Abstract
A new species of Magnolia from the southern Sierra Madre Oriental, Mexico, is described and illustrated, providing information about its habitat distribution, ecology, biogeography and conservation status. After 12 fieldwork expeditions near the border of the states of Hidalgo and Puebla, we have developed morphological, ecological and biogeographic data to support recognition of populations from Acaxochitlán, Hidalgo and Pahuatlán, Puebla as a distinct species of Magnolia sect. Macrophylla. A key to species of this section and a distribution map for Mexican taxa are provided. The species was assessed as critically endangered (CR).
References
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Chávez-Cortázar, A., Oyama, K., Ochoa-Zavala, M., Mata-Rosas, M., Veltjen, E., Samain, M.S. & Quesada, M. (2021) Conservation genetics of relict tropical species of Magnolia (section Macrophylla). Conservation Genetics 22: 259–273. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-021-01334-5
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de Queiroz, K. (2007) Species concepts and species delimitation. Systematic Biology 56: 879–886. https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150701701083
Dodd, T. (1980) Paying a call on Dealbata. Magnolia 16: 29–32.
Domínguez-Yescas, R., Vázquez-García, J.A., Muñiz-Castro, M.Á., Hernández-Vera, G., Salcedo-Pérez, E., Rodríguez-Pérez, C. & Gallardo-Yobal, S.I. (2020) Small-scale environmental drivers of plant community structure and diversity in Neotropical montane cloud forests harboring threatened Magnolia dealbata in southern Mexico. Diversity 12: 444. https://doi.org/10.3390/d12120444
Doyle, A.M. (1989) Magnolia macrophylla: population structure, reproductive strategies and the disturbance regime of Mill Creek Forest. Thesis, Tulane University, Louisiana, USA, 69 pp.
Figlar, R.B. & Nooteboom, H.P. (2004) Notes on Magnoliaceae IV. Blumea 49: 87–100. https://doi.org/10.3767/000651904X486214
García-Morales, L.J., Iamonico, D. & Garcia Jimenez, J. (2017) Nomenclatural remarks on Magnolia sect. Macrophylla (Magnoliaceae), with description of a new species from North America (Tamaulipas, Mexico). Phytotaxa 309: 238–244. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.309.3.4
GBIF.org (2020) GBIF Occurrence. Available from GBIF.org (accessed 13 August 2020) https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.2z3k3x
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Gutiérrez, L. & Vovides, A. (1997) An in-situ study of Magnolia dealbata Zucc. in Veracruz State: an endangered endemic tree of Mexico. Biodiversity & Conservation, 6:89–97. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018327700030
Ibarra-Martínez, M.V. (2020) Relaciones filogenéticas y filogeografía de Magnolia sect. Macrophylla en México. M.Sc. Thesis, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan. Mexico, 70 pp.
INEGI (2005) Prontuario de información geográfica municipal de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos. San Juan Juquila Vijanos. INEGI, Oaxaca, México, 8 pp.
IUCN (2019) Guidelines for using the IUCN Red List Categories and criteria, version 14. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Committee of the IUCN Species Survival Commission. Available from https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/redlistguidelines.pdf (accessed 27 April 2021)
Kim, S. & Suh, Y. (2013) Phylogeny of Magnoliaceae based on ten chloroplast DNA regions. Journal of Plant Biology 56: 290–305. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12374-013-0111-9
Kunth, K.S. (1817) Nova genera et species plantarum 2. Librariae Graeco-Latino-Germanico, Paris, 509 pp.
Linnaeus, C. (1753) Species plantarum. Salvius, Stockholm, 1200 pp.
Morrone, J.J., Escalante, T. & Rodriguez-Tapia, G. (2017) Mexican biogeographic provinces: map and shapefiles. Zootaxa 4277: 277–279. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4277.2.8
Pfaffman, G.A. (1975) A trip to see the rare Mexican magnolia tree species Magnolia dealbata. News of American Magnolia Society 11: 9-14.
Sánchez-Velásquez, L.R., Pineda-López, M.R., Vásquez-Morales, S.G. & Avendaño-Yáñez, M.L. (2016) Ecology and conservation of endangered species: the case of magnolias. In: Quinn, M. (Ed.) Endangered species: threats, conservation and future research. Nova Science, New York, pp. 63–84.
Satyajit, D.S. & Maruyama, Y. (2002) Magnolia: the genus Magnolia, medicinal and aromatic plants – industrial profiles, Taylor & Francis, London, 187 pp.
Thiers, B. (2020) Index herbariorum: a global directory of public herbaria and associated staff. New York Botanical Garden’s Virtual Herbarium. Available from: http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/ (accessed 27 April 2020)
Vázquez-García, J.A. (1990) Taxonomy of the genus Magnolia (Magnoliaceae) in Mexico and Central America. M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 224 pp. https://doi.org/10.2307/2807454
Vázquez-García, J.A. (1994) Magnolia (Magnoliaceae) in Mexico and Central America: a synopsis. Brittonia 46: 1–23. https://doi.org/10.2307/2807454
Vázquez-García, J.A., Muñiz-Castro, M.Á., Arroyo, F., Pérez, Á.J., Serna, M. & De Castro Arce, E. (2013) Novelties of conservation concern in Neotropical Magnolia and a proposed addendum to the IUCN Red List of Magnoliaceae. In: Salcedo-Pérez, E. Hernández-Álvarez, E., Vázquez-García, J.A., Escoto-García, T. & Díaz-Echavarría, N. (Eds.) Recursos forestales en el occidente de México, Universidad de Guadalajara CUCEI-CUCBA, Mexico, pp. 461–496.
Vázquez-García, J.A., Domínguez-Yescas, R., Pedraza-Ruiz, R., Sánchez-González, A. & Muñiz-Castro, M.Á. (2015) Magnolia rzedowskiana (Magnoliaceae), una especie nueva de la sección Macrophylla de la parte central de la Sierra Madre Oriental, México. Acta Botánica Mexicana 112: 19–36. https://doi.org/10.21829/abm112.2015.1086
Vázquez-García, J.A., Domínguez-Yescas, R., Velazco-Macías, C., Shalisko, V. & Merino-Santi, R.E. (2016) Magnolia nuevoleonensis sp. nov. (Magnoliaceae) from northeastern Mexico and a key to species of section Macrophylla. Nordic Journal of Botany 34: 48–53. https://doi.org/10.1111/njb.00800
Vázquez-García, J.A., Muñiz-Castro, M.A., Dahua-Machoa, A., Osorio-Muñoz, E.A., Hernández-Vera, G., Ortega-Peña, A.S., Romo-Campos, R.L., Jacobo-Pereira, C., Álvarez-Román, N. & Shalisko, V. (2021) How to save endangered magnolias? From population biology to conservation action: the case of allopatric radiation in western Mexico. In Endangered Plants. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94346
Wang, Y.B., Liu, B.B., Nie, Z.L., Chen, H.F., Chen, F.J., Figlar, R.B. & Wen, J. (2020) Major clades and a revised classification of Magnolia and Magnoliaceae based on whole plastid genome sequences via genome skimming. Journal Systematics and Evolution 58: 673?695. https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.12588
Weaver, P.L. (1987) Ecological observations on Magnolia splendens Urban in the Luquillo mountains of Puerto Rico. Caribbean Journal of Science 23: 340–351.
Chávez-Cortázar, A., Oyama, K., Ochoa-Zavala, M., Mata-Rosas, M., Veltjen, E., Samain, M.S. & Quesada, M. (2021) Conservation genetics of relict tropical species of Magnolia (section Macrophylla). Conservation Genetics 22: 259–273. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-021-01334-5
de Queiroz, K. (1998) The general lineage concept of species, species criteria, and the process of speciation: a conceptual unification and terminological recommendations. In: de Queiroz, K., Howard, D.J. & Berlocher, S.H. (Eds.) Endless forms: species and speciation. Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 57–75.
de Queiroz, K. (2007) Species concepts and species delimitation. Systematic Biology 56: 879–886. https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150701701083
Dodd, T. (1980) Paying a call on Dealbata. Magnolia 16: 29–32.
Domínguez-Yescas, R., Vázquez-García, J.A., Muñiz-Castro, M.Á., Hernández-Vera, G., Salcedo-Pérez, E., Rodríguez-Pérez, C. & Gallardo-Yobal, S.I. (2020) Small-scale environmental drivers of plant community structure and diversity in Neotropical montane cloud forests harboring threatened Magnolia dealbata in southern Mexico. Diversity 12: 444. https://doi.org/10.3390/d12120444
Doyle, A.M. (1989) Magnolia macrophylla: population structure, reproductive strategies and the disturbance regime of Mill Creek Forest. Thesis, Tulane University, Louisiana, USA, 69 pp.
Figlar, R.B. & Nooteboom, H.P. (2004) Notes on Magnoliaceae IV. Blumea 49: 87–100. https://doi.org/10.3767/000651904X486214
García-Morales, L.J., Iamonico, D. & Garcia Jimenez, J. (2017) Nomenclatural remarks on Magnolia sect. Macrophylla (Magnoliaceae), with description of a new species from North America (Tamaulipas, Mexico). Phytotaxa 309: 238–244. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.309.3.4
GBIF.org (2020) GBIF Occurrence. Available from GBIF.org (accessed 13 August 2020) https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.2z3k3x
Gutiérrez-Carvajal, L. (1993) Estudio biológico de una especie forestal endémica (Magnolia dealbata Zucc.). Thesis, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, 92 pp.
Gutiérrez, L. & Vovides, A. (1997) An in-situ study of Magnolia dealbata Zucc. in Veracruz State: an endangered endemic tree of Mexico. Biodiversity & Conservation, 6:89–97. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018327700030
Ibarra-Martínez, M.V. (2020) Relaciones filogenéticas y filogeografía de Magnolia sect. Macrophylla en México. M.Sc. Thesis, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan. Mexico, 70 pp.
INEGI (2005) Prontuario de información geográfica municipal de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos. San Juan Juquila Vijanos. INEGI, Oaxaca, México, 8 pp.
IUCN (2019) Guidelines for using the IUCN Red List Categories and criteria, version 14. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Committee of the IUCN Species Survival Commission. Available from https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/redlistguidelines.pdf (accessed 27 April 2021)
Kim, S. & Suh, Y. (2013) Phylogeny of Magnoliaceae based on ten chloroplast DNA regions. Journal of Plant Biology 56: 290–305. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12374-013-0111-9
Kunth, K.S. (1817) Nova genera et species plantarum 2. Librariae Graeco-Latino-Germanico, Paris, 509 pp.
Linnaeus, C. (1753) Species plantarum. Salvius, Stockholm, 1200 pp.
Morrone, J.J., Escalante, T. & Rodriguez-Tapia, G. (2017) Mexican biogeographic provinces: map and shapefiles. Zootaxa 4277: 277–279. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4277.2.8
Pfaffman, G.A. (1975) A trip to see the rare Mexican magnolia tree species Magnolia dealbata. News of American Magnolia Society 11: 9-14.
Sánchez-Velásquez, L.R., Pineda-López, M.R., Vásquez-Morales, S.G. & Avendaño-Yáñez, M.L. (2016) Ecology and conservation of endangered species: the case of magnolias. In: Quinn, M. (Ed.) Endangered species: threats, conservation and future research. Nova Science, New York, pp. 63–84.
Satyajit, D.S. & Maruyama, Y. (2002) Magnolia: the genus Magnolia, medicinal and aromatic plants – industrial profiles, Taylor & Francis, London, 187 pp.
Thiers, B. (2020) Index herbariorum: a global directory of public herbaria and associated staff. New York Botanical Garden’s Virtual Herbarium. Available from: http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/ (accessed 27 April 2020)
Vázquez-García, J.A. (1990) Taxonomy of the genus Magnolia (Magnoliaceae) in Mexico and Central America. M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 224 pp. https://doi.org/10.2307/2807454
Vázquez-García, J.A. (1994) Magnolia (Magnoliaceae) in Mexico and Central America: a synopsis. Brittonia 46: 1–23. https://doi.org/10.2307/2807454
Vázquez-García, J.A., Muñiz-Castro, M.Á., Arroyo, F., Pérez, Á.J., Serna, M. & De Castro Arce, E. (2013) Novelties of conservation concern in Neotropical Magnolia and a proposed addendum to the IUCN Red List of Magnoliaceae. In: Salcedo-Pérez, E. Hernández-Álvarez, E., Vázquez-García, J.A., Escoto-García, T. & Díaz-Echavarría, N. (Eds.) Recursos forestales en el occidente de México, Universidad de Guadalajara CUCEI-CUCBA, Mexico, pp. 461–496.
Vázquez-García, J.A., Domínguez-Yescas, R., Pedraza-Ruiz, R., Sánchez-González, A. & Muñiz-Castro, M.Á. (2015) Magnolia rzedowskiana (Magnoliaceae), una especie nueva de la sección Macrophylla de la parte central de la Sierra Madre Oriental, México. Acta Botánica Mexicana 112: 19–36. https://doi.org/10.21829/abm112.2015.1086
Vázquez-García, J.A., Domínguez-Yescas, R., Velazco-Macías, C., Shalisko, V. & Merino-Santi, R.E. (2016) Magnolia nuevoleonensis sp. nov. (Magnoliaceae) from northeastern Mexico and a key to species of section Macrophylla. Nordic Journal of Botany 34: 48–53. https://doi.org/10.1111/njb.00800
Vázquez-García, J.A., Muñiz-Castro, M.A., Dahua-Machoa, A., Osorio-Muñoz, E.A., Hernández-Vera, G., Ortega-Peña, A.S., Romo-Campos, R.L., Jacobo-Pereira, C., Álvarez-Román, N. & Shalisko, V. (2021) How to save endangered magnolias? From population biology to conservation action: the case of allopatric radiation in western Mexico. In Endangered Plants. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94346
Wang, Y.B., Liu, B.B., Nie, Z.L., Chen, H.F., Chen, F.J., Figlar, R.B. & Wen, J. (2020) Major clades and a revised classification of Magnolia and Magnoliaceae based on whole plastid genome sequences via genome skimming. Journal Systematics and Evolution 58: 673?695. https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.12588
Weaver, P.L. (1987) Ecological observations on Magnolia splendens Urban in the Luquillo mountains of Puerto Rico. Caribbean Journal of Science 23: 340–351.