Abstract
With 193 described species, Chusquea is the most diverse bamboo genus in the Neotropical region. Brazil, with 48 accepted species and 44 of them endemic, is one of its major centers of diversity. Among the Brazilian species, C. anelythra was only superficially characterized in its original publication almost 200 years ago, without a clear definition of its type-material, description of culm leaves, or comments on its geographic distribution or related species. As the absence of such information has greatly complicated the taxonomic delimitation of C. anelythra, the major aim of this paper is to clarify the identity of this species based on fieldwork and herbarium investigation, providing an emended description, illustrations, and photos of this species. We also designate a lectotype for the name C. anelythra, and provide a morphological comparison with two similar members of the C. meyeriana informal group. Geographic distribution and conservation status are also updated for this species.
References
<p>Andrade, R.S. (2019) <em>Florística e taxonomia de Bambusoideae (Poaceae) da Serra da Pedra Lascada, Sul da Bahia, Brasil.</em> MSc. Thesis, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, 113 pp.</p>
<p>Andrade, R.S., Pianissola, E.M., Vidal, K.V.A., Mota, A.C., Clark, L.G. & Oliveira, R.P. (2019) <em>Chusquea parviligulata </em>(Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae): a new species of <em>C. </em>subg. <em>Chusquea </em>endemic to the Atlantic rainforest of Bahia, Brazil. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 405: 27–36. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.405.1.3</p>
<p>Attigala, L., Fuentes, A.F. & Clark, L.G. (2017) <em>Chusquea </em>sect. <em>Tenellae </em>(Bambusoideae, Poaceae), a taxonomic revision of a new section from South America. <em>Phytotaxa </em>324: 239–265. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.324.3.2</p>
<p>Bachman, S., Moat, J., Hill, A.W., de la Torre, J. & Scott, B. (2011) Supporting Red List threat assessments with GeoCAT: geospatial conservation assessment tool. <em>ZooKeys</em> 150: 117–126. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.150.2109</p>
<p>BFG-Brazil Flora Group (2015) Growing knowledge: an overview of Seed Plant diversity in Brazil. <em>Rodriguésia</em> 66: 1085–1113. https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-7860201566411</p>
<p>Calderón, C.E. & Soderstrom, T.R. (1980) The genera of Bambusoideae (Poaceae) of the American Continent: keys and comments. <em>Smithsonian Contributions to Botany</em> 44: 1–27. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.0081024X.44</p>
<p>Clark, L.G. (1989) Systematics of <em>Chusquea</em> section <em>Swallenochloa</em>, section <em>Verticillatae</em>, section <em>Serpentes</em>, and section <em>Longifoliae </em>(Poaceae-Bambusoideae). <em>Systematic Botany Monographs </em>27: 1–127. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25027724</p>
<p>Clark, L.G. (1990) <em>Chusquea </em>sect. <em>Longiprophyllae </em>(Poaceae: Bambusoideae): a new Andean section and new species. <em>Systematic Botany</em> 15: 617–634. https://doi.org/10.2307/2419158</p>
<p>Clark, L.G. (1993) Five new species of <em>Chusquea</em> (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) and a new combination. <em>Novon</em> 3: 228–238. https://doi.org/10.2307/3391459</p>
<p>Clark, L.G. (1997) Diversity, biogeography, and evolution in <em>Chusquea </em>(Poaceae: Bambusoideae). <em>In:</em> Chapman, G. (Ed.) <em>The Bamboos.</em> Academic Press, London, pp. 33–44.</p>
<p>Clark, L.G. (2000) <em>Chusquea</em>. <em>In:</em> Judziewicz, E.J., Soreng, R.J., Davidse, G., Peterson, P.M., Filgueiras, T.S. & Zuloaga, F.O. (Eds.) <em>Catalogue of New World Grasses (Poaceae): I. Subfamilies Anomochlooideae, Bambusoideae, Ehrhartoideae, and Pharoideae.</em> Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., pp. 36–52.</p>
<p>Clark, L.G. (2001) <em>Chusquea </em>Kunth. <em>In: </em>Longhi-Wagner, H.M., Bittrich, V., Wanderley, M.G.L. & Shepherd, G.J. (Eds.) <em>Flora Fanerogâmica do Estado de São Paulo</em>, v. 1, Poaceae. Hucitec, São Paulo, pp. 24–36.</p>
<p>Clark, L.G. (2004) New species of <em>Aulonemia</em> and <em>Chusquea</em> (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae) from southeastern Brazil. <em>Revista Brasileira de Botânica</em> 27: 31–36. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-84042004000100004</p>
<p>Clark, L.G., Londoño, X. & Ruiz-Sanchez, E. (2015) Bamboo taxonomy and habitat. <em>In:</em> Liese, W. & Köhl, M. (Eds.) <em>Bamboo: the plant and its uses</em>. Springer, Switzerland, pp. 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14133-6_1</p>
<p>Clark, L.G. & Mason, J.J. (2019) Redescription of <em>Chusquea perligulata </em>(Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae) and description of a similar but new species of <em>Chusquea </em>from Ecuador. <em>Phytotaxa </em>400: 227–236. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.400.4.2</p>
<p>Clark, L.G., Machado, E.P., Vidal, K.V.A., Mota, A.C. & Oliveira, R.P. (2020) <em>Chusquea</em>. <em>In: Flora do Brasil 2020. </em>Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. Available from: http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/reflora/floradobrasil/FB13085 (accessed 4 March 2021)</p>
<p>Döll, J.C. (1880) Gramineae III. Bambusaceae, Hordeaceae. <em>In: </em>Martius, C.F.P. von & Eichler, A.G. (Eds.)<em> Flora Brasiliensis </em>v. 2, pt. <em>3.</em> F. Fleischer, Monachii et Lipsiae, pp. 161–220. <em> </em>https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.454</p>
<p>ESRI (2008) <em>ArcMap version 9.3. </em>Environmental Systems Research Institute, California.</p>
<p>Fisher, A.E., Triplett, J.K., Ho, C., Schiller, A.D., Oltrogge, K.A., Schroder, E.S., Kelchner, S.A. & Clark, L.G. (2009) Paraphyly in the bamboo subtribe Chusqueinae (Poaceae: Bambusoideae), and a revised infrageneric classification for <em>Chusquea</em>. <em>Systematic Botany </em>34: 673–683. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364409790139790</p>
<p>Fisher, A.E., Clark, L.G. & Kelchner, S.A. (2014) Molecular phylogeny estimation of the bamboo genus <em>Chusquea</em> (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae) and description of two new subgenera. <em>Systematic Botany</em> 39: 829–844. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364414X681554</p>
<p>IUCN Standards and Petitions Committee (2019) <em>Guidelines for using the IUCN Red List categories and criteria</em>, version 14. Available from: http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf (accessed 4 March 2021)</p>
<p>Judziewicz, E.J., Clark, L.G., Londoño, X. & Stern, M.J. (1999) <em>American bamboos</em>. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., 392 pp.</p>
<p>Kunth, K.S. (1822) Sur le genre <em>Bambusa</em>. <em>Journal de Physique, de Chimie, d’Histoire Naturelle et des Arts</em> 95: 148–151.</p>
<p>McClure, F.A. & Smith, L.B. (1967) Gramíneas. <em>In:</em> Reitz, P.R. (Ed.) <em>Flora Ilustrada Catarinense</em>. Herbário Barbosa Rodrigues, Itajaí, pp. 1–78.</p>
<p>McClure, F.A. (1973) Genera of bamboos native to the New World (Gramineae: Bambusoideae). <em>Smithsonian Contributions to Botany </em>9: 1–148. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.0081024X.9</p>
<p>Merrill, E.D. (1943) Destruction of the Berlin herbarium. <em>Science </em>98: 490–491. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.98.2553.490</p>
<p>Mota, A.C. (2013) <em>Sistemática de </em>Chusquea<em> subgênero </em>Rettbergia<em> (Bambusoideae, Poaceae)</em>. Ph.D. Thesis, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, 272 pp.</p>
<p>Mota, A.C., Oliveira, R.P. & Clark, L.G. (2013) <em>Chusquea clemirae </em>(Bambusoideae, Poaceae): a new woody bamboo from the Montane Atlantic Rainforest of Bahia state, Brazil. <em>Systematic Botany</em> 38: 92–96. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364413X661962</p>
<p>Munro, W. (1868) A monograph of the Bambusaceae, including descriptions of all the species. <em>Transactions of the Linnean Society of London</em> 26: 1–157. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1968.tb00502.x</p>
<p>Nees, C.G.D. (1829) Agrostologia brasiliensis. <em>In: </em>Martius, C.F.P. (Ed.) <em>Flora Brasiliensis </em>v. 2, pt. 1. J.G. Cottae, Stuttgart & Tübingen, pp. 1–608.</p>
<p>Nees, C.G.D. (1835) Bambuseae brasilienses. <em>Linnaea </em>9: 461–494.</p>
<p>Pianissola, E.M., Parma, D.F., Santos-Gonçalves, A.P. & Clark, L.G. (2018) Two new species of <em>Chusquea </em>subg. <em>Swallenochloa </em>(Poaceae: Bambusoideae) from Minas Gerais, Brazil, and complete description of <em>C. caparaoensis. Phytotaxa </em>358: 235–250<em>. </em>https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.358.3.2</p>
<p>Raddi, G. (1823) <em>Agrostografia brasiliensis</em>. Tipographia G. Nerici, Lucca, 58 pp.</p>
<p>Radford, A.E., Dickinson, W.C., Massey, J.R. & Bell, C.R. (1974) <em>Vascular plant systematics.</em> Harper & Row, New York, 891 pp.</p>
<p>Ruiz-Sanchez, E., Tyrrell, C.D., Londoño, X., Oliveira, R.P. & Clark, L.G. (2021a) Diversity, distribution, and classification of Neotropical woody bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) in the 21st Century. <em>Botanical Sciences</em> 99: 198–228. https://doi.org/10.17129/botsci.2722</p>
<p>Ruiz-Sanchez, E., Romero-Guzman, R., Flores-Argüelles, A., Ortiz-Brunel, J.P. & Clark, L.G. (2021b) <em>Chusquea contrerasii </em>and <em>C. guzmanii </em>(Poaceae, Bambusoideae, Bambuseae, Chusqueinae), two new endemic species from Jalisco, Mexico. <em>Phytotaxa </em>497: 285–297. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.497.3.7</p>
<p>Soderstrom, T.R. & Young, S.M. (1983) A guide to collecting bamboos<em>. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden </em>70: 128–136. https://doi.org/10.2307/2399010</p>
<p>Soreng, R.J., Peterson, P.M., Romaschenko, K., Davidse, G., Teisher, J.K., Clark, L.G., Barberá, P., Gillespie, L.J & Zuloaga, F.O. (2017) A worldwide phylogenetic classification of the Poaceae (Gramineae) II: an update and a comparison of two 2015 classifications. <em>Journal of</em> <em>Systematics and Evolution </em>55: 259–290. https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.12262</p>
<p>Stearn, W.T. (2010) <em>Botanical Latin</em>. Timber Press, Portland, 546 pp.</p>
<p>Thiers, B. (2021 [continuously updated]) <em>Index Herbariorum: a global directory of public herbaria and associated staff. </em>New York Botanical Garden’s Virtual Herbarium. Available from: http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/ (accessed 3 March 2021)</p>
<p>Tropicos (2021 [continuously updated]) [<em>Chusquea anelythra</em> Nees]. Missouri Botanical Garden. Available from: http://www.tropicos.org (accessed 4 March 2021)</p>
<p>Turland, N.J., Wiersema, J.H., Barrie, F.R., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D.L., Herendeen, P.S., Knapp, S., Kusber, W.-H., Li, D.-Z., Marhold, K., May, T.W., McNeill, J., Monro, A.M., Prado, J., Price, M.J. & Smith, G.F. (Eds.) (2018) <em>International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code): adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017</em>. Regnum Vegetabile 159. Koeltz Botanical Books, Glashütten. https://doi.org/10.12705/Code.2018</p>
<p>Vidal, K.V.A., Welker, C.A.D., Oliveira, I.L.C., Mota, A.C.<em>, </em>Oliveira, R.P. & Clark, L.G. (2018) A new species of <em>Chusquea </em>subg. <em>Chusquea </em>(Poaceae–Bambusoideae–Bambuseae) from Minas Gerais, Brazil: morphological evidence and its phylogenetic placement within the Euchusquea clade. <em>Phytotaxa </em>365: 73–88. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.365.1.3</p>
<p>Vorontsova, M.S., Clark, L.G., Dransfield, J., Govaerts, R. & Baker, W.J. (2016) <em>World Checklist of Bamboos and Rattans</em>. INBAR Technical Report 37. International Network of Bamboo & Rattan<em>, </em>Beijing, 466 pp.</p>
<p>Andrade, R.S., Pianissola, E.M., Vidal, K.V.A., Mota, A.C., Clark, L.G. & Oliveira, R.P. (2019) <em>Chusquea parviligulata </em>(Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae): a new species of <em>C. </em>subg. <em>Chusquea </em>endemic to the Atlantic rainforest of Bahia, Brazil. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 405: 27–36. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.405.1.3</p>
<p>Attigala, L., Fuentes, A.F. & Clark, L.G. (2017) <em>Chusquea </em>sect. <em>Tenellae </em>(Bambusoideae, Poaceae), a taxonomic revision of a new section from South America. <em>Phytotaxa </em>324: 239–265. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.324.3.2</p>
<p>Bachman, S., Moat, J., Hill, A.W., de la Torre, J. & Scott, B. (2011) Supporting Red List threat assessments with GeoCAT: geospatial conservation assessment tool. <em>ZooKeys</em> 150: 117–126. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.150.2109</p>
<p>BFG-Brazil Flora Group (2015) Growing knowledge: an overview of Seed Plant diversity in Brazil. <em>Rodriguésia</em> 66: 1085–1113. https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-7860201566411</p>
<p>Calderón, C.E. & Soderstrom, T.R. (1980) The genera of Bambusoideae (Poaceae) of the American Continent: keys and comments. <em>Smithsonian Contributions to Botany</em> 44: 1–27. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.0081024X.44</p>
<p>Clark, L.G. (1989) Systematics of <em>Chusquea</em> section <em>Swallenochloa</em>, section <em>Verticillatae</em>, section <em>Serpentes</em>, and section <em>Longifoliae </em>(Poaceae-Bambusoideae). <em>Systematic Botany Monographs </em>27: 1–127. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25027724</p>
<p>Clark, L.G. (1990) <em>Chusquea </em>sect. <em>Longiprophyllae </em>(Poaceae: Bambusoideae): a new Andean section and new species. <em>Systematic Botany</em> 15: 617–634. https://doi.org/10.2307/2419158</p>
<p>Clark, L.G. (1993) Five new species of <em>Chusquea</em> (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) and a new combination. <em>Novon</em> 3: 228–238. https://doi.org/10.2307/3391459</p>
<p>Clark, L.G. (1997) Diversity, biogeography, and evolution in <em>Chusquea </em>(Poaceae: Bambusoideae). <em>In:</em> Chapman, G. (Ed.) <em>The Bamboos.</em> Academic Press, London, pp. 33–44.</p>
<p>Clark, L.G. (2000) <em>Chusquea</em>. <em>In:</em> Judziewicz, E.J., Soreng, R.J., Davidse, G., Peterson, P.M., Filgueiras, T.S. & Zuloaga, F.O. (Eds.) <em>Catalogue of New World Grasses (Poaceae): I. Subfamilies Anomochlooideae, Bambusoideae, Ehrhartoideae, and Pharoideae.</em> Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., pp. 36–52.</p>
<p>Clark, L.G. (2001) <em>Chusquea </em>Kunth. <em>In: </em>Longhi-Wagner, H.M., Bittrich, V., Wanderley, M.G.L. & Shepherd, G.J. (Eds.) <em>Flora Fanerogâmica do Estado de São Paulo</em>, v. 1, Poaceae. Hucitec, São Paulo, pp. 24–36.</p>
<p>Clark, L.G. (2004) New species of <em>Aulonemia</em> and <em>Chusquea</em> (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae) from southeastern Brazil. <em>Revista Brasileira de Botânica</em> 27: 31–36. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-84042004000100004</p>
<p>Clark, L.G., Londoño, X. & Ruiz-Sanchez, E. (2015) Bamboo taxonomy and habitat. <em>In:</em> Liese, W. & Köhl, M. (Eds.) <em>Bamboo: the plant and its uses</em>. Springer, Switzerland, pp. 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14133-6_1</p>
<p>Clark, L.G. & Mason, J.J. (2019) Redescription of <em>Chusquea perligulata </em>(Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae) and description of a similar but new species of <em>Chusquea </em>from Ecuador. <em>Phytotaxa </em>400: 227–236. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.400.4.2</p>
<p>Clark, L.G., Machado, E.P., Vidal, K.V.A., Mota, A.C. & Oliveira, R.P. (2020) <em>Chusquea</em>. <em>In: Flora do Brasil 2020. </em>Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. Available from: http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/reflora/floradobrasil/FB13085 (accessed 4 March 2021)</p>
<p>Döll, J.C. (1880) Gramineae III. Bambusaceae, Hordeaceae. <em>In: </em>Martius, C.F.P. von & Eichler, A.G. (Eds.)<em> Flora Brasiliensis </em>v. 2, pt. <em>3.</em> F. Fleischer, Monachii et Lipsiae, pp. 161–220. <em> </em>https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.454</p>
<p>ESRI (2008) <em>ArcMap version 9.3. </em>Environmental Systems Research Institute, California.</p>
<p>Fisher, A.E., Triplett, J.K., Ho, C., Schiller, A.D., Oltrogge, K.A., Schroder, E.S., Kelchner, S.A. & Clark, L.G. (2009) Paraphyly in the bamboo subtribe Chusqueinae (Poaceae: Bambusoideae), and a revised infrageneric classification for <em>Chusquea</em>. <em>Systematic Botany </em>34: 673–683. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364409790139790</p>
<p>Fisher, A.E., Clark, L.G. & Kelchner, S.A. (2014) Molecular phylogeny estimation of the bamboo genus <em>Chusquea</em> (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae) and description of two new subgenera. <em>Systematic Botany</em> 39: 829–844. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364414X681554</p>
<p>IUCN Standards and Petitions Committee (2019) <em>Guidelines for using the IUCN Red List categories and criteria</em>, version 14. Available from: http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf (accessed 4 March 2021)</p>
<p>Judziewicz, E.J., Clark, L.G., Londoño, X. & Stern, M.J. (1999) <em>American bamboos</em>. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., 392 pp.</p>
<p>Kunth, K.S. (1822) Sur le genre <em>Bambusa</em>. <em>Journal de Physique, de Chimie, d’Histoire Naturelle et des Arts</em> 95: 148–151.</p>
<p>McClure, F.A. & Smith, L.B. (1967) Gramíneas. <em>In:</em> Reitz, P.R. (Ed.) <em>Flora Ilustrada Catarinense</em>. Herbário Barbosa Rodrigues, Itajaí, pp. 1–78.</p>
<p>McClure, F.A. (1973) Genera of bamboos native to the New World (Gramineae: Bambusoideae). <em>Smithsonian Contributions to Botany </em>9: 1–148. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.0081024X.9</p>
<p>Merrill, E.D. (1943) Destruction of the Berlin herbarium. <em>Science </em>98: 490–491. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.98.2553.490</p>
<p>Mota, A.C. (2013) <em>Sistemática de </em>Chusquea<em> subgênero </em>Rettbergia<em> (Bambusoideae, Poaceae)</em>. Ph.D. Thesis, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, 272 pp.</p>
<p>Mota, A.C., Oliveira, R.P. & Clark, L.G. (2013) <em>Chusquea clemirae </em>(Bambusoideae, Poaceae): a new woody bamboo from the Montane Atlantic Rainforest of Bahia state, Brazil. <em>Systematic Botany</em> 38: 92–96. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364413X661962</p>
<p>Munro, W. (1868) A monograph of the Bambusaceae, including descriptions of all the species. <em>Transactions of the Linnean Society of London</em> 26: 1–157. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1968.tb00502.x</p>
<p>Nees, C.G.D. (1829) Agrostologia brasiliensis. <em>In: </em>Martius, C.F.P. (Ed.) <em>Flora Brasiliensis </em>v. 2, pt. 1. J.G. Cottae, Stuttgart & Tübingen, pp. 1–608.</p>
<p>Nees, C.G.D. (1835) Bambuseae brasilienses. <em>Linnaea </em>9: 461–494.</p>
<p>Pianissola, E.M., Parma, D.F., Santos-Gonçalves, A.P. & Clark, L.G. (2018) Two new species of <em>Chusquea </em>subg. <em>Swallenochloa </em>(Poaceae: Bambusoideae) from Minas Gerais, Brazil, and complete description of <em>C. caparaoensis. Phytotaxa </em>358: 235–250<em>. </em>https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.358.3.2</p>
<p>Raddi, G. (1823) <em>Agrostografia brasiliensis</em>. Tipographia G. Nerici, Lucca, 58 pp.</p>
<p>Radford, A.E., Dickinson, W.C., Massey, J.R. & Bell, C.R. (1974) <em>Vascular plant systematics.</em> Harper & Row, New York, 891 pp.</p>
<p>Ruiz-Sanchez, E., Tyrrell, C.D., Londoño, X., Oliveira, R.P. & Clark, L.G. (2021a) Diversity, distribution, and classification of Neotropical woody bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) in the 21st Century. <em>Botanical Sciences</em> 99: 198–228. https://doi.org/10.17129/botsci.2722</p>
<p>Ruiz-Sanchez, E., Romero-Guzman, R., Flores-Argüelles, A., Ortiz-Brunel, J.P. & Clark, L.G. (2021b) <em>Chusquea contrerasii </em>and <em>C. guzmanii </em>(Poaceae, Bambusoideae, Bambuseae, Chusqueinae), two new endemic species from Jalisco, Mexico. <em>Phytotaxa </em>497: 285–297. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.497.3.7</p>
<p>Soderstrom, T.R. & Young, S.M. (1983) A guide to collecting bamboos<em>. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden </em>70: 128–136. https://doi.org/10.2307/2399010</p>
<p>Soreng, R.J., Peterson, P.M., Romaschenko, K., Davidse, G., Teisher, J.K., Clark, L.G., Barberá, P., Gillespie, L.J & Zuloaga, F.O. (2017) A worldwide phylogenetic classification of the Poaceae (Gramineae) II: an update and a comparison of two 2015 classifications. <em>Journal of</em> <em>Systematics and Evolution </em>55: 259–290. https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.12262</p>
<p>Stearn, W.T. (2010) <em>Botanical Latin</em>. Timber Press, Portland, 546 pp.</p>
<p>Thiers, B. (2021 [continuously updated]) <em>Index Herbariorum: a global directory of public herbaria and associated staff. </em>New York Botanical Garden’s Virtual Herbarium. Available from: http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/ (accessed 3 March 2021)</p>
<p>Tropicos (2021 [continuously updated]) [<em>Chusquea anelythra</em> Nees]. Missouri Botanical Garden. Available from: http://www.tropicos.org (accessed 4 March 2021)</p>
<p>Turland, N.J., Wiersema, J.H., Barrie, F.R., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D.L., Herendeen, P.S., Knapp, S., Kusber, W.-H., Li, D.-Z., Marhold, K., May, T.W., McNeill, J., Monro, A.M., Prado, J., Price, M.J. & Smith, G.F. (Eds.) (2018) <em>International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code): adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017</em>. Regnum Vegetabile 159. Koeltz Botanical Books, Glashütten. https://doi.org/10.12705/Code.2018</p>
<p>Vidal, K.V.A., Welker, C.A.D., Oliveira, I.L.C., Mota, A.C.<em>, </em>Oliveira, R.P. & Clark, L.G. (2018) A new species of <em>Chusquea </em>subg. <em>Chusquea </em>(Poaceae–Bambusoideae–Bambuseae) from Minas Gerais, Brazil: morphological evidence and its phylogenetic placement within the Euchusquea clade. <em>Phytotaxa </em>365: 73–88. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.365.1.3</p>
<p>Vorontsova, M.S., Clark, L.G., Dransfield, J., Govaerts, R. & Baker, W.J. (2016) <em>World Checklist of Bamboos and Rattans</em>. INBAR Technical Report 37. International Network of Bamboo & Rattan<em>, </em>Beijing, 466 pp.</p>