Abstract
During the taxonomic study of the genus Bothriochloa from India, B. ewartiana was reported for the first time in Asia from India. Earlier, it was known only from Australia, Lesser Sunda Island (Sumbawa, Timor), Philippines (Luzon), and Papua New Guinea (Madang). We have discussed about its amphitropical disjunct distribution over a vast continental gap with respect to some variability reported in the morphological attributes. A hypothesis behind its seclusion from Far East is also discussed. The images of the habitat and habit of B. ewartiana along with its detailed comparison with a close species B. woodrovii are provided. The taxonomic limits of each Indian species of Bothriochloa along with their ranges of morphological variations and distribution have been discussed in a detail. The Indian endemic B. parameswaranii (synonym nova) has been relegated, based on the morphological study, as a new taxonomic synonym of B. insculpta. Moreover, keys to identify closely allied genera and the species of Bothriochloa in India are provided. At the end, identification, taxonomic notes and the range of variations of Dichanthium foulkesii, D. jainii & D. concanense have been discussed in a detail.
References
Blake, S.T. (1969) Taxonomic and nomenclatural studies in Gramineae, no. 1. Preceedings of the Royal Society 80 (6): 1–62.
Bor, N.L. (1953) The genus Cymbopogon in India, Burma and Ceylon, Part I. Journal of Bombay Natural History Society 51: 890–1916.
Bor, N.L. (1960) The Grasses of Burma, Ceylon, India & Pakistan (Excluding Bambuseae). Pergamon Press, London, 767 pp.
Blatter, E. & McCann, C. (1928) Revision of the flora of the Bombay Presidency, part V (Gramineae). Journal of The Bombay Natural History society 32: 421–424.
Blatter, E. & McCann, C. (1935) The Bombay Grasses. Scientific monograph series 5, Managaer of publications, Delhi, 538 pp.
Camus, A. (1931) Le genre Bothriochloa Kuntze. Annales de la Societe Linnéenne de Lyon 176: 1–65. https://doi.org/10.3406/linly.1931.14732
Chiovenda, E. (1929) Chrysopogon fulvus. In: Flora of Somala vol. 1, sindicato Italiano Arti Grafiche, Roma, 327 pp.
Clayton, W.D., Vorontsova, M.S., Harman, K.T. & Williamson, H. (2006 onwards) GrassBase-the online world grass flora. Available from: https://www.kew.org/data/grasses-db.html (accessed 24 October 2020)
Cope, T.A. (1982) Poaceae vol. 143. In: Nasir, E. & Ali, S.A. (Eds.) Flora of Pakistan. Pakistan Agricultural Research Council and University of Karachi, Pakistan, 286 pp.
Deshpande, U.R. & Hemadri, K. (1971) Bothriochloa jainii Deshpande et Hemadri-a new grass from the Sahyadri Ranges, Maharashtra state. The Indian Forester 97 (10): 593–596.
Deshpande, U.R. (1979 [1981]) Transfer of two Indian grasses to Dichanthium Willemet. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 21 (1–4): 1–198.
De Wet, J.M.J., Borgaonkar, D.S. & Richardson, W.L. (1963) Chromosome number and reproduction in the Bothriochloininae. Caryologia 16: 47–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/00087114.1963.10796083
De Wet, J.M.J. & Higgins, M.L. (1963) Species relationships within the Bothriochloa pertusa complex. Phyton 20: 205–211.
De Wet, J.M.J. & Harlan, J.R. (1966) Morphology of the compilospecies Bothriochloa intermedia. American Journal of Botany 53: 94–98. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1966.tb07302.x
De Wet, J.M.J. & Harlan, J.R. (1970) Apomixis, polyploidy, and speciation in Dichanthium. Evolution 24: 270–277. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1970.tb01760.x
Domin, K. (1915) Beiträge Zur Flora und Pflanzengeographie Australien. Bibliotheca Botanica 85: 269. [Stuttgart]
Duthie, J.F. (1888) Fodder grasses of Northern India. Thomas Civil Engineering College Press, Roorkee, 90 pp.
Faruqi, S.A. (1969) Range of morphological variation within the Bothriochloa intermedia complex. Phyton 13 (3–4): 285–303.
Fish, L., Mashau, A.C., Moeaha, M.J. & Nembudani, M.J. (2015) Identification guide to southern African grasses. An identification manuals with keys, description and distributions. Strelitzia 36, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, 816 pp.
Forman, L. & Bridson, D. (1991) The herbarium handbook. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 214 pp.
Forsskål, P. (1775) Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica. Ex officinal Mölleri aule typographi, Hauniae, 173 pp.
Hackel, E. (1889) Monographia Andropogonearum. In: De Candolle, Monographia Phanerogamarum, Vol. 6. 478 pp.
Haines, H.H. (1915) Decades kewenses. Plantarum Novarum in Horti Regii Conservatarum. Decades LXXVIII–LXXIX. Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information, kew 1914 (5): 181–189.
Harlan, J.R. & De Wet, J.M.J. (1963) The compilospecies concept. Evolution 17: 497–501.
Henrard, J.T. (1940) Notes on the nomenclature of some grasses. Blumea 3: 1–456.
Heslop-Harrison, J. (1961) The function of the glume pit and the control of cleistogamy in Bothriochloa decipiens (Hack.) C. E. Hubbard. Phytomorphology 11: 378–383.
Higgins, M.L. (1964) Variation and species relationship in Bothriochloa pertusa complex. (Ph.D thesis submitted to the faculty of Graduate school of the Oklahoma state University; ined.) 2 pp.
Hooker, J.D. & Stapf, O. (1896) Gramineae. In: Hooker, J.D. (Ed.) Flora of British India vol. 7. L. Reeve & Co. Ltd., England, pp. 1–842.
Hubbard, C.E. (1934) Gramineae Australienses: II. Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information, Kew 10: 444–451. https://doi.org/10.2307/4114349 (accessed 1 July 2020)
Hubbard, C.E. (1939) Miscellaneous Notes. Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information, Kew 1939 (2): 100–108.
Jain, S.K. & Deshapande, U.R. (1978 [1979]) Transfer of some Indian species of Bothriochloa and Capillipedium to Dichanthium. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 20 (1–4): 133–135. http://dx.doi.org/10.20324/nelumbo%2Fv20%2F1978%2F75639
Kabeer, K. & Nair, V.J. (2009) Flora of Tamil Nadu: Poaceae. Botanical Survey of India Publication, Calcutta, 525 pp.
Kellogg, EA. (2015) Poaceae. In: Kubitski, K. (Ed.) The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Vol. 13. Springer, Berlin, 311 pp.
Keng, Y.L. (1936) Contributions from the Biological Laboratory of the Science Society of China. Botanical Series 10. 201 pp.
Kuntze, O. (1891) Revisio generum plantarum. Vol. 2. Arthur Felix, Leipzig, 762 pp.
Lakshminarasimhan, P., Dash, S.S., Singh, P., Singh, N.P., Vasudeva, M.K. & Rao, P.S.N. (2019) Flora of Karnataka volume III (Monocotyledons). Botanical Survey of India Publication, Calcutta,
Lazarides, M. (1970) The Grasses of Central Australia. Australia National University (ANU) Press, pp. 64–66.
Linnaeus, C. (1753) Species Plantarum vol. 2. Salvii, Holmiae [Stockholm], 1200 pp.
Linnaeus, C. (1771) Mantissa Plantarum vol. 2. Holmiae [Stockholm], pp. 301–302.
Nash, G.V. (1901) Amphilophis Nash. In: Manual of the flora of Northern States and Canada. H. Holt & Co., New York 71 pp.
Neamsuvan, O., Veldkamp, J.F. & Steelanan, T. (2009) A revision of Bothriochloa Kuntz (Poaceae) in Thailand. Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 61 (1): 129–143.
Retzius, A.J. (1781) Observationes Botanicae. Vol. 2. Lipsiae, 27 pp.
Richard, A. (1850 [1851]) Tentamen Florae Abyssinicae Seu Enumeratio Plantarum vol. 2. Apud Arthus Bertrand Editorem, Parisiis, 458 pp.
Sreekumar, P.V., Malathi, C.P. & Nair, V.J. (1988) Bothriochloa parameswaranii-A new species of Poaceae from Kerala, India. Journal of The Bombay Natural History Society 85 (1): 163–165.
Simon, B.K. (1982) New species of Gramineae from south-eastern Queensland. Austrobaileya 1: 455–467.
Simon, B.K. & Alfonso, Y. (2011) AusGrass2 [http://ausgrass2.myspecies.info/]
Soreng, J.R., Peterson, P.M., Romaschenko, K., Davidse, G., Teisher, J.K., Lynn, G.C., Barbera, P., Lynn, J.G. & Zuloaga, F.O. (2017) A worldwide phylogenetic classification of the Poaceae (Gramineae) II: An update and a comparison of two 2015 classifications. Journal of Systematics and Evolution 55 (4): 259–290. https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.12262
Sprengel, K. (1815) Plantarum minus cognitarum pugillus. Vol. 2. C. A. Kummelium, Halae (Halle), 10 pp.
Sreekumar, P.V., Malathi, C.P. & Nair, V.J. (1987 [1988]) Bothriochloa parameswaranii–A new species of Poaceae from Kerala, India. Journal of Bombay Natural History Society 85: 163–165.
Sreekumar, P.V. & Nair, V.J. (1991) Flora of Kerala–Grasses. Botanical Survey of India publication, Calcutta, pp. 1–470.
Stapf, O. (1917) Gramineae. In: Prain, D. (Ed.) Flora of Tropical Africa 9. London Reeve & Co., Kent, 384 pp.
Stapf, O. (1922) Hooker’s Icones Plantarum 31. Dulau & Co., Ltd., London, 3085 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.16059
Steudel, E.G. (1854) Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum. Vol. 1 (5). Stuttgartiae, 380 pp.
Sumadijaya, A. & Veldkamp, J.F. (2008) Notes on Bothriochloa Kuntze (Gramineae: Andropogoneae) in Malesia. Reinwardtia 12 (5): 415–417.
Sumadijaya, A. (2015) Morphology, Molecular Phylogeny and Genome content of Bothriochloa focusing on Australian taxa. [Thesis submitted to the faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University for the degree of M. Sc., ined.] 14 pp.
Soreng, R.J., Peterson, P.M., Romaschenko, K., Davidse, G., Teisher, J.K., Clark, L.G., Barberá, P., Gillespie, L.J. & Zuloaga, F.O. (2017) A worldwide phylogenetic classification of the Poaceae (Gramineae) II: An update and a comparison of two 2015 classifications. Journal of Systematics and Evolution 55 (4): 259–290. https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.12262
Swartz, O. (1797) Flora Indiae Occidentalis. Vol. 1. Erlangae, London, 203 pp.
Tiwari, A.P. & Landge, S.N. (2021) Capillipedium mistryi (Andropogoneae, Poaceae): a new remarkable species from central India. Phytotaxa 498 (1): 51–57. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.498.1.6
Trinius, C.B. (1833) Andropogineorum genera speciesque complures definitionibus novis. Mémoires de l’Académie impériale des sciences, St.-Pétersbourg 2 (6): 239–337.
Willemet, P. (1796) Herbarium mauritianum. Annalen der Botanik 18: 11–13. [Ed. P. Usteri]
Bor, N.L. (1953) The genus Cymbopogon in India, Burma and Ceylon, Part I. Journal of Bombay Natural History Society 51: 890–1916.
Bor, N.L. (1960) The Grasses of Burma, Ceylon, India & Pakistan (Excluding Bambuseae). Pergamon Press, London, 767 pp.
Blatter, E. & McCann, C. (1928) Revision of the flora of the Bombay Presidency, part V (Gramineae). Journal of The Bombay Natural History society 32: 421–424.
Blatter, E. & McCann, C. (1935) The Bombay Grasses. Scientific monograph series 5, Managaer of publications, Delhi, 538 pp.
Camus, A. (1931) Le genre Bothriochloa Kuntze. Annales de la Societe Linnéenne de Lyon 176: 1–65. https://doi.org/10.3406/linly.1931.14732
Chiovenda, E. (1929) Chrysopogon fulvus. In: Flora of Somala vol. 1, sindicato Italiano Arti Grafiche, Roma, 327 pp.
Clayton, W.D., Vorontsova, M.S., Harman, K.T. & Williamson, H. (2006 onwards) GrassBase-the online world grass flora. Available from: https://www.kew.org/data/grasses-db.html (accessed 24 October 2020)
Cope, T.A. (1982) Poaceae vol. 143. In: Nasir, E. & Ali, S.A. (Eds.) Flora of Pakistan. Pakistan Agricultural Research Council and University of Karachi, Pakistan, 286 pp.
Deshpande, U.R. & Hemadri, K. (1971) Bothriochloa jainii Deshpande et Hemadri-a new grass from the Sahyadri Ranges, Maharashtra state. The Indian Forester 97 (10): 593–596.
Deshpande, U.R. (1979 [1981]) Transfer of two Indian grasses to Dichanthium Willemet. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 21 (1–4): 1–198.
De Wet, J.M.J., Borgaonkar, D.S. & Richardson, W.L. (1963) Chromosome number and reproduction in the Bothriochloininae. Caryologia 16: 47–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/00087114.1963.10796083
De Wet, J.M.J. & Higgins, M.L. (1963) Species relationships within the Bothriochloa pertusa complex. Phyton 20: 205–211.
De Wet, J.M.J. & Harlan, J.R. (1966) Morphology of the compilospecies Bothriochloa intermedia. American Journal of Botany 53: 94–98. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1966.tb07302.x
De Wet, J.M.J. & Harlan, J.R. (1970) Apomixis, polyploidy, and speciation in Dichanthium. Evolution 24: 270–277. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1970.tb01760.x
Domin, K. (1915) Beiträge Zur Flora und Pflanzengeographie Australien. Bibliotheca Botanica 85: 269. [Stuttgart]
Duthie, J.F. (1888) Fodder grasses of Northern India. Thomas Civil Engineering College Press, Roorkee, 90 pp.
Faruqi, S.A. (1969) Range of morphological variation within the Bothriochloa intermedia complex. Phyton 13 (3–4): 285–303.
Fish, L., Mashau, A.C., Moeaha, M.J. & Nembudani, M.J. (2015) Identification guide to southern African grasses. An identification manuals with keys, description and distributions. Strelitzia 36, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, 816 pp.
Forman, L. & Bridson, D. (1991) The herbarium handbook. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 214 pp.
Forsskål, P. (1775) Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica. Ex officinal Mölleri aule typographi, Hauniae, 173 pp.
Hackel, E. (1889) Monographia Andropogonearum. In: De Candolle, Monographia Phanerogamarum, Vol. 6. 478 pp.
Haines, H.H. (1915) Decades kewenses. Plantarum Novarum in Horti Regii Conservatarum. Decades LXXVIII–LXXIX. Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information, kew 1914 (5): 181–189.
Harlan, J.R. & De Wet, J.M.J. (1963) The compilospecies concept. Evolution 17: 497–501.
Henrard, J.T. (1940) Notes on the nomenclature of some grasses. Blumea 3: 1–456.
Heslop-Harrison, J. (1961) The function of the glume pit and the control of cleistogamy in Bothriochloa decipiens (Hack.) C. E. Hubbard. Phytomorphology 11: 378–383.
Higgins, M.L. (1964) Variation and species relationship in Bothriochloa pertusa complex. (Ph.D thesis submitted to the faculty of Graduate school of the Oklahoma state University; ined.) 2 pp.
Hooker, J.D. & Stapf, O. (1896) Gramineae. In: Hooker, J.D. (Ed.) Flora of British India vol. 7. L. Reeve & Co. Ltd., England, pp. 1–842.
Hubbard, C.E. (1934) Gramineae Australienses: II. Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information, Kew 10: 444–451. https://doi.org/10.2307/4114349 (accessed 1 July 2020)
Hubbard, C.E. (1939) Miscellaneous Notes. Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information, Kew 1939 (2): 100–108.
Jain, S.K. & Deshapande, U.R. (1978 [1979]) Transfer of some Indian species of Bothriochloa and Capillipedium to Dichanthium. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 20 (1–4): 133–135. http://dx.doi.org/10.20324/nelumbo%2Fv20%2F1978%2F75639
Kabeer, K. & Nair, V.J. (2009) Flora of Tamil Nadu: Poaceae. Botanical Survey of India Publication, Calcutta, 525 pp.
Kellogg, EA. (2015) Poaceae. In: Kubitski, K. (Ed.) The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Vol. 13. Springer, Berlin, 311 pp.
Keng, Y.L. (1936) Contributions from the Biological Laboratory of the Science Society of China. Botanical Series 10. 201 pp.
Kuntze, O. (1891) Revisio generum plantarum. Vol. 2. Arthur Felix, Leipzig, 762 pp.
Lakshminarasimhan, P., Dash, S.S., Singh, P., Singh, N.P., Vasudeva, M.K. & Rao, P.S.N. (2019) Flora of Karnataka volume III (Monocotyledons). Botanical Survey of India Publication, Calcutta,
Lazarides, M. (1970) The Grasses of Central Australia. Australia National University (ANU) Press, pp. 64–66.
Linnaeus, C. (1753) Species Plantarum vol. 2. Salvii, Holmiae [Stockholm], 1200 pp.
Linnaeus, C. (1771) Mantissa Plantarum vol. 2. Holmiae [Stockholm], pp. 301–302.
Nash, G.V. (1901) Amphilophis Nash. In: Manual of the flora of Northern States and Canada. H. Holt & Co., New York 71 pp.
Neamsuvan, O., Veldkamp, J.F. & Steelanan, T. (2009) A revision of Bothriochloa Kuntz (Poaceae) in Thailand. Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 61 (1): 129–143.
Retzius, A.J. (1781) Observationes Botanicae. Vol. 2. Lipsiae, 27 pp.
Richard, A. (1850 [1851]) Tentamen Florae Abyssinicae Seu Enumeratio Plantarum vol. 2. Apud Arthus Bertrand Editorem, Parisiis, 458 pp.
Sreekumar, P.V., Malathi, C.P. & Nair, V.J. (1988) Bothriochloa parameswaranii-A new species of Poaceae from Kerala, India. Journal of The Bombay Natural History Society 85 (1): 163–165.
Simon, B.K. (1982) New species of Gramineae from south-eastern Queensland. Austrobaileya 1: 455–467.
Simon, B.K. & Alfonso, Y. (2011) AusGrass2 [http://ausgrass2.myspecies.info/]
Soreng, J.R., Peterson, P.M., Romaschenko, K., Davidse, G., Teisher, J.K., Lynn, G.C., Barbera, P., Lynn, J.G. & Zuloaga, F.O. (2017) A worldwide phylogenetic classification of the Poaceae (Gramineae) II: An update and a comparison of two 2015 classifications. Journal of Systematics and Evolution 55 (4): 259–290. https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.12262
Sprengel, K. (1815) Plantarum minus cognitarum pugillus. Vol. 2. C. A. Kummelium, Halae (Halle), 10 pp.
Sreekumar, P.V., Malathi, C.P. & Nair, V.J. (1987 [1988]) Bothriochloa parameswaranii–A new species of Poaceae from Kerala, India. Journal of Bombay Natural History Society 85: 163–165.
Sreekumar, P.V. & Nair, V.J. (1991) Flora of Kerala–Grasses. Botanical Survey of India publication, Calcutta, pp. 1–470.
Stapf, O. (1917) Gramineae. In: Prain, D. (Ed.) Flora of Tropical Africa 9. London Reeve & Co., Kent, 384 pp.
Stapf, O. (1922) Hooker’s Icones Plantarum 31. Dulau & Co., Ltd., London, 3085 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.16059
Steudel, E.G. (1854) Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum. Vol. 1 (5). Stuttgartiae, 380 pp.
Sumadijaya, A. & Veldkamp, J.F. (2008) Notes on Bothriochloa Kuntze (Gramineae: Andropogoneae) in Malesia. Reinwardtia 12 (5): 415–417.
Sumadijaya, A. (2015) Morphology, Molecular Phylogeny and Genome content of Bothriochloa focusing on Australian taxa. [Thesis submitted to the faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University for the degree of M. Sc., ined.] 14 pp.
Soreng, R.J., Peterson, P.M., Romaschenko, K., Davidse, G., Teisher, J.K., Clark, L.G., Barberá, P., Gillespie, L.J. & Zuloaga, F.O. (2017) A worldwide phylogenetic classification of the Poaceae (Gramineae) II: An update and a comparison of two 2015 classifications. Journal of Systematics and Evolution 55 (4): 259–290. https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.12262
Swartz, O. (1797) Flora Indiae Occidentalis. Vol. 1. Erlangae, London, 203 pp.
Tiwari, A.P. & Landge, S.N. (2021) Capillipedium mistryi (Andropogoneae, Poaceae): a new remarkable species from central India. Phytotaxa 498 (1): 51–57. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.498.1.6
Trinius, C.B. (1833) Andropogineorum genera speciesque complures definitionibus novis. Mémoires de l’Académie impériale des sciences, St.-Pétersbourg 2 (6): 239–337.
Willemet, P. (1796) Herbarium mauritianum. Annalen der Botanik 18: 11–13. [Ed. P. Usteri]