezuela</em>. Caracas, Venezuela, 471 pp.</p>
<p>IUCN (2013) <em>Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. </em>Version 10. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Subcommittee. Available from: http://intranet.iucn.org/webfiles/doc/SSC/RedList/RedListGuidelines.pdf (accessed 10 October 2020)</p>
<p>Jørgensen, P.M., Nee, M.H. & Beck, S.G. (2014) <em>Catálogo de plantas vasculares de Bolivia</em>. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Missouri, 1744 pp.</p>
<p>Jussieu, A.H.L. (1824) <em>De Euphorbiacearum Generibus Medicisque earumdem viribus tentamen. </em>Didot, Paris, 118 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.51511</p>
<p>Jussieu, A.H.L. (1832) Observations sur quelques plantes du Chili. <em>Annales des Sciences Naturelles Botanique</em> 25: 1–30.</p>
<p>Klotzsch, J.F. (1841) Neue und weniger gekannte Südamerikanische Euphorbiaceen-Gattungen. <em>Archiv für Naturgeschichte</em> 7: 175-209.</p>
<p>Külkamp, J. (2020) <em>Caperonia.</em> <em>In</em>: <em>Lista de Espécies da Flora do Brasil 2020.</em> Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. Available from: http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/reflora/floradobrasil/FB17471 (accessed 17 June 2021)</p>
<p>Linnaeus, C. (1753) <em>Species Plantarum. </em>Laurentius Salvius, Stockholm, 1004 pp.</p>
<p>Mansfeld, R. (1925) Plantae Tessmannianae peruvianae II. <em>Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin, Dahlem</em> 9: 260–268. https://doi.org/10.2307/3994548</p>
<p>Müller, J. (1865) Euphorbiaceae. Vorläufige Mitteilungen aus dem für DeCandolle Prodromus bestimmten Manuscript über diese Familie. <em>Linnaea</em> 34: 1–225.</p>
<p>Müller, J. (1866) Euphorbiaceae excl. Euphorbieae. <em>In:</em> DeCandolle, A.L.P.P. (Ed.) <em>Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis</em> 15 (2). Masson, Paris, pp. 189–1286.</p>
<p>Müller, J. (1874) Euphorbiaceae. <em>In:</em> Martius, C.F.P. & Eichler, A.W. (Eds.) <em>Flora Brasiliensis</em> 11 (2). Fleischer, München & Leipzig, pp. 1–1752.</p>
<p>Müller, J. (1880) Reliquiae Rutenbergianae. <em>Abhandlungen herausgegeben vom Naturwissenschaftlichen Verein zu Bremen</em> 7: 1–25.</p>
<p>Navarro, G. (2011) <em>Clasificación de la vegetación de Bolivia.</em> Centro de Ecología y Difusión Simon I. Patiño, Santa Cruz, 713 pp.</p>
<p>O ìDonell, C.A. & Lourtieig, A. (1942) Chrozophorae Argentinae. <em>Lilloa</em> 8: 37–81.</p>
<p>Paula, J.E. & Alves, J.L.H. (1978) Contribuição para o conhecimento dos gêneros <em>Caperonia</em> St. Hil., S<em>tigmaphyllon</em> A. Juss. e <em>Vochysia</em> Juss. <em>Rodriguésia</em> 30 (46): 163–171.</p>
<p>Pax, F. & Hoffmann, K. (1912) Euphorbiaceae—Acalypheae—Chrozophorinae.<em> In: </em>Engler, A. (Ed.) <em>Das Pflanzenreich</em> IV.147.vi (Heft 57). Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 1–142.</p>
<p>Pott, V.J. & Pott, A. (2000) <em>Plantas Aquáticas do Pantanal</em>. Embrapa Comunicação para Transferência de Tecnologia, Brasília, v.1, 404 pp.</p>
<p>POWO (2019) <em>Plants of the World Online</em>. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Available from: http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/ (accessed 15 October 2020)</p>
<p>Rafinesque, C.S. (1838) <em>Sylva Telluriana. New genera and species of trees and shrubs of North America, and other parts</em>. Printed and edited by the author, Philadelphia, 184 pp.</p>
<p>Radcliffe-Smith, A. (2001) <em>Genera Euphorbiacearum</em>. The Board of Trustees, Royal Botanic Garden Kew, 464 pp.</p>
<p>Rusby, H.H. (1922) Report of Work on the Mulford Biological Exploration of 1921–1922. <em>Journal of New York Botanical Garden </em>23: l0l–112.</p>
<p>Saint-Hilaire, A. (1825) <em>Histoire de plantes les plus remarquables du Breìsil et du Paraguay 14</em>. Belin, Paris, 355 pp.</p>
<p>Turland, N.J., Wiersema, J.H., Barrie, F.R., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D.L., Herendeen, P.S., Knapp, S., Kusber, W.-H., Li, D.-Z., Marhold, K., May, T.W., McNeill, J., Monro, A.M., Prado, J., Price, M.J. & Smith, G.F. (eds.) (2018) <em>International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, Appendix III, Conserved, protected, and rejected names of genera and subdivisions of genera (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017</em>. Regnum Vegetabile 159. Koeltz Botanical Books. Glashütten. https://doi.org/10.12705/Code.2018</p>
<p>Webster, G.L. (1967) A new species of <em>Caperonia</em> (Euphorbiaceae) from Panama. <em>Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden </em>54: 192–193. https://doi.org/10.2307/2395012</p>
<p>Webster, G.L. (2014) Euphorbiaceae. <em>In: </em>Kubitzki, K. (Ed.) <em>The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Flowering plants. Eudicots. Malpighiales 11</em>. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 58–216. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39417-1_10</p>