Abstract
Recent molecular studies on Parmelia revealed several new semi-cryptic and cryptic species, suggesting the existence of considerable genetic diversity within this genus that may not yet be expressed at the phenotypic level. This is the case of the two species Parmelia ernstiae and P. serrana that have been described in the P. saxatilis group from Europe and that are still poorly known in Italy. The main aim of this study is to shed light into the Italian distribution of these cryptic species on the basis of a systematic and taxonomic revision of exiccata and new specimens of the Parmelia saxatilis group collected along a biogeographical gradient through the Italian peninsula. In this revision, we combined morphological, chemical, and molecular data and evaluated their reliability for identification at the species level. Results indicate that P. saxatilis is the most widespread species and that P. ernstiae is much more widespread than previously thought. In contrast, P. serrana seems to be a rare species in Italy. Our results also indicate that the combined use of morphological and chemical data does not provide a reliable tool to discriminate the cryptic species of this group and that molecular data are thus indispensable for identification at the species level. Finally, our phylogenetic analysis supports the existence of an unrecognized diversity in parmelioid lichens that should be further investigated.
References
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Crespo, A. & Lumbsch, H.T. (2010) Cryptic species in lichen-forming fungi. IMA fungus 1: 167–170. https://doi.org/10.5598/imafungus.2010.01.02.09
Crespo, A., Kauff, F., Divakar, P.K., del Prado, R., Pérez-Ortega, S., de Paz, G. A., Ferencova, Z., Blanco, O., Roca-Valiente, B., Núñez-Zapata, J., Cubas, P., Argüello, A., Elix, J.A., Esslinger, T.L., Hawksworth, D.L., Millanes, A., Molina, M.C., Wedin, M., Ahti, T., Aptroot, A., Barreno, E., Bungartz, F., Calvelo, S., Candan, M., Cole, M., Ertz, D., Goffinet, B., Lindblom, L., Lücking, R., Lutzoni, F., Mattsson, J.-E., Messuti, M.I., Miadlikowska, J., Piercey-Normore, M., Rico, V.J., Sipman, H.J.M., Schmitt, I., Spribille, T., Thell, A., Thor, G., Upreti, D.K. & Lumbsch, H.T. (2010) Phylogenetic generic classification of parmelioid lichens (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota) based on molecular, morphological and chemical evidence. Taxon 59: 1735–1753. https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.596008
Crespo, A., Rico, V.J., Garrido, E., Lumbsch, H.T. & Divakar, P.K. (2020) A revision of species of the Parmelia saxatilis complex in the Iberian Peninsula with the description of P. rojoi, a new potentially relict species. The Lichenologist 52: 365–376. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0024282920000341
Divakar, P.K., Molina, M.C., Lumbsch, H.T. & Crespo, A. (2005) Parmelia barrenoae, a new lichen species related to Parmelia sulcata (Parmeliaceae) based on molecular and morphological data. The Lichenologist 37: 37–46. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0024282904014641
Divakar, P.K., Leavitt, S.D., Molina, M.C., Del-Prado, R., Lumbsch, H.T. & Crespo, A. (2016) A DNA barcoding approach for identification of hidden diversity in Parmeliaceae (Ascomycota): Parmelia sensu stricto as a case study. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 180: 21–29. https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12358
Divakar, P.K., Crespo, A., Kraichak, E., Leavitt, S.D., Singh, G., Schmitt, I. & Lumbsch, H.T. (2017) Using a temporal phylogenetic method to harmonize family-and genus-level classification in the largest clade of lichen-forming fungi. Fungal Diversity 84: 101–117. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-017-0379-z
Divakar, P.K. & Crespo, A. (2018) Molecular phylogeny uncovers an overlooked species in the macrolichen family Parmeliaceae (Ascomycota) from India. Cryptogam Biodiversity and Assessment, e-ISSN: 2456–0251, 14–21. https://doi.org/10.21756/cab.esp4
Doyle, J.L. (1987) A rapid DNA isolation procedure for small quantities of fresh leaf tissue. Phytochemical Bulletin 19: 11–15.
Ferencova, Z., Cubas, P., Divakar, P.K., Molina, M.C. & Crespo, A. (2014) Notoparmelia, a new genus of Parmeliaceae (Ascomycota) based on overlooked reproductive anatomical features, phylogeny and distribution pattern. The Lichenologist 46: 51. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0024282913000649
Feuerer, T. & Thell, A. (2002) “Parmelia ernstiae—a new macrolichen from Germany”. Mitteilungen des Instituts für Allgemeine Botanik, Hamburg 30–32: 49–60.
Galloway, D.J. & Elix, J.A. (1983) The lichen genera Parmelia Ach. and Punctelia Krog, in Australasia. New Zealand Journal of Botany 21: 397–420. https://doi.org/10.1080/0028825X.1983.10428572
Gardes & Bruns (1993). ITS primers with enhanced specificity for basidiomycetes—application to the identification of mycorrhizae and rusts. Molecular Ecology 2: 113–118. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.1993.tb00005.x
Giordani, P., Brunialti, G., Benesperi, R., Rizzi, G., Frati, L. & Modenesi, P. (2009) Rapid biodiversity assessment in lichen diversity surveys: implications for quality assurance. Journal of Environmental Monitoring 11: 730–735. https://doi.org/10.1039/b818173j
Giordani, P. (2019) Lichen Diversity and Biomonitoring: A Special Issue. Diversity 11: 171. https://doi.org/10.3390/d11090171
Hale Jr, M.E. (1987) A monograph of the lichen genus Parmelia Acharius sensu stricto (Ascomycotina: Parmeliaceae). Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 32: 1–29. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.0081024X.66
Haugan, R. & Timdal, E. (2019) The morphologically cryptic lichen species Parmelia ernstiae and P. serrana new to Norway. Graphis Scripta 31: 5–13.
Hawksworth, D.L., Divakar, P.K., Crespo, A. & Ahti, T. (2011) The checklist of parmelioid and similar lichens in Europe and some adjacent territories: additions and corrections. The Lichenologist 43: 639–645. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0024282911000454
Jaklitsch, W., Baral, H.O., Lücking, R., Lumbsch, H.T. & Frey, W. (2016) Syllabus of plant families-a. Engler’s syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien part 1/2. Stuttgart: Schweizerbart’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung.
Katoh, K. & Standley M.D. (2013) MAFFT multiple sequence alignment software version 7: improvements in performance and usability. Molecular biology and evolution 30: 772–780. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst010
Kirk, P.M., Cannon, P.F., Minter, D.W. & Stalpers, J.A. (2008) Dictionary of the fungi 10 th ed Wallingford, UK, CABI, 599 pp.
Lohtander, K., Myllys, L., Sundin, R., Källersjö, M. & Tehler, A. (1998) The species pair concept in the lichen Dendrographa leucophaea (Arthoniales): analyses based on ITS sequences. Bryologist 404–411. https://doi.org/10.1639/0007-2745(1998)101[404:TSPCIT]2.0.CO;2
Louwhoff, S.H.J.J., Purvis, O.W. & James, P.W. (2009) Parmelia Ach. (1803) The lichens of Great Britain and Ireland. British Lichen Society, London, pp. 651–654. https://doi.org/10.5586/asbp.2014.006
Lücking, R., Hodkinson, B.P. & Leavitt, S.D. (2017) The 2016 classification of lichenized fungi in the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota–Approaching one thousand genera. The Bryologist 119: 361–416. https://doi.org/10.1639/0007-2745-119.4.361
Mattsson, J.E. & Wedin, M. (1998) Phylogeny of the Parmeliaceae—Dna data versus morphological data. The Lichenologist 30: 463–472. https://doi.org/10.1006/lich.1998.0143
Mattsson, J.-E., Lättman, H., Divakar, H. & Crespo, A. (2006) The Parmelia saxatilis complex: Parmelia serrana new to Sweden. Abstract. Systematikdagarna. Göteborg University & ArtDatabanken: 26.
Molina, M.C., Crespo, A., O. Lumbsch Blanc, H.T. & Hawksworth, D.L. (2004) Phylogenetic relationships and species concepts in Parmelia s. str. (Parmeliaceae) inferred from nuclear ITS rDNA and ?-tubulin sequences. The Lichenologist 36: 37–54. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0024282904013933
Molina, M.C., Divakar, P.K., Millanes, A.M., Sanchez, E., Ruth, D.P., Hawksworth, D.L. & Crespo, A. (2011a) Parmelia sulcata (Ascomycota: Parmeliaceae), a sympatric monophyletic species complex. The Lichenologist 43: 585–601. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0024282911000521
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