Abstract
With 193 described species, Chusquea is the most diverse bamboo genus in the Neotropical region. Brazil, with 48 accepted species and 44 of them endemic, is one of its major centers of diversity. Among the Brazilian species, C. anelythra was only superficially characterized in its original publication almost 200 years ago, without a clear definition of its type-material, description of culm leaves, or comments on its geographic distribution or related species. As the absence of such information has greatly complicated the taxonomic delimitation of C. anelythra, the major aim of this paper is to clarify the identity of this species based on fieldwork and herbarium investigation, providing an emended description, illustrations, and photos of this species. We also designate a lectotype for the name C. anelythra, and provide a morphological comparison with two similar members of the C. meyeriana informal group. Geographic distribution and conservation status are also updated for this species.
References
Andrade, R.S. (2019) Florística e taxonomia de Bambusoideae (Poaceae) da Serra da Pedra Lascada, Sul da Bahia, Brasil. MSc. Thesis, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, 113 pp.
Andrade, R.S., Pianissola, E.M., Vidal, K.V.A., Mota, A.C., Clark, L.G. & Oliveira, R.P. (2019) Chusquea parviligulata (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae): a new species of C. subg. Chusquea endemic to the Atlantic rainforest of Bahia, Brazil. Phytotaxa 405: 27–36. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.405.1.3
Attigala, L., Fuentes, A.F. & Clark, L.G. (2017) Chusquea sect. Tenellae (Bambusoideae, Poaceae), a taxonomic revision of a new section from South America. Phytotaxa 324: 239–265. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.324.3.2
Bachman, S., Moat, J., Hill, A.W., de la Torre, J. & Scott, B. (2011) Supporting Red List threat assessments with GeoCAT: geospatial conservation assessment tool. ZooKeys 150: 117–126. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.150.2109
BFG-Brazil Flora Group (2015) Growing knowledge: an overview of Seed Plant diversity in Brazil. Rodriguésia 66: 1085–1113. https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-7860201566411
Calderón, C.E. & Soderstrom, T.R. (1980) The genera of Bambusoideae (Poaceae) of the American Continent: keys and comments. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 44: 1–27. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.0081024X.44
Clark, L.G. (1989) Systematics of Chusquea section Swallenochloa, section Verticillatae, section Serpentes, and section Longifoliae (Poaceae-Bambusoideae). Systematic Botany Monographs 27: 1–127. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25027724
Clark, L.G. (1990) Chusquea sect. Longiprophyllae (Poaceae: Bambusoideae): a new Andean section and new species. Systematic Botany 15: 617–634. https://doi.org/10.2307/2419158
Clark, L.G. (1993) Five new species of Chusquea (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) and a new combination. Novon 3: 228–238. https://doi.org/10.2307/3391459
Clark, L.G. (1997) Diversity, biogeography, and evolution in Chusquea (Poaceae: Bambusoideae). In: Chapman, G. (Ed.) The Bamboos. Academic Press, London, pp. 33–44.
Clark, L.G. (2000) Chusquea. In: Judziewicz, E.J., Soreng, R.J., Davidse, G., Peterson, P.M., Filgueiras, T.S. & Zuloaga, F.O. (Eds.) Catalogue of New World Grasses (Poaceae): I. Subfamilies Anomochlooideae, Bambusoideae, Ehrhartoideae, and Pharoideae. Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., pp. 36–52.
Clark, L.G. (2001) Chusquea Kunth. In: Longhi-Wagner, H.M., Bittrich, V., Wanderley, M.G.L. & Shepherd, G.J. (Eds.) Flora Fanerogâmica do Estado de São Paulo, v. 1, Poaceae. Hucitec, São Paulo, pp. 24–36.
Clark, L.G. (2004) New species of Aulonemia and Chusquea (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae) from southeastern Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Botânica 27: 31–36. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-84042004000100004
Clark, L.G., Londoño, X. & Ruiz-Sanchez, E. (2015) Bamboo taxonomy and habitat. In: Liese, W. & Köhl, M. (Eds.) Bamboo: the plant and its uses. Springer, Switzerland, pp. 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14133-6_1
Clark, L.G. & Mason, J.J. (2019) Redescription of Chusquea perligulata (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae) and description of a similar but new species of Chusquea from Ecuador. Phytotaxa 400: 227–236. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.400.4.2
Clark, L.G., Machado, E.P., Vidal, K.V.A., Mota, A.C. & Oliveira, R.P. (2020) Chusquea. In: Flora do Brasil 2020. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. Available from: http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/reflora/floradobrasil/FB13085 (accessed 4 March 2021)
Döll, J.C. (1880) Gramineae III. Bambusaceae, Hordeaceae. In: Martius, C.F.P. von & Eichler, A.G. (Eds.) Flora Brasiliensis v. 2, pt. 3. F. Fleischer, Monachii et Lipsiae, pp. 161–220. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.454
ESRI (2008) ArcMap version 9.3. Environmental Systems Research Institute, California.
Fisher, A.E., Triplett, J.K., Ho, C., Schiller, A.D., Oltrogge, K.A., Schroder, E.S., Kelchner, S.A. & Clark, L.G. (2009) Paraphyly in the bamboo subtribe Chusqueinae (Poaceae: Bambusoideae), and a revised infrageneric classification for Chusquea. Systematic Botany 34: 673–683. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364409790139790
Fisher, A.E., Clark, L.G. & Kelchner, S.A. (2014) Molecular phylogeny estimation of the bamboo genus Chusquea (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae) and description of two new subgenera. Systematic Botany 39: 829–844. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364414X681554
IUCN Standards and Petitions Committee (2019) Guidelines for using the IUCN Red List categories and criteria, version 14. Available from: http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf (accessed 4 March 2021)
Judziewicz, E.J., Clark, L.G., Londoño, X. & Stern, M.J. (1999) American bamboos. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., 392 pp.
Kunth, K.S. (1822) Sur le genre Bambusa. Journal de Physique, de Chimie, d’Histoire Naturelle et des Arts 95: 148–151.
McClure, F.A. & Smith, L.B. (1967) Gramíneas. In: Reitz, P.R. (Ed.) Flora Ilustrada Catarinense. Herbário Barbosa Rodrigues, Itajaí, pp. 1–78.
McClure, F.A. (1973) Genera of bamboos native to the New World (Gramineae: Bambusoideae). Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 9: 1–148. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.0081024X.9
Merrill, E.D. (1943) Destruction of the Berlin herbarium. Science 98: 490–491. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.98.2553.490
Mota, A.C. (2013) Sistemática de Chusquea subgênero Rettbergia (Bambusoideae, Poaceae). Ph.D. Thesis, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, 272 pp.
Mota, A.C., Oliveira, R.P. & Clark, L.G. (2013) Chusquea clemirae (Bambusoideae, Poaceae): a new woody bamboo from the Montane Atlantic Rainforest of Bahia state, Brazil. Systematic Botany 38: 92–96. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364413X661962
Munro, W. (1868) A monograph of the Bambusaceae, including descriptions of all the species. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 26: 1–157. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1968.tb00502.x
Nees, C.G.D. (1829) Agrostologia brasiliensis. In: Martius, C.F.P. (Ed.) Flora Brasiliensis v. 2, pt. 1. J.G. Cottae, Stuttgart & Tu?bingen, pp. 1–608.
Nees, C.G.D. (1835) Bambuseae brasilienses. Linnaea 9: 461–494.
Pianissola, E.M., Parma, D.F., Santos-Gonçalves, A.P. & Clark, L.G. (2018) Two new species of Chusquea subg. Swallenochloa (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) from Minas Gerais, Brazil, and complete description of C. caparaoensis. Phytotaxa 358: 235–250. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.358.3.2
Raddi, G. (1823) Agrostografia brasiliensis. Tipographia G. Nerici, Lucca, 58 pp.
Radford, A.E., Dickinson, W.C., Massey, J.R. & Bell, C.R. (1974) Vascular plant systematics. Harper & Row, New York, 891 pp.
Ruiz-Sanchez, E., Tyrrell, C.D., Londoño, X., Oliveira, R.P. & Clark, L.G. (2021a) Diversity, distribution, and classification of Neotropical woody bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) in the 21st Century. Botanical Sciences 99: 198–228. https://doi.org/10.17129/botsci.2722
Ruiz-Sanchez, E., Romero-Guzman, R., Flores-Argüelles, A., Ortiz-Brunel, J.P. & Clark, L.G. (2021b) Chusquea contrerasii and C. guzmanii (Poaceae, Bambusoideae, Bambuseae, Chusqueinae), two new endemic species from Jalisco, Mexico. Phytotaxa 497: 285–297. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.497.3.7
Soderstrom, T.R. & Young, S.M. (1983) A guide to collecting bamboos. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 70: 128–136. https://doi.org/10.2307/2399010
Soreng, R.J., Peterson, P.M., Romaschenko, K., Davidse, G., Teisher, J.K., Clark, L.G., Barberá, P., Gillespie, L.J & Zuloaga, F.O. (2017) A worldwide phylogenetic classification of the Poaceae (Gramineae) II: an update and a comparison of two 2015 classifications. Journal of Systematics and Evolution 55: 259–290. https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.12262
Stearn, W.T. (2010) Botanical Latin. Timber Press, Portland, 546 pp.
Thiers, B. (2021 [continuously updated]) Index Herbariorum: a global directory of public herbaria and associated staff. New York Botanical Garden’s Virtual Herbarium. Available from: http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/ (accessed 3 March 2021)
Tropicos (2021 [continuously updated]) [Chusquea anelythra Nees]. Missouri Botanical Garden. Available from: http://www.tropicos.org (accessed 4 March 2021)
Turland, N.J., Wiersema, J.H., Barrie, F.R., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D.L., Herendeen, P.S., Knapp, S., Kusber, W.-H., Li, D.-Z., Marhold, K., May, T.W., McNeill, J., Monro, A.M., Prado, J., Price, M.J. & Smith, G.F. (Eds.) (2018) International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code): adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Regnum Vegetabile 159. Koeltz Botanical Books, Glashütten. https://doi.org/10.12705/Code.2018
Vidal, K.V.A., Welker, C.A.D., Oliveira, I.L.C., Mota, A.C., Oliveira, R.P. & Clark, L.G. (2018) A new species of Chusquea subg. Chusquea (Poaceae–Bambusoideae–Bambuseae) from Minas Gerais, Brazil: morphological evidence and its phylogenetic placement within the Euchusquea clade. Phytotaxa 365: 73–88. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.365.1.3
Vorontsova, M.S., Clark, L.G., Dransfield, J., Govaerts, R. & Baker, W.J. (2016) World Checklist of Bamboos and Rattans. INBAR Technical Report 37. International Network of Bamboo & Rattan, Beijing, 466 pp.
Andrade, R.S., Pianissola, E.M., Vidal, K.V.A., Mota, A.C., Clark, L.G. & Oliveira, R.P. (2019) Chusquea parviligulata (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae): a new species of C. subg. Chusquea endemic to the Atlantic rainforest of Bahia, Brazil. Phytotaxa 405: 27–36. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.405.1.3
Attigala, L., Fuentes, A.F. & Clark, L.G. (2017) Chusquea sect. Tenellae (Bambusoideae, Poaceae), a taxonomic revision of a new section from South America. Phytotaxa 324: 239–265. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.324.3.2
Bachman, S., Moat, J., Hill, A.W., de la Torre, J. & Scott, B. (2011) Supporting Red List threat assessments with GeoCAT: geospatial conservation assessment tool. ZooKeys 150: 117–126. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.150.2109
BFG-Brazil Flora Group (2015) Growing knowledge: an overview of Seed Plant diversity in Brazil. Rodriguésia 66: 1085–1113. https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-7860201566411
Calderón, C.E. & Soderstrom, T.R. (1980) The genera of Bambusoideae (Poaceae) of the American Continent: keys and comments. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 44: 1–27. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.0081024X.44
Clark, L.G. (1989) Systematics of Chusquea section Swallenochloa, section Verticillatae, section Serpentes, and section Longifoliae (Poaceae-Bambusoideae). Systematic Botany Monographs 27: 1–127. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25027724
Clark, L.G. (1990) Chusquea sect. Longiprophyllae (Poaceae: Bambusoideae): a new Andean section and new species. Systematic Botany 15: 617–634. https://doi.org/10.2307/2419158
Clark, L.G. (1993) Five new species of Chusquea (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) and a new combination. Novon 3: 228–238. https://doi.org/10.2307/3391459
Clark, L.G. (1997) Diversity, biogeography, and evolution in Chusquea (Poaceae: Bambusoideae). In: Chapman, G. (Ed.) The Bamboos. Academic Press, London, pp. 33–44.
Clark, L.G. (2000) Chusquea. In: Judziewicz, E.J., Soreng, R.J., Davidse, G., Peterson, P.M., Filgueiras, T.S. & Zuloaga, F.O. (Eds.) Catalogue of New World Grasses (Poaceae): I. Subfamilies Anomochlooideae, Bambusoideae, Ehrhartoideae, and Pharoideae. Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., pp. 36–52.
Clark, L.G. (2001) Chusquea Kunth. In: Longhi-Wagner, H.M., Bittrich, V., Wanderley, M.G.L. & Shepherd, G.J. (Eds.) Flora Fanerogâmica do Estado de São Paulo, v. 1, Poaceae. Hucitec, São Paulo, pp. 24–36.
Clark, L.G. (2004) New species of Aulonemia and Chusquea (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae) from southeastern Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Botânica 27: 31–36. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-84042004000100004
Clark, L.G., Londoño, X. & Ruiz-Sanchez, E. (2015) Bamboo taxonomy and habitat. In: Liese, W. & Köhl, M. (Eds.) Bamboo: the plant and its uses. Springer, Switzerland, pp. 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14133-6_1
Clark, L.G. & Mason, J.J. (2019) Redescription of Chusquea perligulata (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae) and description of a similar but new species of Chusquea from Ecuador. Phytotaxa 400: 227–236. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.400.4.2
Clark, L.G., Machado, E.P., Vidal, K.V.A., Mota, A.C. & Oliveira, R.P. (2020) Chusquea. In: Flora do Brasil 2020. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. Available from: http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/reflora/floradobrasil/FB13085 (accessed 4 March 2021)
Döll, J.C. (1880) Gramineae III. Bambusaceae, Hordeaceae. In: Martius, C.F.P. von & Eichler, A.G. (Eds.) Flora Brasiliensis v. 2, pt. 3. F. Fleischer, Monachii et Lipsiae, pp. 161–220. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.454
ESRI (2008) ArcMap version 9.3. Environmental Systems Research Institute, California.
Fisher, A.E., Triplett, J.K., Ho, C., Schiller, A.D., Oltrogge, K.A., Schroder, E.S., Kelchner, S.A. & Clark, L.G. (2009) Paraphyly in the bamboo subtribe Chusqueinae (Poaceae: Bambusoideae), and a revised infrageneric classification for Chusquea. Systematic Botany 34: 673–683. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364409790139790
Fisher, A.E., Clark, L.G. & Kelchner, S.A. (2014) Molecular phylogeny estimation of the bamboo genus Chusquea (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae) and description of two new subgenera. Systematic Botany 39: 829–844. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364414X681554
IUCN Standards and Petitions Committee (2019) Guidelines for using the IUCN Red List categories and criteria, version 14. Available from: http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf (accessed 4 March 2021)
Judziewicz, E.J., Clark, L.G., Londoño, X. & Stern, M.J. (1999) American bamboos. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., 392 pp.
Kunth, K.S. (1822) Sur le genre Bambusa. Journal de Physique, de Chimie, d’Histoire Naturelle et des Arts 95: 148–151.
McClure, F.A. & Smith, L.B. (1967) Gramíneas. In: Reitz, P.R. (Ed.) Flora Ilustrada Catarinense. Herbário Barbosa Rodrigues, Itajaí, pp. 1–78.
McClure, F.A. (1973) Genera of bamboos native to the New World (Gramineae: Bambusoideae). Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 9: 1–148. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.0081024X.9
Merrill, E.D. (1943) Destruction of the Berlin herbarium. Science 98: 490–491. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.98.2553.490
Mota, A.C. (2013) Sistemática de Chusquea subgênero Rettbergia (Bambusoideae, Poaceae). Ph.D. Thesis, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, 272 pp.
Mota, A.C., Oliveira, R.P. & Clark, L.G. (2013) Chusquea clemirae (Bambusoideae, Poaceae): a new woody bamboo from the Montane Atlantic Rainforest of Bahia state, Brazil. Systematic Botany 38: 92–96. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364413X661962
Munro, W. (1868) A monograph of the Bambusaceae, including descriptions of all the species. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 26: 1–157. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1968.tb00502.x
Nees, C.G.D. (1829) Agrostologia brasiliensis. In: Martius, C.F.P. (Ed.) Flora Brasiliensis v. 2, pt. 1. J.G. Cottae, Stuttgart & Tu?bingen, pp. 1–608.
Nees, C.G.D. (1835) Bambuseae brasilienses. Linnaea 9: 461–494.
Pianissola, E.M., Parma, D.F., Santos-Gonçalves, A.P. & Clark, L.G. (2018) Two new species of Chusquea subg. Swallenochloa (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) from Minas Gerais, Brazil, and complete description of C. caparaoensis. Phytotaxa 358: 235–250. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.358.3.2
Raddi, G. (1823) Agrostografia brasiliensis. Tipographia G. Nerici, Lucca, 58 pp.
Radford, A.E., Dickinson, W.C., Massey, J.R. & Bell, C.R. (1974) Vascular plant systematics. Harper & Row, New York, 891 pp.
Ruiz-Sanchez, E., Tyrrell, C.D., Londoño, X., Oliveira, R.P. & Clark, L.G. (2021a) Diversity, distribution, and classification of Neotropical woody bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) in the 21st Century. Botanical Sciences 99: 198–228. https://doi.org/10.17129/botsci.2722
Ruiz-Sanchez, E., Romero-Guzman, R., Flores-Argüelles, A., Ortiz-Brunel, J.P. & Clark, L.G. (2021b) Chusquea contrerasii and C. guzmanii (Poaceae, Bambusoideae, Bambuseae, Chusqueinae), two new endemic species from Jalisco, Mexico. Phytotaxa 497: 285–297. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.497.3.7
Soderstrom, T.R. & Young, S.M. (1983) A guide to collecting bamboos. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 70: 128–136. https://doi.org/10.2307/2399010
Soreng, R.J., Peterson, P.M., Romaschenko, K., Davidse, G., Teisher, J.K., Clark, L.G., Barberá, P., Gillespie, L.J & Zuloaga, F.O. (2017) A worldwide phylogenetic classification of the Poaceae (Gramineae) II: an update and a comparison of two 2015 classifications. Journal of Systematics and Evolution 55: 259–290. https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.12262
Stearn, W.T. (2010) Botanical Latin. Timber Press, Portland, 546 pp.
Thiers, B. (2021 [continuously updated]) Index Herbariorum: a global directory of public herbaria and associated staff. New York Botanical Garden’s Virtual Herbarium. Available from: http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/ (accessed 3 March 2021)
Tropicos (2021 [continuously updated]) [Chusquea anelythra Nees]. Missouri Botanical Garden. Available from: http://www.tropicos.org (accessed 4 March 2021)
Turland, N.J., Wiersema, J.H., Barrie, F.R., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D.L., Herendeen, P.S., Knapp, S., Kusber, W.-H., Li, D.-Z., Marhold, K., May, T.W., McNeill, J., Monro, A.M., Prado, J., Price, M.J. & Smith, G.F. (Eds.) (2018) International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code): adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Regnum Vegetabile 159. Koeltz Botanical Books, Glashütten. https://doi.org/10.12705/Code.2018
Vidal, K.V.A., Welker, C.A.D., Oliveira, I.L.C., Mota, A.C., Oliveira, R.P. & Clark, L.G. (2018) A new species of Chusquea subg. Chusquea (Poaceae–Bambusoideae–Bambuseae) from Minas Gerais, Brazil: morphological evidence and its phylogenetic placement within the Euchusquea clade. Phytotaxa 365: 73–88. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.365.1.3
Vorontsova, M.S., Clark, L.G., Dransfield, J., Govaerts, R. & Baker, W.J. (2016) World Checklist of Bamboos and Rattans. INBAR Technical Report 37. International Network of Bamboo & Rattan, Beijing, 466 pp.