Abstract
Three new Magnolia species and a new record from Guatemala are described and illustrated. Two of the new species, M. javieri and M. oscarrodrigoi, are from Alta Verapaz Department and one, M. veliziana, is from Quiché Department. Additionally, M. faustinomirandae is newly reported for the flora of Guatemala. With this contribution, the number of native Guatemalan species increases from 11 to 15 species. An updated distribution map and a key to species are provided. Guatemala, particularly the north-wet-arc in the Maya Highlands, is now an important centre of diversification and endemism for Magnolia. The conservation status of the newly proposed species was unofficially assessed using IUCN criteria.
References
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<p>Standley, P.C. & Steyermark, J.A. (1946) Flora of Guatemala<em>. Fieldana, Botany </em>24: 1–502.</p>
<p>Thiers, B. (2021 [continuously updated]) <em>Index herbariorum</em>: A global directory of public herbaria and associated staff. New York Botanical Garden’s Virtual Herbarium. Available from: https://sweetgum.nybg.org/ih/ (accessed 25 September 2021)</p>
<p>Tropicos.org (2020) <em>Tropicos</em>. Missouri Botanical Garden. Available from: http://www.tropicos.org (accessed 30 January 2021)</p>
<p>Vázquez-García, J.A. (1994) <em>Magnolia</em> (Magnoliaceae) in Mexico and Central America: a synopsis. <em>Brittonia</em> 46: 1–23. https://doi.org/10.2307/2807454</p>
<p>Vázquez-García, J.A., Carvajal, S. & Hernández, L. (2002) <em>Magnolia pugana</em> (Magnoliaceae): a new combination in the complex <em>M. pacifica</em>. <em>Novon</em> 12: 137–141. https://doi.org/10.2307/3393253</p>
<p>Vázquez-García, J.A., Muñiz-Castro, M.A., De Castro-Arce, E., Murguía-Araiza, R., Nuño-Rubio, A.T. & Cházaro-Basañez, M.J. (2012a) Twenty new Neotropical tree species of <em>Magnolia</em> (Magnoliaceae). <em>In</em>: Salcedo-Pérez, E., Hernández-Álvarez, E., Vázquez-García, J.A., Escoto-García, T. & Echevarría-Díaz, N. (Eds.) <em>Recursos forestales en el occidente de México: diversidad, manejo, producción, aprovechamiento y conservación, Serie Fronteras de Biodiversidad 4, </em>tomo I. Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, pp. 91–130.</p>
<p>Vázquez-García, J.A., Pérez-Farrera, M.Á., Martínez-Meléndez, N., Nieves-Hernández, G. & Muñiz-Castro, M.Á. (2012b) <em>Magnolia mayae</em> (Magnoliaceae), a new species from Chiapas, Mexico. <em>Botanical Sciences</em> 90: 109–112. https://doi.org/10.17129/botsci.478</p>
<p>Vázquez-García, J.A., Véliz-Pérez, M.E., Tribouillier-Navas, E. & Muñiz-Castro, M.A. (2013a) <em>Magnolia quetzal </em>and <em>Magnolia mayae</em>, a new species and a new record, respectively, for the flora of Guatemala. <em>Phytotaxa </em>76: 1–6. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.76.1.1</p>
<p>Vázquez-García, J.A., Muñiz-Castro, M.A., Arroyo, F., Pérez, A.J., Serna, M., Cuevas-Guzmán, R., Domínguez-Yescas, R., De Castro-Arce, E. & Gurrola-Díaz, M. (2013b) Novelties in Neotropical <em>Magnolia</em> and an addendum proposal to the UICN Red List of Magnoliaceae. <em>In:</em> Salcedo-Pérez, E., Hernández-Álvarez, E., Vázquez-García, J.A., Escoto-García, T. & Echevarría-Díaz, N. (Eds.) <em>Recursos forestales en el occidente de México: diversidad, manejo, producción, aprovechamiento y conservación</em>, tomo II, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, pp. 461–496.</p>
<p>Vázquez-García, J.A., Pérez-Farrera, M.A, Gómez-Dominguez, H., Muñiz-Castro, M.A. & Sahagún-Godínez, E. (2017) <em>Magnolia montebelloensis</em>, a new species in section <em>Magnolia</em> from Lagunas of Montebello National Park, Chiapas, with a key to Magnoliaceae of Chiapas. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 328: 101–114. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.328.2.1</p>
<p>Vázquez-García, J.A., Tribouillier-Navas, E., Archila, F. & Véliz-Pérez, M.E. (2019) A conspectus of <em>Magnolia </em>(Magnoliaceae) in Guatemala: novelties and conservation concern. <em>Phytotaxa</em>: 427: 221–238. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.427.4.1</p>
<p>Vázquez, J.A., Tribouillier, E., Archila, F. & Véliz, M. (2020) <em>Magnolia ottoi</em> (Magnoliaceae) a new species from Purulhá, Baja Verapaz, Guatemala: conservation and Mayan Q´eqchi´ethnotaxonomy. <em>Phytotaxa </em>455: 187–195. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.455.3.1</p>
<p>Vázquez-García, J.A., Muñiz-Castro, M.A., Dahua-Machoa, A., Osorio-Muñoz, E.A., Hernández-Vera, G., Ortega-Peña, A.S., Romo-Campos, R.L., Jacobo-Pereira, C., Álvarez, N. & Shalisko, V. (2021) <em>How to save endangered magnolias? From population biology to conservation action: the case of allopatric radiation in western Mexico </em>[Online First], IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94346</p>
<p>Véliz, M., López, J., Velásquez, L. Maza, A., Ambrocio, A. & Archila, F. (2014) <em>Guía para el reconocimiento de las plantas endémicas de Guatemala. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacia.</em> Universidad de San Carlos, Guatemala, 216 pp.</p>
<p>Wendt, T. (1987) Las selvas de Uxpanapa, Veracruz-Oaxaca, México: evidencia de refugios florísticos Cenozoicos. <em>Anales del Instituto de Biología, serie botánica</em> 58: 29–54.</p>
<p>Archila, F. & Tribouillier, E. (2020) Biogeografía y evolución de la flora de Guatemala. <em>Revista Guatemalensis</em> 23: 79.</p>
<p>BHL (2019) <em>Biodiversity Heritage Library</em>. Available from: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/ (accessed 30 January 2021)</p>
<p>CONAP (2011) <em>The Guatemalan system of protected areas: fundamental basis for the fundamental development of the well-being of Guatemalan society</em>. CONAP/ZOOTROPIC, Guatemala, 360 pp.</p>
<p>Cronquist, A. (1978) Once again, what is a species? <em>In</em>: Knutson, L.V. (Ed.) <em>Biosystematics in agriculture</em>. Allenheld Osmin, Montclair, pp. 3–20.</p>
<p>Dandy, J.E. (1930) A new <em>Magnolia</em> from Honduras. <em>Journal of Botany</em> 68: 146–147.</p>
<p>Domínguez-Yescas, R. & Vázquez-García, J.A. (2019) Flower of the heart, <em>Magnolia yajlachhi</em> (subsect. <em>Talauma</em>, Magnoliaceae), a new species of ceremonial, medicinal, conservation and nurse tree relevance in the Zapotec culture, Sierra Norte de Oaxaca, Mexico. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 393: 21–34. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.393.1.2</p>
<p>Donnell-Smith, J. (1909) Undescribed plants from Guatemala and other Central American Republics. <em>Botanical Gazette</em> 47: 253–262. https://doi.org/10.1086/329872</p>
<p>IUCN Standards and Petitions Committee (2019) Guidelines for using the IUCN Red List categories and criteria, version 14. Standards and Petitions Committee, 113 pp. Available from: http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf (accessed 30 January 2021).</p>
<p>JSTOR (2020) JSTOR global plants database. ITHAKA. Available from: http://plants.jstor.org (accessed 30 January 2021)</p>
<p>Jussieu, A.L (1789) <em>Genera plantarum </em>1. Herissant et Barrois, Paris, 498 pp.</p>
<p>Linnaeus, C. (1753) <em>Species plantarum</em>. Salvius, Stockholm, 560 pp.</p>
<p>Lozano-Contreras, G. (1994) <em>Dugandiodendron y Talauma (Magnoliaceae) en el Neotrópico</em>. Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Bogotá, 147 pp.</p>
<p>Mejia, D., Morales, W. Ortega-Peña, A.S. & Vázquez-García, J.A. (2021) <em>Magnolia yoroconte</em> (“yaro”), rediscovered on the Honduran/Guatemalan border. <em>World Magnolia Adventures</em> 4 (4): 1–4. [https://www.magnoliamexico2019.org/WMA_4_4]</p>
<p>Molina-Rositto, A. (1974) Una contribución de varias plantas nuevas en América Central. <em>Ceiba</em> 18: 95–106.</p>
<p>Moore, H.E. (1966) Nomenclatural notes on cultivated conifers. <em>Baileya</em>, 14: 1–11.</p>
<p>QGIS (2017) Sistema de información geográfica QGIS. Fundación Geoespacial de Código Abierto. Available from: http://qgis.org (accessed 29 December 2021)</p>
<p>Rivers, M., Beech, E., Murphy, L. & Oldfield, S. (2016) <em>The IUCN Red List of Magnoliaceae – revised and extended. </em>Botanic Gardens Conservation International, Richmond, 60 pp.</p>
<p>Sánchez-Cuahua, R. (2016) Magnolia mexicana<em> (DC.) G.Don, en la Sierra de Zongolica, Veracruz: estudio poblacional y conocimiento tradicional.</em> Thesis, Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Zongolica, Veracruz, México, 84 pp.</p>
<p>Sánchez-Velásquez, L.R., Pineda-López, M.R., Vásquez-Morales, S.G. & Avendaño-Yáñez, M.L. (2016) Ecology and conservation of endangered species: The case of magnolias. <em>In</em>: Quinn, M. (Ed.) <em>Endangered species: threats, conservation and future research</em>. Nova Science, Hauppauge, pp. 63–84.</p>
<p>SCBD, Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity (2001) Global Biodiversity Outlook. SCBD, Montréal, 282 pp.</p>
<p>Serrano, M.J., Grajeda-Estrada, R., Villalobos, A., Álvarez-Ruano, M.R. & Vázquez-García, J.A. (2020) <em>Magnolia poqomchi</em>, a new species of subsection <em>Magnolia</em> (Magnoliaceae) from San Cristóbal Verapaz, Alta Verapaz, Guatemala. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 454: 231–243. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.454.4.1</p>
<p>SINIT-SEGEPLAN (2018) Fondo de relieve. Available from: http://ide.segeplan.gob.gt/cgi-bin/mapserv.exe?map=/ot_web/ot_hill_tile.map (accessed 29 December 2021)</p>
<p>Standley, P.C. & Steyermark, J.A. (1946) Flora of Guatemala<em>. Fieldana, Botany </em>24: 1–502.</p>
<p>Thiers, B. (2021 [continuously updated]) <em>Index herbariorum</em>: A global directory of public herbaria and associated staff. New York Botanical Garden’s Virtual Herbarium. Available from: https://sweetgum.nybg.org/ih/ (accessed 25 September 2021)</p>
<p>Tropicos.org (2020) <em>Tropicos</em>. Missouri Botanical Garden. Available from: http://www.tropicos.org (accessed 30 January 2021)</p>
<p>Vázquez-García, J.A. (1994) <em>Magnolia</em> (Magnoliaceae) in Mexico and Central America: a synopsis. <em>Brittonia</em> 46: 1–23. https://doi.org/10.2307/2807454</p>
<p>Vázquez-García, J.A., Carvajal, S. & Hernández, L. (2002) <em>Magnolia pugana</em> (Magnoliaceae): a new combination in the complex <em>M. pacifica</em>. <em>Novon</em> 12: 137–141. https://doi.org/10.2307/3393253</p>
<p>Vázquez-García, J.A., Muñiz-Castro, M.A., De Castro-Arce, E., Murguía-Araiza, R., Nuño-Rubio, A.T. & Cházaro-Basañez, M.J. (2012a) Twenty new Neotropical tree species of <em>Magnolia</em> (Magnoliaceae). <em>In</em>: Salcedo-Pérez, E., Hernández-Álvarez, E., Vázquez-García, J.A., Escoto-García, T. & Echevarría-Díaz, N. (Eds.) <em>Recursos forestales en el occidente de México: diversidad, manejo, producción, aprovechamiento y conservación, Serie Fronteras de Biodiversidad 4, </em>tomo I. Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, pp. 91–130.</p>
<p>Vázquez-García, J.A., Pérez-Farrera, M.Á., Martínez-Meléndez, N., Nieves-Hernández, G. & Muñiz-Castro, M.Á. (2012b) <em>Magnolia mayae</em> (Magnoliaceae), a new species from Chiapas, Mexico. <em>Botanical Sciences</em> 90: 109–112. https://doi.org/10.17129/botsci.478</p>
<p>Vázquez-García, J.A., Véliz-Pérez, M.E., Tribouillier-Navas, E. & Muñiz-Castro, M.A. (2013a) <em>Magnolia quetzal </em>and <em>Magnolia mayae</em>, a new species and a new record, respectively, for the flora of Guatemala. <em>Phytotaxa </em>76: 1–6. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.76.1.1</p>
<p>Vázquez-García, J.A., Muñiz-Castro, M.A., Arroyo, F., Pérez, A.J., Serna, M., Cuevas-Guzmán, R., Domínguez-Yescas, R., De Castro-Arce, E. & Gurrola-Díaz, M. (2013b) Novelties in Neotropical <em>Magnolia</em> and an addendum proposal to the UICN Red List of Magnoliaceae. <em>In:</em> Salcedo-Pérez, E., Hernández-Álvarez, E., Vázquez-García, J.A., Escoto-García, T. & Echevarría-Díaz, N. (Eds.) <em>Recursos forestales en el occidente de México: diversidad, manejo, producción, aprovechamiento y conservación</em>, tomo II, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, pp. 461–496.</p>
<p>Vázquez-García, J.A., Pérez-Farrera, M.A, Gómez-Dominguez, H., Muñiz-Castro, M.A. & Sahagún-Godínez, E. (2017) <em>Magnolia montebelloensis</em>, a new species in section <em>Magnolia</em> from Lagunas of Montebello National Park, Chiapas, with a key to Magnoliaceae of Chiapas. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 328: 101–114. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.328.2.1</p>
<p>Vázquez-García, J.A., Tribouillier-Navas, E., Archila, F. & Véliz-Pérez, M.E. (2019) A conspectus of <em>Magnolia </em>(Magnoliaceae) in Guatemala: novelties and conservation concern. <em>Phytotaxa</em>: 427: 221–238. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.427.4.1</p>
<p>Vázquez, J.A., Tribouillier, E., Archila, F. & Véliz, M. (2020) <em>Magnolia ottoi</em> (Magnoliaceae) a new species from Purulhá, Baja Verapaz, Guatemala: conservation and Mayan Q´eqchi´ethnotaxonomy. <em>Phytotaxa </em>455: 187–195. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.455.3.1</p>
<p>Vázquez-García, J.A., Muñiz-Castro, M.A., Dahua-Machoa, A., Osorio-Muñoz, E.A., Hernández-Vera, G., Ortega-Peña, A.S., Romo-Campos, R.L., Jacobo-Pereira, C., Álvarez, N. & Shalisko, V. (2021) <em>How to save endangered magnolias? From population biology to conservation action: the case of allopatric radiation in western Mexico </em>[Online First], IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94346</p>
<p>Véliz, M., López, J., Velásquez, L. Maza, A., Ambrocio, A. & Archila, F. (2014) <em>Guía para el reconocimiento de las plantas endémicas de Guatemala. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacia.</em> Universidad de San Carlos, Guatemala, 216 pp.</p>
<p>Wendt, T. (1987) Las selvas de Uxpanapa, Veracruz-Oaxaca, México: evidencia de refugios florísticos Cenozoicos. <em>Anales del Instituto de Biología, serie botánica</em> 58: 29–54.</p>