Abstract
Ptilidium ciliare is so common in the North Holarctic and hypothetically morphologically uniform that possible diversification may have been overlooked. Previous results however showed the presence of “cryptic” diversity within the species. In the present investigation we show: 1) this diversity is not cryptic, 2) the taxon we describe as P. himalayanum has at least a Sino-Himalayan range, and 3) it occupies a morphologically intermediate position between what has traditionally been treated as P. ciliare and P. pulcherrimum. Both latter taxa are only slightly diverged genetically, and sometimes morphological discrimination is challenging such that both are better treated as varieties or subspecies within a single species.
References
Austin, C.F. (1875) New Hepaticae. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 6 (3): 17–21. https://doi.org/10.2307/2475861
Bakalin, V., Vilnet, A., Ma, W.Z. & Klimova, K. (2019) The differentiation and speciation of Scapania javanica and S. undulata complexes in the Eastern Sino-Himalayas and perimeters for Scapania sect. Stephania (Scapaniaceae, Hepaticae). Phytotaxa 400 (3): 123–144. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.400.3.2
Bakalin, V., Vilnet, A., Klimova, K., Ma, W.Z. & Nguyen, V.S. (2020a) Diplophyllum purpurascens (Scapaniaceae, Marchantiophyta) – a new species from Sino-Himalaya (China). Phytotaxa 447 (2): 116–126. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.447.2.4
Bakalin, V.A., Fedosov, V.E., Maltseva, Y.D., Milyutina, I.A., Klimova, K.G., Nguyen, H.M. & Troitsky, A.V. (2020b) Overview of Schistochilopsis (Hepaticae) in Pacific Asia with the description Protochilopsis gen. nov. Plants 9: 850. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9070850
Buczkowska, K., Bakalin, V., B?czkiewicz, A., Aguero, B., Gonera, P., ?lipiko, M., Szczeci?ska, M. & Sawicki, J. (2018) Does Calypogeia azurea (Calypogeiaceae, Marchantiophyta) occur outside Europe? Molecular and morphological evidence. PLoS ONE 13 (10): e0204561. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204561
Chen, Y.S., Deng, T., Zhou, Z., Sun, H. (2018) Is the east Asian flora ancient or not? National Science Review 5 (6): 142–154. https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwx156
Chiang, T.Y., Schaal, B.A. & Peng, C.I. (1998) Universal primers for amplification and sequencing a noncoding spacer between the atpB and rbcL genes of chloroplast DNA. Botanical Bulletin of Academia Sinica 39: 245–250.
Damsholt, K. (2002) Illustrated flora of Nordic Liverworts and Hornworts. Nordic Bryological Society, Lund, 840 pp.
Damsholt, K. (2013) The liverworts of Greenland. Nordic Bryological Society, Lund, 626 pp.
Don, D. (1821) Description of several new plants from the kingdom of Nepaul, taken from specimens preserved in the herbarium of Aylmer Bourke Lambert, Esq. Memoirs of the Wernerian Natural History Society 3: 407–415.
Dumortier, B.C.J. (1831) Sylloge Jungermannidearum Europae indigenarum. J. Casterman, Tournay, 100 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.22343
Dumortier, B.C.J. (1835) Recueil d’Observations sur les Jungermanniacées. J.-A. Blanquart, Tournay, 27 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.731
Engel, J.J. & Glenny, D. (2019) A flora of the liverworts and hornworts of New Zealand. Volume 3. Monographs in Systematic Botany 135: 1–636.
Evans, A.W. (1906) Notes on New England Hepaticae IV. Rhodora 8: 34–45.
Fischer, F.E.L. von, Meyer, C.A.A. von, Trautvetter, E.R. von (1859) Index seminum, quae Hortus botanicus imperialis petropolitanus pro mutua commutatione offert. Accedunt Animadversiones botanicae nonnullae, 1858. St. Petersburg, 54 pp.
Goloboff, P.A. & Catalano, S. (2016) T.N.T. version 1.5, including a full implementation of phylogenetic morphometrics. Cladistics 32: 221–238. https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12160
Grolle, R. (1966) Die Lebermoose Nepals. In: Hellmich, W. (Ed.) Khumbu Himal – Ergebnisse des Forschungsunternehmens Nepal Himalaya. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 262–298. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-92914-4_5
Grolle, R. (1976) Verzeichnis der Lebermoose Europas und benachbarter Gebiete. Feddes Repertorium 87 (3/4): 171–279. https://doi.org/10.1002/fedr.19760870303
Guindon, S., Dufayard, J.F., Lefort, V., Anisimova, M., Hordijk, W. & Gascuel, O. (2010) New algorithms and methods to estimate maximum-likelihood phylogenies: Assessing the performance of PhyML 3.0. Systematic Biology 59: 307–321. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syq010
Hall, T.A. (1999) BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acids Symposium Series 41: 95–98.
Hampe, E. (1836) Prodromus florae Hercyniae. Gebauerschen Buchdruckerei, Halle, 90 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.6713
Hässel de Menéndez, G.G. & Rubies, M.F. (2009) Catalogue of Marchantiophyta and Anthocerotophyta of southern South America. Nova Hedwigia Beihefte 134: [1]–672.
Hattori, S. (1947) Contributio ad floram hepaticarum yakusimensem. II. Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory 2: 1–26.
Holmgren, P.K., Holmgren, N.H., Barnett, L.C., (1990) Index Herbariorum. Part I: The herbaria of the world (Regnum vegetabile, vol. 120), 8th ed. New York Botanical Garden, New York, 693 pp.
Keane, T.M., Creevey, C.J., Pentony, M.M., Naughton, T.J. & Mcinerney, J.O. (2006) Assessment of methods for amino acid matrix selection and their use on empirical data shows that ad hoc assumption for choice of matrix are not justified. BMC Evolutionary Biology 6: 29. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-6-29.
Konstantinova, N.A. & Vilnet, A.A. (2016) A new species of the genus Jungermannia (Jungermanniales, Marchantiophyta) from the Caucasus with notes on taxa delimitation and taxonomy of Jungermannia s. str. Phytotaxa 255 (3): 227–239. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.255.3.4
Konstantinova, N.A. Vilnet, A.A. & Mamontov, Yu.S. (2020) Lophozia svalbardensis. Arctoa 29 (2): 124–134. https://doi.org/10.15298/arctoa.29.10
Konstantinova, N.A., Vilnet, A.A., Long, D.G., Mamontov, Yu.S. & Lockhart, N. (2021) An integrative approach to the study of Moerckia (Marchantiopsida: Moerckiaceae) with description of a new genus Pseudomoerckia and new family Pseudomoerckiaceae. Journal of Bryology. [in print] https://doi.org/10.1080/03736687.2021.1919832
Kreier, H-P., Feldberg, K., Mahr, F., Bombosch, A., Schmidt, A.R., Zhu, R.-L., von Konrat, M., Shaw, B., Shaw, A.J. & Heinrichs, J. (2010) Phylogeny of the leafy liverwort Ptilidium: Cryptic speciation and shared haplotypes between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 57: 1260–1267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2010.10.002
Laenen, B., Shaw, B., Schneider, H., Goffinet, B., Paradis, E., Dé samoré, A., Heinrichs, J., Villarreal, J.C., Gradstein, S.R., McDaniel, S.F., Long, D.G., Forrest, L.L., Hollingsworth, M.L., Crandall-Stotler, B., Davis, E.C., Engel, J., Von Konrat, M., Cooper, E.D., Pati?o, J., Cox, C.J., Vanderpoorten, A. & Shaw, A.J. (2014) Extant diversity of bryophytes emerged from successive post-Mesozoic diversification bursts. Nature communications 5: 5134. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms6134
Linnaeus, C. (1753) Species plantarum, ed. 1–2. Impensis Laurentii Salvii, Holmiæ [Stockholm], 1200 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.669
Miller, P. (1754) The gardeners dictionary, 4 Ed., 2. Published by the author, London, 529 pp.
Mitten, W. (1860) Hepaticae Indiae Orientalis. Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society, Botany 5 (18): 89–128. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.1860.tb01045.x
Mitten, W. (1891) An enumeration of all species of musci and hepaticae recorded from Japan. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. Botany 3 (3): 153–206. https://doi.org/10.1111/ j.1095-8339.1891.tb00626.x
Müller, K. (1914) Die Lebermoose Deutschlands, Oesterreichs u. d. Schweiz mit Berücksichtigung der übrigen Länder Europas. II. Abteilung. Lfg. 19–20. Verlag von Eduard Kummer, Leipzig, pp. 273–384.
Müller, K. (1954) Die Lebermoose Europas. Eine Gesammtdarstellung der europäischen Arten. Lfg. 4. Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft Geest & Portig K.-G., Leipzig, pp. 481–640.
Müller, K. (2005) SeqState. Primer design and sequence statistics for phylogenetic DNA datasets. Applied Bioinformatics 4: 65–69. https://doi.org/10.2165/00822942-200504010-00008
Nees, C.G. (1833) Naturgeschichte der Europäischen Lebermoose, vol. 1. August Rücker, Berlin, 347 pp.
Pallas, P.S. (1784) Flora rossica seu stirpium Imperii rossici per Europam et Asiam indigenarum descriptiones et icones. Jussu et auspiciis Catharinae II augustae edidit P. S. Pallas. E Typographia Imperiali J.J. Weitbrecht, Petropoli [St.-Peterburg], 200 pp.
Paton, J.A. (1999) The liverwort flora of the British Isles. Harley Books, Colchester, 626 pp.
Pattengale, N.D., Alipour, M., Bininda-Emonds, O.R.P., Moret, B.M.E. & Stamatakis, A. (2010) How many bootstrap replicates are necessary? Journal of Computational Biology 17: 337–354. https://doi.org/10.1089/cmb.2009.0179
Pearson, W.H. (1890) List of Canadian hepaticae. WM. Foster Brown & Co., Montreal, 28 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.17936
Pfeiffer, L.K.G. (1855) Flora von Niederhessen und Münden, Zweiter Band. Theodor Fischer, Kassel, 252 pp.
Rabenhorst, G.L. (1860) Hepaticae Europaeae. Die Lebermoose Europa’s unter Mitwirkung mehrerer namhafter Botaniker, Decades 13–14. Dresden, tab. 121–140.
Renner, M.A.M. (2020) Opportunities and challenges presented by cryptic bryophyte species. Telopea 23: 41–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.7751/telopea14083
Renner, M.A.M., Heslewood, M.M., Patzak, S.D.F., Schäfer-Verwimp, A. & Heinrichs, J. (2017) By how much do we underestimate species diversity of liverworts using morphological evidence? An example from Australasian Plagiochila (Plagiochilaceae: Jungermanniopsida). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 107: 576–593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2016.12.018
Schuster, R.M. (1966) The hepaticae and anthocerotae of North America. I. Columbia University Press, New York, 802 pp.
Shaw, J., Lickey, E.B, Beck, J., Farmer, S.B., Liu, W., Miller, J., Siripun, K.C., Winder, C., Schilling, E.E. & Small, R.L. (2005) The tortoise and the hare II: relative utility of 21 noncoding chloroplast DNA sequences for phylogenetic analysis. American Journal of Botany 92: 142–166. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.92.1.142
Stamatakis, A. (2006) RAxML-VI-HPC: Maximum likelihood-based phylogenetic analyses with thousands of taxa and mixed models. Bioinformatics 22: 2688–2690. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btl446
Stephani, F. 1916. Hepaticae. In: Herzog T (Ed.) Die Bryophyten meiner zweiten Reise durch Bolivia. Bibliotheca Botanica 87: 1–347.
Söderström, L., Hagborg, A., von Konrat, M., Bartholomew-Began, S., Bell, D., Briscoe, L., Brown, E., Cargill, D.C., Costa, D.P., Crandall-Stotler, B.J., Cooper, E.D., Dauphin, G., Engel, J.J., Feldberg, K., Glenny, D., Gradstein, S.R., He, X., Heinrichs, J., Hentschel, J., Ilkiu-Borges, A.L., Katagiri, T., Konstantinova, N.A., Larrain, J., Long, D.G., Nebel, M., Pócs, T., Felisa Puche, F., Reiner-Drehwald, E., Renner, M.A.M., Sass-Gyarmati, A., Schäfer-Verwimp, A., Moragues, J.G.S., Stotler, R.E., Sukkharak, P., Thiers, B.M., Uribe, J., Vá?a, J., Villarreal, J.C., Wigginton, M., Zhang, L. & Zhu, R.-L. (2016) World checklist of hornworts and liverworts. PhytoKeys 59: 1–828. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/sys029
Taberlet, P., Gielly, L., Pautou, G. & Bouvet, J. (1991) Universal primers for amplification of three non-coding regions of chloroplast DNA. Plant Molecular Biology 17: 1105–1109. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00037152
Tamura, K., Peterson, D., Peterson, N., Stecher, G., Nei, M. & Kumar, S. (2011) MEGA 5: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods. Molecular Biology and Evolution 28: 2731–2739. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msr121
Vainio, E. (1878) Itä-Hämeen kasvistosta [Florula tavastiae orientalis]. Meddelanden af Societas pro Fauna et Flora Fennica 3: 1–121.
Vá?a, J. & Long, D.G. (2008) Hamatostrepta concinna gen. et sp. nov. (Jungermanniopsida, Scapaniaceae), a new Asiatic leafy liverwort from the Sino-Burmese border. Fieldiana: Botany (n.ser.) 47: 133–138. https://doi.org/10.3158/0015-0746-47.1.133
Va?a, J. & Long, D.G. (2009) Jungermanniaceae of the Sino-Himalayan region. Nova Hedwigia 89 (3–4): 485–517. https://doi.org/10.1127/0029-5035/2009/0089-0485
Vá?a, J. & Long, D.G. (2011) Cephaloziaceae (Marchantiophyta) of the Sino-Himalayan region. Nova Hedwigia 93 (1–2):153–164. https://doi.org/10.1127/0029-5035/2011/0093-0153
Ward, F.K. (1921) The Mekong-Salween Divide as a geographical barrier. The Geographical Journal 58: 49–56.
Ward, F.K. (1925) Sino-Himalaya. Nature 116 (2912): 282–284.
Weber, G.H. (1778) Spicilegium florae goettingensis. Sumptibus Ettingeri, Gothae [Göttingen], 288 pp.
White, T.J., Bruns, T., Lee, S. & Taylor, J. (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In: Innis, M.A., Gelfand, D.H., Snisky, J.J. & White, T.J. (Eds.) PCR protocols: a guide to methods and applications. San Diego, pp. 315–322.
Bakalin, V., Vilnet, A., Ma, W.Z. & Klimova, K. (2019) The differentiation and speciation of Scapania javanica and S. undulata complexes in the Eastern Sino-Himalayas and perimeters for Scapania sect. Stephania (Scapaniaceae, Hepaticae). Phytotaxa 400 (3): 123–144. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.400.3.2
Bakalin, V., Vilnet, A., Klimova, K., Ma, W.Z. & Nguyen, V.S. (2020a) Diplophyllum purpurascens (Scapaniaceae, Marchantiophyta) – a new species from Sino-Himalaya (China). Phytotaxa 447 (2): 116–126. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.447.2.4
Bakalin, V.A., Fedosov, V.E., Maltseva, Y.D., Milyutina, I.A., Klimova, K.G., Nguyen, H.M. & Troitsky, A.V. (2020b) Overview of Schistochilopsis (Hepaticae) in Pacific Asia with the description Protochilopsis gen. nov. Plants 9: 850. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9070850
Buczkowska, K., Bakalin, V., B?czkiewicz, A., Aguero, B., Gonera, P., ?lipiko, M., Szczeci?ska, M. & Sawicki, J. (2018) Does Calypogeia azurea (Calypogeiaceae, Marchantiophyta) occur outside Europe? Molecular and morphological evidence. PLoS ONE 13 (10): e0204561. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204561
Chen, Y.S., Deng, T., Zhou, Z., Sun, H. (2018) Is the east Asian flora ancient or not? National Science Review 5 (6): 142–154. https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwx156
Chiang, T.Y., Schaal, B.A. & Peng, C.I. (1998) Universal primers for amplification and sequencing a noncoding spacer between the atpB and rbcL genes of chloroplast DNA. Botanical Bulletin of Academia Sinica 39: 245–250.
Damsholt, K. (2002) Illustrated flora of Nordic Liverworts and Hornworts. Nordic Bryological Society, Lund, 840 pp.
Damsholt, K. (2013) The liverworts of Greenland. Nordic Bryological Society, Lund, 626 pp.
Don, D. (1821) Description of several new plants from the kingdom of Nepaul, taken from specimens preserved in the herbarium of Aylmer Bourke Lambert, Esq. Memoirs of the Wernerian Natural History Society 3: 407–415.
Dumortier, B.C.J. (1831) Sylloge Jungermannidearum Europae indigenarum. J. Casterman, Tournay, 100 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.22343
Dumortier, B.C.J. (1835) Recueil d’Observations sur les Jungermanniacées. J.-A. Blanquart, Tournay, 27 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.731
Engel, J.J. & Glenny, D. (2019) A flora of the liverworts and hornworts of New Zealand. Volume 3. Monographs in Systematic Botany 135: 1–636.
Evans, A.W. (1906) Notes on New England Hepaticae IV. Rhodora 8: 34–45.
Fischer, F.E.L. von, Meyer, C.A.A. von, Trautvetter, E.R. von (1859) Index seminum, quae Hortus botanicus imperialis petropolitanus pro mutua commutatione offert. Accedunt Animadversiones botanicae nonnullae, 1858. St. Petersburg, 54 pp.
Goloboff, P.A. & Catalano, S. (2016) T.N.T. version 1.5, including a full implementation of phylogenetic morphometrics. Cladistics 32: 221–238. https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12160
Grolle, R. (1966) Die Lebermoose Nepals. In: Hellmich, W. (Ed.) Khumbu Himal – Ergebnisse des Forschungsunternehmens Nepal Himalaya. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 262–298. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-92914-4_5
Grolle, R. (1976) Verzeichnis der Lebermoose Europas und benachbarter Gebiete. Feddes Repertorium 87 (3/4): 171–279. https://doi.org/10.1002/fedr.19760870303
Guindon, S., Dufayard, J.F., Lefort, V., Anisimova, M., Hordijk, W. & Gascuel, O. (2010) New algorithms and methods to estimate maximum-likelihood phylogenies: Assessing the performance of PhyML 3.0. Systematic Biology 59: 307–321. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syq010
Hall, T.A. (1999) BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acids Symposium Series 41: 95–98.
Hampe, E. (1836) Prodromus florae Hercyniae. Gebauerschen Buchdruckerei, Halle, 90 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.6713
Hässel de Menéndez, G.G. & Rubies, M.F. (2009) Catalogue of Marchantiophyta and Anthocerotophyta of southern South America. Nova Hedwigia Beihefte 134: [1]–672.
Hattori, S. (1947) Contributio ad floram hepaticarum yakusimensem. II. Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory 2: 1–26.
Holmgren, P.K., Holmgren, N.H., Barnett, L.C., (1990) Index Herbariorum. Part I: The herbaria of the world (Regnum vegetabile, vol. 120), 8th ed. New York Botanical Garden, New York, 693 pp.
Keane, T.M., Creevey, C.J., Pentony, M.M., Naughton, T.J. & Mcinerney, J.O. (2006) Assessment of methods for amino acid matrix selection and their use on empirical data shows that ad hoc assumption for choice of matrix are not justified. BMC Evolutionary Biology 6: 29. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-6-29.
Konstantinova, N.A. & Vilnet, A.A. (2016) A new species of the genus Jungermannia (Jungermanniales, Marchantiophyta) from the Caucasus with notes on taxa delimitation and taxonomy of Jungermannia s. str. Phytotaxa 255 (3): 227–239. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.255.3.4
Konstantinova, N.A. Vilnet, A.A. & Mamontov, Yu.S. (2020) Lophozia svalbardensis. Arctoa 29 (2): 124–134. https://doi.org/10.15298/arctoa.29.10
Konstantinova, N.A., Vilnet, A.A., Long, D.G., Mamontov, Yu.S. & Lockhart, N. (2021) An integrative approach to the study of Moerckia (Marchantiopsida: Moerckiaceae) with description of a new genus Pseudomoerckia and new family Pseudomoerckiaceae. Journal of Bryology. [in print] https://doi.org/10.1080/03736687.2021.1919832
Kreier, H-P., Feldberg, K., Mahr, F., Bombosch, A., Schmidt, A.R., Zhu, R.-L., von Konrat, M., Shaw, B., Shaw, A.J. & Heinrichs, J. (2010) Phylogeny of the leafy liverwort Ptilidium: Cryptic speciation and shared haplotypes between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 57: 1260–1267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2010.10.002
Laenen, B., Shaw, B., Schneider, H., Goffinet, B., Paradis, E., Dé samoré, A., Heinrichs, J., Villarreal, J.C., Gradstein, S.R., McDaniel, S.F., Long, D.G., Forrest, L.L., Hollingsworth, M.L., Crandall-Stotler, B., Davis, E.C., Engel, J., Von Konrat, M., Cooper, E.D., Pati?o, J., Cox, C.J., Vanderpoorten, A. & Shaw, A.J. (2014) Extant diversity of bryophytes emerged from successive post-Mesozoic diversification bursts. Nature communications 5: 5134. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms6134
Linnaeus, C. (1753) Species plantarum, ed. 1–2. Impensis Laurentii Salvii, Holmiæ [Stockholm], 1200 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.669
Miller, P. (1754) The gardeners dictionary, 4 Ed., 2. Published by the author, London, 529 pp.
Mitten, W. (1860) Hepaticae Indiae Orientalis. Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society, Botany 5 (18): 89–128. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.1860.tb01045.x
Mitten, W. (1891) An enumeration of all species of musci and hepaticae recorded from Japan. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. Botany 3 (3): 153–206. https://doi.org/10.1111/ j.1095-8339.1891.tb00626.x
Müller, K. (1914) Die Lebermoose Deutschlands, Oesterreichs u. d. Schweiz mit Berücksichtigung der übrigen Länder Europas. II. Abteilung. Lfg. 19–20. Verlag von Eduard Kummer, Leipzig, pp. 273–384.
Müller, K. (1954) Die Lebermoose Europas. Eine Gesammtdarstellung der europäischen Arten. Lfg. 4. Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft Geest & Portig K.-G., Leipzig, pp. 481–640.
Müller, K. (2005) SeqState. Primer design and sequence statistics for phylogenetic DNA datasets. Applied Bioinformatics 4: 65–69. https://doi.org/10.2165/00822942-200504010-00008
Nees, C.G. (1833) Naturgeschichte der Europäischen Lebermoose, vol. 1. August Rücker, Berlin, 347 pp.
Pallas, P.S. (1784) Flora rossica seu stirpium Imperii rossici per Europam et Asiam indigenarum descriptiones et icones. Jussu et auspiciis Catharinae II augustae edidit P. S. Pallas. E Typographia Imperiali J.J. Weitbrecht, Petropoli [St.-Peterburg], 200 pp.
Paton, J.A. (1999) The liverwort flora of the British Isles. Harley Books, Colchester, 626 pp.
Pattengale, N.D., Alipour, M., Bininda-Emonds, O.R.P., Moret, B.M.E. & Stamatakis, A. (2010) How many bootstrap replicates are necessary? Journal of Computational Biology 17: 337–354. https://doi.org/10.1089/cmb.2009.0179
Pearson, W.H. (1890) List of Canadian hepaticae. WM. Foster Brown & Co., Montreal, 28 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.17936
Pfeiffer, L.K.G. (1855) Flora von Niederhessen und Münden, Zweiter Band. Theodor Fischer, Kassel, 252 pp.
Rabenhorst, G.L. (1860) Hepaticae Europaeae. Die Lebermoose Europa’s unter Mitwirkung mehrerer namhafter Botaniker, Decades 13–14. Dresden, tab. 121–140.
Renner, M.A.M. (2020) Opportunities and challenges presented by cryptic bryophyte species. Telopea 23: 41–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.7751/telopea14083
Renner, M.A.M., Heslewood, M.M., Patzak, S.D.F., Schäfer-Verwimp, A. & Heinrichs, J. (2017) By how much do we underestimate species diversity of liverworts using morphological evidence? An example from Australasian Plagiochila (Plagiochilaceae: Jungermanniopsida). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 107: 576–593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2016.12.018
Schuster, R.M. (1966) The hepaticae and anthocerotae of North America. I. Columbia University Press, New York, 802 pp.
Shaw, J., Lickey, E.B, Beck, J., Farmer, S.B., Liu, W., Miller, J., Siripun, K.C., Winder, C., Schilling, E.E. & Small, R.L. (2005) The tortoise and the hare II: relative utility of 21 noncoding chloroplast DNA sequences for phylogenetic analysis. American Journal of Botany 92: 142–166. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.92.1.142
Stamatakis, A. (2006) RAxML-VI-HPC: Maximum likelihood-based phylogenetic analyses with thousands of taxa and mixed models. Bioinformatics 22: 2688–2690. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btl446
Stephani, F. 1916. Hepaticae. In: Herzog T (Ed.) Die Bryophyten meiner zweiten Reise durch Bolivia. Bibliotheca Botanica 87: 1–347.
Söderström, L., Hagborg, A., von Konrat, M., Bartholomew-Began, S., Bell, D., Briscoe, L., Brown, E., Cargill, D.C., Costa, D.P., Crandall-Stotler, B.J., Cooper, E.D., Dauphin, G., Engel, J.J., Feldberg, K., Glenny, D., Gradstein, S.R., He, X., Heinrichs, J., Hentschel, J., Ilkiu-Borges, A.L., Katagiri, T., Konstantinova, N.A., Larrain, J., Long, D.G., Nebel, M., Pócs, T., Felisa Puche, F., Reiner-Drehwald, E., Renner, M.A.M., Sass-Gyarmati, A., Schäfer-Verwimp, A., Moragues, J.G.S., Stotler, R.E., Sukkharak, P., Thiers, B.M., Uribe, J., Vá?a, J., Villarreal, J.C., Wigginton, M., Zhang, L. & Zhu, R.-L. (2016) World checklist of hornworts and liverworts. PhytoKeys 59: 1–828. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/sys029
Taberlet, P., Gielly, L., Pautou, G. & Bouvet, J. (1991) Universal primers for amplification of three non-coding regions of chloroplast DNA. Plant Molecular Biology 17: 1105–1109. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00037152
Tamura, K., Peterson, D., Peterson, N., Stecher, G., Nei, M. & Kumar, S. (2011) MEGA 5: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods. Molecular Biology and Evolution 28: 2731–2739. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msr121
Vainio, E. (1878) Itä-Hämeen kasvistosta [Florula tavastiae orientalis]. Meddelanden af Societas pro Fauna et Flora Fennica 3: 1–121.
Vá?a, J. & Long, D.G. (2008) Hamatostrepta concinna gen. et sp. nov. (Jungermanniopsida, Scapaniaceae), a new Asiatic leafy liverwort from the Sino-Burmese border. Fieldiana: Botany (n.ser.) 47: 133–138. https://doi.org/10.3158/0015-0746-47.1.133
Va?a, J. & Long, D.G. (2009) Jungermanniaceae of the Sino-Himalayan region. Nova Hedwigia 89 (3–4): 485–517. https://doi.org/10.1127/0029-5035/2009/0089-0485
Vá?a, J. & Long, D.G. (2011) Cephaloziaceae (Marchantiophyta) of the Sino-Himalayan region. Nova Hedwigia 93 (1–2):153–164. https://doi.org/10.1127/0029-5035/2011/0093-0153
Ward, F.K. (1921) The Mekong-Salween Divide as a geographical barrier. The Geographical Journal 58: 49–56.
Ward, F.K. (1925) Sino-Himalaya. Nature 116 (2912): 282–284.
Weber, G.H. (1778) Spicilegium florae goettingensis. Sumptibus Ettingeri, Gothae [Göttingen], 288 pp.
White, T.J., Bruns, T., Lee, S. & Taylor, J. (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In: Innis, M.A., Gelfand, D.H., Snisky, J.J. & White, T.J. (Eds.) PCR protocols: a guide to methods and applications. San Diego, pp. 315–322.