Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
Type: Article
Published: 2026-03-31
Page range: 33-42
Abstract views: 0
PDF downloaded: 0

Morphological and phylogenetic insights reveal Xanthagaricus atropurpureus sp. nov., a new agaric from Pakistan

Department of Botany, Division of Science & Technology, University of Education, 54500, Lahore, Pakistan
Department of Botany, Division of Science & Technology, University of Education, 54500, Lahore, Pakistan
Department of Botany, Division of Science & Technology, University of Education, 54500, Lahore, Pakistan
Basidiomycota molecular phylogenetic analyses novelty taxa Fungi

Abstract

A new species, Xanthagaricus atropurpureus, is described from the Lahore District, Punjab Province, Pakistan based on integrated morphological and molecular evidences. Xanthagaricus atropurpureus is morphologically characterized by its violet purple to dusty brown purple basidiomata and a distinctly depressed blackish purple disc, appendiculate margins, pale cream to brownish lamellae, and a stipe with white squamules without an annulus. Molecular phylogenetic analyses based on nrITS+nrLSU also confirmed the novelty of species from its closely related taxa. Xanthagaricus atropurpureus formed a separate clade to X. chamaeleontinus with strong support values (100/1.00/100). A key to the Pakistani Xanthagaricus species is provided in addition to the new species’ full description, illustrations, and phylogenetic analyses results.

References

  1. Ahmad, S., Iqbal, S. & Khalid, A.N. (1997) Fungi of Pakistan. Sultan Ahmad Mycological Society of Pakistan, Lahore, Pakistan, 248 pp.
  2. Al-Kharousi, M., Hussain, S., Al-Muharabi, M.A., Al-Shabibi, Z., Al Maqbali, D., Al-Balushi, A.H., Al-Yahya’ei, M.N., Al-Saady, N., Velazhahan, R. & Al-Sadi, A.M. (2022) The genus Xanthagaricus: an updated global species distribution and phylogeny with the description of two new species from Oman. Journal of Fungi 8: 173. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8020173
  3. Berkeley, M.J. & Broome, C.E. (1871) The fungi of Ceylon. Botanical Journal of Linnean Society 11: 494–567. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1871.tb00163.x
  4. Fatima, N. & Khalid, A.N. (2023) Xanthagaricus montgomeryensis sp. nov. (Agaricaceae, Agaricales) from Chichawatni Forest, Punab Pakistan. Phytotaxa 594: 256–266. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.594.4.3
  5. Gardes, M. & Bruns, T.D. (1993) ITS primers with enhanced specificity for basidiomycetes application to the identification of mycorrhizae rusts. Molecular Ecology 2: 113–118. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.1993.tb00005.x
  6. Ge, Z.W., Chen, C.M. & Yang, Z.L. (2008) A new species of the genus Hymenagaricus (Basidiomycota) from Taiwan and its phylogenetic position inferred from ITS and nLSU sequences. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 29: 259–265.
  7. Hall, T.A. (1999) Bioedit. A user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acids Symposium Series 41: 95–98.
  8. Haqnawaz, M., Niazi, A.R. & Khalid, A.N. (2023) Two new species of Xanthagaricus from Punjab, Pakistan. Phytotaxa 583: 163–173. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.583.2.4
  9. Heinemann, P. & Flower, S.L. (1984) Hymenagaricus (Agaricaceae) de Kerala (Inde) et de Sri Lanka. Bulletin du Jardin botanique national de Belgique/Bulletin van de nationale Plantentuin van België 54 (1–2): 151–182. https://doi.org/10.2307/3667871
  10. Hosen, M.I., Song, Z.P., Gates, G., Karunarathna, S.C., Chowdhury, M.S.M. & Li, T.H. (2017) Two new species of Xanthagaricus and some notes on Heinemannomyces from Asia. MycoKeys 28: 1–18. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.28.21029
  11. Hosen, M.I., Song, Z., Gates, G. & Li, T. (2018) Xathagaricus careuleus, a new species with ink-blue lamella from southeast China. Mycoscience 59: 188–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.myc.2017.10.003
  12. Hussain, S., Afshan, N.S., Ahmad, H., Sher, H. & Khalid, A.N. (2018) Xanthagaricus pakistanicus sp. nov. (Agaricaceae): first report of the genus from Pakistan. Turkish Journal of Botany 42: 123–133. https://doi.org/10.3906/bot-1705-21
  13. Ivanova, D., Morozova, O. & Pham, T.H.G. (2025) Two new species and two new records of Xanthagaricus (Agaricaceae, Agaricales) from Central and Southern Vietnam. Mycological Progress 24 (1): 59. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-025-02079-y
  14. Javeed, P., Kiran, M. & Haqnawaz, M. (2024) A new species of Xanthagaricus (Agaricaceae, Agaricales) from Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Phytotaxa 655: 283–292. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.655.3.6
  15. Kumla, J., Suwannarach, N., Sri-Ngernyuang, K. & Lumyong, S. (2018) Xanthagaricus thailandensis sp. nov. (Agaricales, Basidiomycota), from northern Thailand. Phytotaxa 348: 109–117. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.348.2.5
  16. Little Flower, S., Hosagoudar, V.B. & Abraham, T.K. (1997) Xanthagaricus, a new generic name in the family Agaricaceae. New Botanist 24: 93–100.
  17. Liu, Y.S., Liu, J.K., Sysouphanthong, S., Hyde, K.D. & Lumyong, S. (2020) Xanthagaricus siamensis sp. nov. (Agaricaceae), a new species with dull green lamellae from northern Thailand. Phytotaxa 437: 14–22. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.437.1.2
  18. Matheny, P.B., Curtis, J.M., Hofstetter, V., Aime, M.C., Moncalvo, J.M., Ge, Z.W., Yang, Z.L., Slot, J.C., Ammirati, J.F., Baroni, T.J., Bougher, N.L., Hughes, K.W., Lodge, D.J., Kerrigan, R.W., Seidl, M.T., Aanen, D.K., DeNitis, M., Daniele, G.M., Desjardin, D.E. & Bougher, N.L. (2006) Major clades of Agaricales: a multilocus phylogenetic overview. Mycologia 98: 982–995. https://doi.org/10.1080/15572536.2006.11832627
  19. Munsell, A.H. (1975) Munsell soil color charts. Macbeth Division of Kollmorgen Corporation, Baltimore, Maryland.
  20. Parra, L.A., Angelini, C., Ortiz-Santana, B., Mata, G., Billette, C. & Rojo, C. (2018) The genus Agaricus in the Caribbean. Nine new taxa mostly based on collections from the Dominican Republic. Phytotaxa 345 (3): 219. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.345.3.2
  21. Patil, P.B., Vaidya, S.H., Maurya, S. & Patil, N.P. (2025) New species of Hymenagaricus and Xanthagaricus (Agaricaceae), from Maharashtra, India. Mycoscience 66: 1–14. https://doi.org/10.47371/mycosci.2024.11.003
  22. Rambaut, A., Suchard, M.A., Xie, D. & Drummond, A.J. (2014) BEAST software-Bayesian evolutionary analysis sampling trees. Tracer V1 (6).
  23. Reid, D.A. & Eicker, A. (1998) South African fungi 8. Three new species of Hymenagaricus from South Africa, with a revised key to South African taxa. South African Journal of Botany 64: 356–360. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0254-6299(15)30924-8
  24. Ronquist, F., Teslenko, M., van der Mark, P., Ayres, D.L., Darling, A., Höhna, S., Larget, B., Liu, L., Suchard, M.A. & Huelsenbeck, J.P. (2012) MrBayes 3.2: efficient Bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space. Systematic Biology 61: 539–542. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/sys029
  25. Sana, Kiran, M., Basit, A., Humza, M., Khan, M.B. & Ali, W. (2025a) Integrative morphological and phylogenetic analyses reveal Russula subrubricolor (Russulaceae, Russulales), a new ectomycorrhizal fungus from Pakistan. Phytotaxa 734 (2): 221–234. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.734.2.6
  26. Sana, Kiran, M. & Ali, W. (2025b) Inosperma pakistanicum sp. nov. (Inocybaceae, Agaricales) from Swat, Pakistan. Phytotaxa 690 (1): 77–88. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.690.1.6
  27. Sysouphanthong, P., Thongklang, N., Liu, J.K. & Vellinga, E.C. (2021) Description of Lepiotaceous fungal species of the genera Chlorophyllum, Clarkeinda, Macrolepiota, Pseudolepiota and Xanthagaricus, from Laos and Thailand. Diversity 13: 666. https://doi.org/10.3390/d13120666
  28. Trifinopoulos, J., Nguyen, L.T., Von, Haeseler, A. & Minh, B.Q. (2016) W-IQ TREE: a fast online phylogenetic tool for maximum likelihood analysis. Nucleic Acids Research Symposium Series 44 (W1): 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkw256
  29. Vellinga, E.C. (2001) Leucoagaricus. Flora Agaricina Neerlandica 5: 85–108.
  30. Vellinga, E.C., Sysouphanthong, P. & Hyde, K.D. (2011) The family Agaricaceae: phylogenies and two new white-spored genera. Mycologia 103 (3): 494–509. https://doi.org/10.3852/10-204
  31. Wang, F., Qi, L.L., Zhou, X. & Li, Y. (2018) A new species and a new record of Xanthagaricus (Agaricaceae, Agaricales) from China. Phytotaxa 371: 241–250. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.371.4.1
  32. White, T.J., Bruns, T. & Lee, S. (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In: Innis, M.A., Gelfand, D.H., Sninsky, J.J. & White, T.J. (Eds.) PCR Protocols: a guide to methods and applications. Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 315–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-372180-8.50042-1
  33. Yang, K.L., Lin, J.Y., Li, G.M., Liu, Z.C., Hosen, M.I. & Yang, Z.L. (2024) Heinemannomyces, Hymenagaricus and Xanthagaricus revisited (Basidiomycota, Agaricaceae). Phytotaxa 659 (2): 112–164. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.659.2.2
  34. Zhao, R.L., Desjardin, D.E., Soytong, K., Perry, B.A. & Hyde, K.D. (2010) A monograph of Micropsalliota in Northern Thailand based on morphological and molecular data. Fungal Diversity 45: 33–79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-010-0050-4

How to Cite

Javeed, P., Kiran, M. & Jabeen, S. (2026) Morphological and phylogenetic insights reveal Xanthagaricus atropurpureus sp. nov., a new agaric from Pakistan. Phytotaxa 750 (1): 33–42. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.750.1.3