Abstract
Recent molecular phylogenetic studies showed that the genus Sansevieria (excluding S. sambiranensis) forms a monophyletic clade nested within the paraphyletic genus Dracaena. Consequently, the genus Sansevieria was sunk into the genus Dracaena and new combinations were published to accommodate the transfer of taxa from Sansevieria into Dracaena. Since the inclusion of Sansevieria into Dracaena, new taxa have been published in Sansevieria. This paper presents fourteen name changes including twelve new combinations in Dracaena and two rank adjustments, one new synonym, and one lectotypification aiming at further standardisation of the taxonomy of Dracaena.
References
Baldwin, A.S. & Webb, R.H. (2016) The genus Sansevieria: An introduction to molecular (DNA) analysis and preliminary insights to intrageneric relationships. Sansevieria 34: 14–26.
Bally, P.R.O. (1964) Miscellaneous notes on the flora of Tropical East Africa, including description of new taxa, 16-22. Candollea 19: 145–166.
Bos, J.J. (1984) Dracaena in West Africa. Agricultural University Wageningen Papers 84: 1–126. Available at: https://edepot.wur.nl/162504
Bos, J.J. (1998) Dracaenaceae. In: Kubitzki, K. (Ed.) The families and genera of vascular plants. Vol. 3: Flowering plants. Monocotyledons. Lilianiae (except Orchidaceae). Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 238–241. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03533-7_30
Brown, N.E. (1914) Notes on the genera Cordyline, Dracaena, Pleomele, Sansevieria and Taetsia. Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew) 1914: 273–279. https://doi.org/10.2307/4118549
Brown, N.E. (1915) Sansevieria. A monograph of all known species. Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew) 1915: 185–261. https://doi.org/10.2307/4107465
Burkart, M. & Scharf, U. (2021) Sansevieria vanillosa, a name for a long-known species from Tanzania, and a short overview on the subcapitate species. Sansevieria Online 9 (1) Article 4: 1–9.
Butler, A. (2012) Sansevieria pinguicula ssp. disticha Pfennig ex Butler, a new subspecies from Kenya. Sansevieria 28: 17–18.
Butler, A. & Jankalski, S. (2010) Sansevieria bacularis sp. nova and species with which it has been confused. Sansevieria 22: 3–9.
Byng, J.W. & Christenhusz, J.M.M. (2018) Asparagaceae. In: Christenhusz, J.M.M., Fay, F.M. & Byng, J.W. (Eds.) The Global Flora. A practical flora to vascular plant species of the world. Special Edition. GLOVAP Nomenclature 1, vol. 4. Plant Gateway Ltd., Bradford, pp. 64–67.
Carrière, É.A. (1861) La sansevière a feuilles cylindriques. Revue horticole. Journal d’horticulture pratique 1861: 447–451. Available at: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/49666754
Cole, T.C. & Forrest, T. (2019) Sansevieria conduplicata T.C.Cole & T.G.Forrest (Dracaenaceae), a new species of Sansevieria in the north of Uganda. Cactus and Succulent Journal 91: 147–151. https://doi.org/10.2985/015.091.0208
De Juana Clavero, J.I. (2020) Notas taxonómicas sobre el género Dracaena Vand. ex L. y su presencia en España. Bouteloua 30: 49–53.
Forrest, T.G. (2018) Sansevieria coleana T.G.Forrest (Asparagaceae): a new species in Uganda. Cactus World 36: 261–265.
Forrest, T.G. (2021) Sansevieria marachiensis (Asparagaceae); a new species in north-west Uganda. Cactus and Succulent Journal 93: 207–210. https://doi.org/10.2985/015.093.0305
Govaerts, R.; Zonneveld, B.J.M.; Zona, S.A. (2021) World Checklist of Asparagaceae. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Available on line at: http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/ (accessed 4 August 2021)
Heitz, B. & Zeller, J. (1990) Comment s‘appelle cette sansevière? Succulentes 13: 12–24.
Jankalski, S. (2015) Infrageneric species groups in Sansevieria. Sansevieria 33: 15–19.
Ker Gawler, J.B. (1809) Dracaena ovata. Ovate-leaved Dracaena. Curtis‘s Botanical Magazine 29: t. 1179. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/14317#page/93/mode/1up]
Kew Herbarium Catalogue (2021) Sansevieria ballyi L.E.Newton. Specimen: K00099514. Available at: http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000099514 (accessed 10 May 2021)
Koch, K. (1861) Die ächten Drachenbäume (Dracaena L. et Juss.). Wochenschrift des Vereines zur Beförderung des Gartenbaues in den Königlich Preussischen Staaten für Gärtnerei und Pflanzenkunde 4: 393–398. Available at: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/24591#page/438/mode/1up
Kunth, K.S. (1850) Enumeratio plantarum omnium hucusque cognitarum, secundum familias naturales disposita, adjectis characteribus, differentiis et synonymis (Vol. 5). J.G. Cotta, Stutgardiae & Tubingae. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32182#page/18/mode/1up]
Linnaeus, C. (1767) Mantissa Plantarum. Generum editionis VI et specierum editionis II, Pars I Altera. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae [Stockholm]. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/51333421]
Lu, P.-L. & Morden, C.W. (2014) Phylogenetic relationships among dracaenoid genera (Asparagaceae: Nolinoideae) inferred from chloroplast DNA loci. Systematic Botany 39: 90–104. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364414X678035
Mabberley, D.J. (2017) Mabberley‘s plant-book: a portable dictionary of plants, their classification and uses. Ed. 4. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316335581
Mansfeld, P.A. (2016) Sansevieria ballyi L.E.Newton (Asparagaceae) and newly found field notes. Bradleya 34: 225–229. https://doi.org/10.25223/brad.n34.2016.a10
Mansfeld, P.A. (2017) Die beliebte Sansevieria ballyi und die wahre Geschichte ihrer Entdeckung. Sansevieria Online 5: 24–35.
Mbugua, P.K. (2007) Sansevieria. In: Beentje, H.J. & Ghazanfar, S.A. (Eds.) Flora of Tropical East Africa. Dracaenaceae. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, pp. 10–41.
Newton, L.E. (2000) A beautiful new species of Sansevieria (Dracaenaceae) in Kenya. Cactus and Succulent Journal 72: 224–226.
Newton, L.E. (2004) Sansevieria ballyi, a name at last for a long-cultivated plant. British Cactus and Succulent Journal 22: 10–13. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/42793926]
Newton, L.E. (2010a) Two new caulescent species of Sansevieria (Asparagaceae) in Kenya. Bradleya 28: 19–26. https://doi.org/10.25223/brad.n28.2010.a4
Newton, L.E. (2010b) Notes on Sansevieria ballyi, with description of a new cultivar. Sansevieria 22: 10–12.
Newton, L.E. (2015) A new variety of Sansevieria ballyi in Kenya. Sansevieria 22: 11–12.
Newton, L.E. (2019) A new dwarf species of Sansevieria in Kenya. Sansevieria 39: 25–26.
Newton, L.E. (2020) Sansevieria. In: Eggli, U. & Nyffeler, R. (Eds.) Illustrated Handbook of Succulent Plants, 2<sup>nd</sup> ed., Monocotyledons, Vol. 2. Springer, Berlin, pp. 1353–1385. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-56486-8_29
Newton, L.E. & Thiede, J. (2015) Rank adjustments for the infraspecific taxa of Sansevieria pinguicula P.R.O.Bally (Asparagaceae/Dracaenaceae). Cactus and Succulent Journal (Los Angeles) 87: 28–32. https://doi.org/10.2985/015.087.0105
Perrier de La Bâthie, H. (1935) Notes sur quelques Monocotyledones de Madagascar: Sansevieria, Scholleropsis (gen. nov.), Pontederiacearum et Gymnosiphon. Notulae Systematicae 5: 154–162. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/6463472]
Pfennig, H. (1981a) Pater Gerstners Monadenium spec. 7191 identifiziert. Kakteen und andere Sukkulenten 32: 226–227.
Pfennig, H. (1981b) Zur Systematik und Kultur einiger ostafrikanischer Sansevieria-Arten (Agavaceae). Botanische Jahrbücher fur Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 102: 169–179.
Plants of the World Online (POWO) (2021) Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Available at: http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/ (accessed 10 May 2021).
Regel, E. (1877) Die Arten der Gattung Dracaena. Gartenflora 20: 132–149. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/125737#page/192/mode/1up]
Scharf, U. & Burkart, M. (2021) Sansevieria pfennigii (Ruscaceae, Asparagales): Confirmation of existence, emendation of description, and tentative threat assessment. Phytotaxa 483: 1–8. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.483.1.1
Takawira-Nyenya, R., Mucina, L., Cardinal-McTeague, W.M. & Thiele, K. (2018) Sansevieria (Asparagaceae, Nolinoideae) is a herbaceous clade within Dracaena: inference from non-coding plastid and nuclear DNA sequence data. Phytotaxa 376: 254–276. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.376.6.2
Takawira-Nyenya, R., Mucina, L., Macintyre, P. & Powrie, L.W. (2016) Biogeography of Dracaena (Dragon Trees) and Sansevieria (Mother-in-Law‘s tongue) (Asparagaceae) in Africa. Poster presented at the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Canadian Botanical Association / L‘Association Botanique du Canada 52e Réunion Annuelle, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC.
Thunberg, C.P. (1794) Prodromus plantarum Capensium, quas in Promontorio Bonae Spei Africes, annis 1772-1775, collegit Carol. Pet. Thunberg. Pars prior. Joh. Edman, Uppsaliae. [https://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/idurl/1/14226]
Turland, N.J., Wiersema, J.H., Barrie, F.R., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D.L., Herendeen, P.S., Knapp, S., Kusber, W.-H., Li, D.-Z., Marhold, K., May, T.W., McNeill, J., Monro, A.M., Prado, J., Price, M.J. & Smith, G.F. (eds.) (2018) International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Regnum Vegetabile 159. Koeltz Botanical Books, Glashütten. https://doi.org/10.12705/Code.2018
Van Kleinwee, I. (2018) In the name of Sansevieria (Asparagaceae). An integrative study on identification and classification of the Sansevieria diversity. Masters dissertation, Ghent University. [https://lib.ugent.be/fulltxt/RUG01/002/479/565/RUG01-002479565_2018_0001_AC.pdf]
WCSP (2021) World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, U.K. Available from: http://wcsp.science.kew.org. (accessed 10 May 2021)
Webb, R.H. (2020) An old cultivar becomes a new subspecies of Sansevieria concinna. Sansevieria 43: 19–24.
Webb, R.H. & Newton, L.E. (2018) Biogeography of the genus Sansevieria. The missing tables. Sansevieria 37: 24–28.
Webb, R.H. & Newton, L.E. (2019a) A new variety of Sansevieria ascendens from Kenya. Sansevieria 40: 22–25.
Webb, R.H. & Newton, L.E. (2019b) Three new species of Sansevieria in Kenya and Tanzania. Sansevieria 41: 10–17.
Webb, R.H. & Yinger, B.<sub>. </sub>(2019) A new subspecies of Sansevieria trifasciata in Tanzania. Sansevieria 41: 2–4.
Wei, N., Mwachala, G., Hu, G.W & Wang, Q.F. (2021) Dracaena neobella nom. nov., a replacement name for D. bella (L.E.Newton) Byng &Christenh. (Asparagaceae). Phytotaxa 514: 85–87. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.514.1.6
Bally, P.R.O. (1964) Miscellaneous notes on the flora of Tropical East Africa, including description of new taxa, 16-22. Candollea 19: 145–166.
Bos, J.J. (1984) Dracaena in West Africa. Agricultural University Wageningen Papers 84: 1–126. Available at: https://edepot.wur.nl/162504
Bos, J.J. (1998) Dracaenaceae. In: Kubitzki, K. (Ed.) The families and genera of vascular plants. Vol. 3: Flowering plants. Monocotyledons. Lilianiae (except Orchidaceae). Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 238–241. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03533-7_30
Brown, N.E. (1914) Notes on the genera Cordyline, Dracaena, Pleomele, Sansevieria and Taetsia. Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew) 1914: 273–279. https://doi.org/10.2307/4118549
Brown, N.E. (1915) Sansevieria. A monograph of all known species. Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew) 1915: 185–261. https://doi.org/10.2307/4107465
Burkart, M. & Scharf, U. (2021) Sansevieria vanillosa, a name for a long-known species from Tanzania, and a short overview on the subcapitate species. Sansevieria Online 9 (1) Article 4: 1–9.
Butler, A. (2012) Sansevieria pinguicula ssp. disticha Pfennig ex Butler, a new subspecies from Kenya. Sansevieria 28: 17–18.
Butler, A. & Jankalski, S. (2010) Sansevieria bacularis sp. nova and species with which it has been confused. Sansevieria 22: 3–9.
Byng, J.W. & Christenhusz, J.M.M. (2018) Asparagaceae. In: Christenhusz, J.M.M., Fay, F.M. & Byng, J.W. (Eds.) The Global Flora. A practical flora to vascular plant species of the world. Special Edition. GLOVAP Nomenclature 1, vol. 4. Plant Gateway Ltd., Bradford, pp. 64–67.
Carrière, É.A. (1861) La sansevière a feuilles cylindriques. Revue horticole. Journal d’horticulture pratique 1861: 447–451. Available at: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/49666754
Cole, T.C. & Forrest, T. (2019) Sansevieria conduplicata T.C.Cole & T.G.Forrest (Dracaenaceae), a new species of Sansevieria in the north of Uganda. Cactus and Succulent Journal 91: 147–151. https://doi.org/10.2985/015.091.0208
De Juana Clavero, J.I. (2020) Notas taxonómicas sobre el género Dracaena Vand. ex L. y su presencia en España. Bouteloua 30: 49–53.
Forrest, T.G. (2018) Sansevieria coleana T.G.Forrest (Asparagaceae): a new species in Uganda. Cactus World 36: 261–265.
Forrest, T.G. (2021) Sansevieria marachiensis (Asparagaceae); a new species in north-west Uganda. Cactus and Succulent Journal 93: 207–210. https://doi.org/10.2985/015.093.0305
Govaerts, R.; Zonneveld, B.J.M.; Zona, S.A. (2021) World Checklist of Asparagaceae. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Available on line at: http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/ (accessed 4 August 2021)
Heitz, B. & Zeller, J. (1990) Comment s‘appelle cette sansevière? Succulentes 13: 12–24.
Jankalski, S. (2015) Infrageneric species groups in Sansevieria. Sansevieria 33: 15–19.
Ker Gawler, J.B. (1809) Dracaena ovata. Ovate-leaved Dracaena. Curtis‘s Botanical Magazine 29: t. 1179. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/14317#page/93/mode/1up]
Kew Herbarium Catalogue (2021) Sansevieria ballyi L.E.Newton. Specimen: K00099514. Available at: http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000099514 (accessed 10 May 2021)
Koch, K. (1861) Die ächten Drachenbäume (Dracaena L. et Juss.). Wochenschrift des Vereines zur Beförderung des Gartenbaues in den Königlich Preussischen Staaten für Gärtnerei und Pflanzenkunde 4: 393–398. Available at: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/24591#page/438/mode/1up
Kunth, K.S. (1850) Enumeratio plantarum omnium hucusque cognitarum, secundum familias naturales disposita, adjectis characteribus, differentiis et synonymis (Vol. 5). J.G. Cotta, Stutgardiae & Tubingae. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32182#page/18/mode/1up]
Linnaeus, C. (1767) Mantissa Plantarum. Generum editionis VI et specierum editionis II, Pars I Altera. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae [Stockholm]. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/51333421]
Lu, P.-L. & Morden, C.W. (2014) Phylogenetic relationships among dracaenoid genera (Asparagaceae: Nolinoideae) inferred from chloroplast DNA loci. Systematic Botany 39: 90–104. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364414X678035
Mabberley, D.J. (2017) Mabberley‘s plant-book: a portable dictionary of plants, their classification and uses. Ed. 4. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316335581
Mansfeld, P.A. (2016) Sansevieria ballyi L.E.Newton (Asparagaceae) and newly found field notes. Bradleya 34: 225–229. https://doi.org/10.25223/brad.n34.2016.a10
Mansfeld, P.A. (2017) Die beliebte Sansevieria ballyi und die wahre Geschichte ihrer Entdeckung. Sansevieria Online 5: 24–35.
Mbugua, P.K. (2007) Sansevieria. In: Beentje, H.J. & Ghazanfar, S.A. (Eds.) Flora of Tropical East Africa. Dracaenaceae. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, pp. 10–41.
Newton, L.E. (2000) A beautiful new species of Sansevieria (Dracaenaceae) in Kenya. Cactus and Succulent Journal 72: 224–226.
Newton, L.E. (2004) Sansevieria ballyi, a name at last for a long-cultivated plant. British Cactus and Succulent Journal 22: 10–13. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/42793926]
Newton, L.E. (2010a) Two new caulescent species of Sansevieria (Asparagaceae) in Kenya. Bradleya 28: 19–26. https://doi.org/10.25223/brad.n28.2010.a4
Newton, L.E. (2010b) Notes on Sansevieria ballyi, with description of a new cultivar. Sansevieria 22: 10–12.
Newton, L.E. (2015) A new variety of Sansevieria ballyi in Kenya. Sansevieria 22: 11–12.
Newton, L.E. (2019) A new dwarf species of Sansevieria in Kenya. Sansevieria 39: 25–26.
Newton, L.E. (2020) Sansevieria. In: Eggli, U. & Nyffeler, R. (Eds.) Illustrated Handbook of Succulent Plants, 2<sup>nd</sup> ed., Monocotyledons, Vol. 2. Springer, Berlin, pp. 1353–1385. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-56486-8_29
Newton, L.E. & Thiede, J. (2015) Rank adjustments for the infraspecific taxa of Sansevieria pinguicula P.R.O.Bally (Asparagaceae/Dracaenaceae). Cactus and Succulent Journal (Los Angeles) 87: 28–32. https://doi.org/10.2985/015.087.0105
Perrier de La Bâthie, H. (1935) Notes sur quelques Monocotyledones de Madagascar: Sansevieria, Scholleropsis (gen. nov.), Pontederiacearum et Gymnosiphon. Notulae Systematicae 5: 154–162. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/6463472]
Pfennig, H. (1981a) Pater Gerstners Monadenium spec. 7191 identifiziert. Kakteen und andere Sukkulenten 32: 226–227.
Pfennig, H. (1981b) Zur Systematik und Kultur einiger ostafrikanischer Sansevieria-Arten (Agavaceae). Botanische Jahrbücher fur Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 102: 169–179.
Plants of the World Online (POWO) (2021) Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Available at: http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/ (accessed 10 May 2021).
Regel, E. (1877) Die Arten der Gattung Dracaena. Gartenflora 20: 132–149. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/125737#page/192/mode/1up]
Scharf, U. & Burkart, M. (2021) Sansevieria pfennigii (Ruscaceae, Asparagales): Confirmation of existence, emendation of description, and tentative threat assessment. Phytotaxa 483: 1–8. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.483.1.1
Takawira-Nyenya, R., Mucina, L., Cardinal-McTeague, W.M. & Thiele, K. (2018) Sansevieria (Asparagaceae, Nolinoideae) is a herbaceous clade within Dracaena: inference from non-coding plastid and nuclear DNA sequence data. Phytotaxa 376: 254–276. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.376.6.2
Takawira-Nyenya, R., Mucina, L., Macintyre, P. & Powrie, L.W. (2016) Biogeography of Dracaena (Dragon Trees) and Sansevieria (Mother-in-Law‘s tongue) (Asparagaceae) in Africa. Poster presented at the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Canadian Botanical Association / L‘Association Botanique du Canada 52e Réunion Annuelle, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC.
Thunberg, C.P. (1794) Prodromus plantarum Capensium, quas in Promontorio Bonae Spei Africes, annis 1772-1775, collegit Carol. Pet. Thunberg. Pars prior. Joh. Edman, Uppsaliae. [https://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/idurl/1/14226]
Turland, N.J., Wiersema, J.H., Barrie, F.R., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D.L., Herendeen, P.S., Knapp, S., Kusber, W.-H., Li, D.-Z., Marhold, K., May, T.W., McNeill, J., Monro, A.M., Prado, J., Price, M.J. & Smith, G.F. (eds.) (2018) International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Regnum Vegetabile 159. Koeltz Botanical Books, Glashütten. https://doi.org/10.12705/Code.2018
Van Kleinwee, I. (2018) In the name of Sansevieria (Asparagaceae). An integrative study on identification and classification of the Sansevieria diversity. Masters dissertation, Ghent University. [https://lib.ugent.be/fulltxt/RUG01/002/479/565/RUG01-002479565_2018_0001_AC.pdf]
WCSP (2021) World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, U.K. Available from: http://wcsp.science.kew.org. (accessed 10 May 2021)
Webb, R.H. (2020) An old cultivar becomes a new subspecies of Sansevieria concinna. Sansevieria 43: 19–24.
Webb, R.H. & Newton, L.E. (2018) Biogeography of the genus Sansevieria. The missing tables. Sansevieria 37: 24–28.
Webb, R.H. & Newton, L.E. (2019a) A new variety of Sansevieria ascendens from Kenya. Sansevieria 40: 22–25.
Webb, R.H. & Newton, L.E. (2019b) Three new species of Sansevieria in Kenya and Tanzania. Sansevieria 41: 10–17.
Webb, R.H. & Yinger, B.<sub>. </sub>(2019) A new subspecies of Sansevieria trifasciata in Tanzania. Sansevieria 41: 2–4.
Wei, N., Mwachala, G., Hu, G.W & Wang, Q.F. (2021) Dracaena neobella nom. nov., a replacement name for D. bella (L.E.Newton) Byng &Christenh. (Asparagaceae). Phytotaxa 514: 85–87. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.514.1.6