Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
Responsive image
Issue: Vol. 749 No. 3: 27 Mar. 2026
Type: Article
Published: 2026-03-27
DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.749.3.2
Page range: 243-267
Abstract views: 0
PDF downloaded: 0

Resolving the Euphorbia neriifolia L. (Euphorbiaceae) complex with two new succulent species from Western India

Department of Botany, S. S. G. M. College, Kopargaon 423601, MH, India
Independent Researcher, AHM Trust, B. Dharmathupatti 625582, TN, India
Department of Botany, S. S. G. M. College, Kopargaon 423601, MH, India
Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, MH, India
sub-genus Euphorbia section Euphorbia south Asian species two new succulent species Eudicots

Abstract

Linnaeus appears to have clubbed three distinct species under Euphorbia neriifolia, namely, the plants from China and Indonesia which match the original E. neriifolia, Indian and Sri Lankan plants now recognized as E. nivulia and lastly, the West African E. drupifera. With extensive field studies, examination of corresponding protologues and type material, as well as the consultation of literature and herbaria, it is concluded that for centuries, workers have erroneously clubbed together different Indian taxa into E. neriifolia. Interestingly, E. neriifolia is originally a southeast Asian and Chinese taxon which is not found in India, while E. ligularia is from Northeast India and two other common succulents are from peninsular India. The latter two are described here as E. yadavii and E. paschimia. In this paper, an epitype for E. neriifolia from Indonesia is designated to stabilize the species with reinstatement of E. ligularia as a species. Further, E. complanata is synonymized under E. neriifolia, and E. undulatifolia under E. ligularia. Amended descriptions are provided for E. neriifolia, E. nivulia, and E. ligularia.

References

  1. Ainslie, W. (1826) Materia Indica 2. Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, & Green, London, 604 pp.
  2. Aiton, W. (1789) Hortus Kewensis 2. George Nicol, London, 460 pp.
  3. Aubriet, C. (1690–1735) Collections de velins du Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle 60, t. 28. Available from: http://www.plantillustrations.org/illustration.php?id_illustration=280119&uhd=2&mobile=0 (accessed: 10 November 2022).
  4. Backer, C.A. & Bakhuizen van den Brink, R.C. (1964) Flora of Java 1. P. Noordhoff, Groningen, 668 pp.
  5. Balakrishnan, N.P. & Chakrabarty, T. (2007) The family Euphorbiaceae in India—a synopsis of its profile, taxonomy and bibliography. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehra Dun, 500 pp.
  6. Bamber, C.J. (1916) Plants of the Punjab. Superintendent, Government Printing, Punjab, 652 pp.
  7. Beddome, R.H. (1872) The flora sylvatica for southern India 3. Gantz Brothers, Madras, pp. 169–288.
  8. Bhat, K.G. (2003) Flora of Udipi District. Poorna Prajna College Publications, Udipi, 913 pp.
  9. Binojkumar, M.S. & Balakrishnan, N.P. (2010) The genus Euphorbia L. (Euphorbiaceae) in India, a taxonomic revision. Bishen Singh, Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehradun, 430 pp.
  10. Blanco, F.M. (1837) Flora de Filipinas. In the press of St. Thomas, for D. Candido Lopez, Manila, 886 pp.
  11. Blatter, E. & Hallberg, F. (1919) The flora of the Indian desert (Jodhpur and Jaisalmer). Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 26: 968–987.
  12. Boerhaave, H. (1710) Index alter plantarum quai in Horto Academico Lugduno-Batavo aluntur. Janssonios Vander Aa, Leiden, 278 pp.
  13. Boissier, P.E. (1862) Euphorbieae. In: Candolle, A.P.de (Ed.) Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis 15 (2). Victoris Masson et Fillii, Paris, pp. 1–187.
  14. Bradley, R. (1725) The history of succulent plants, decade 3. William Mears, London, 135 pp.
  15. Breyne, J. (1689) Prodromii fasciculi rariorum plantarum. David Fridericus Rhedius, Gedansk, 108 pp.
  16. Bruyns, P.V., Mapaya, R.J. & Hedderson, T. (2006) A new subgeneric classification for Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae) in southern Africa based on ITS and psbA-trnH sequence data. Taxon 55: 397–420. https://doi.org/10.2307/25065587
  17. Buchanan-Hamilton, F. (1825) A commentary on the Hortus Malabaricus. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 14 (2): 171–312.
  18. Burger, W. & Huft, M. (1995) Family # 113 Euphorbiaceae. In: Burger, W. (Ed.) Fieldiana botany new series no. 36, flora Costaricensis. Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, pp. 1–169.
  19. Burkill, I.H. (1910) Notes from a Journey to Nepal. Records of the Botanical Survey of India 4: 59–140.
  20. Burman, J. (1737) Thesaurus Zeylanicus. Jansson-Waesberg & Salomon Schouten, Amsterdam, 235 pp.
  21. Burman, N.L. (1768) Flora Indica. Johannes Schreuder, Amsterdam, 241 pp.
  22. Candolle, A.P.de & Redoute, P.J. (1799) Plantarum historia succulentarum. Histoires des plantes Grasses. Garnerie Libraire, Paris, 236 pp.
  23. Chakrabarty, T. (2019) Accepted names, relevant synonyms and typifications of Roxburgh names in Euphorbiaceae, s. l. with reference to Icones at Calcutta. Annals of Plant Sciences 8 (10): 3621–3650. https://doi.org/10.21746/aps.2019.8.10.1
  24. Chevalier, A. (1948) Plantes crassulascents de l’ouest africain (opuntias et euphorbes). Journal d’agriculture traditionnelle et de botanique appliquée 309: 344–351.
  25. Commelin, C. (1703) Praeludia botanica. Frederic Haringh, Leiden, 129 pp.
  26. Commelin, J. (1697) Horti Medici Amstelodamensis. P. & J. Blaeu and Abraham van Someren, Amsterdam, 220 pp.
  27. Cooke, T. (1908) Flora of the Presidency of Bombay 2. Taylor and Francis, London, 1083 pp.
  28. Croizat, L. (1934) De Euphorbio antiquorum atque officianarum. Levi, Simpson & Company, New York, 127 pp.
  29. Danty d’Isnard, A.-T. (1720) Etablissement d’un genre de plante appelle Euphorbe , avec le dénombrement deses espèces , de deux desquelles on donne les descriptions & les figures. In: Abrégé des Mém. de l’académ Royale des Sciences 5. Hotel de Thou,Paris, pp. 217–227.
  30. DeFilipps, R.A. & Krupnick, G.A. (2018) The medicinal plants of Myanmar. PhytoKeys 102: 114.
  31. De Jong, B.E., Malpure, N.V. & Mahalingam, A. (2025) Succulent Euphorbia costatoalata sp. nov., (Euphorbiaceae) from southern India. Nordic Journal of Botany: e04855. https://doi.org/10.1002/njb.04855
  32. Digital flora of Gujarat state. ( N.D.). Euphorbia nivulia. Available from: http://gujaratflora.com/showplantdescription1.php?plantname=%3Cp%3E%3Cem%3EEuphorbia%20nivulia%3C/em%3E%20Buch.-Ham.%3C/p%3E (accessed: 3 May 2020).
  33. Dorsey, B.L., Haevermans, T., Aubriot, X., Morawetz, J.J., Riina, R., Steinman, V.W. & Berry, P.E. (2013) Phylogenetics, morphological evolution, and classification of Euphorbia subgenus Euphorbia. Taxon 62 (2): 291–315. https://doi.org/10.12705/622.
  34. Duthie, J.F. (1915) Flora of the upper gangetic plain. Superintendent Government Printing, Calcutta, 283 pp.
  35. Efloraofindia (2007 onwards) Euphorbia neriifolia. Available from: https://sites.google.com/site/efloraofindia/species/a---l/e/euphorbiaceae/euphorbia/euphorbia-neriifolia (accessed: 3 May 2020).
  36. Ekanayake, S.P., Pieris, T.N., Goonatilake, W., Jayatilake, A., Asela, M.D.C., Pieris, A.L. & Bandara, A. (2015) Euphorbia nivulia Buch.-Ham. (Euphorbiaceae) – a new addition to the flora of Sri Lanka. Zoo’s Print 30 (6): 30–31.
  37. Esser, H.J. (2005) 37. Euphorbia. In: Chayamarit, K. & Welzen, P.C. van, Euphorbiacae. In: Santisuk, T. & Larsen, K. (Eds.) Flora of Thailand 8 (1). The Forest Herbarium, Bangkok, pp. 263–292.
  38. Esser, H.J. (2017) Euphorbia. In: Welzen, P.V. van, Flora of Thailand, Euphorbiaceae. Available from: http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/ThaiEuph/ThEspecies/ThEuphorbiaT.htm (accessed: 8 May 2020).
  39. Forman, L.L. (1997) Notes concerning the typification of names of William Roxburgh’s species of phanerogams. Kew Bulletin 52 (3): 513–534.
  40. Gagnepain, F. (1910–1931) Euphorbiacées. In: Lecomte, M.H. (Ed.) Flore générale de l’Indochine 5. Masson et Cie, Paris, pp. 238–256.
  41. Gamble, J.S. (1915) Flora of the Presidency of Madras 3. Adlard and Son, London, 2017 pp.
  42. GBIF.org (2025) Genus Euphorbia L. in Global Biodiversity Information Facility Backbone Taxonomy, Copenhagen, Denmark. Available from: https://www.gbif.org/species/11397237/metrics (accessed 17 October 2025).
  43. Haines, H.H. (1925) The botany of Bihar and Orissa. Adlard & Son & West Newman Ltd., London, 1350 pp.
  44. Hansen, C. & Maule, A.F. (1973) Pehr Osbeck’s collections and Linnaeus’s Species Plantarum (1753). Botanical journal of the Linnaean Society 67: 189–212.
  45. Haworth, A.H. (1812) Synopsis plantarum succulentarum. Richard Taylor and Friends, London, 207 pp.
  46. Haworth, A.H. (1828) Description of new succulent plants. The philosophical magazine 3 (15): 183–188.
  47. He, D. (1997) Euphorbia neriifolia, Fig. 352. Available from: http://www.efloras.org/object_page.aspx?object_id=109316&flora_id=2 (accessed: 1 April 2020).
  48. Hermann, P. (1698) Paradisus Batavus. Abraham Elzevier, Leiden, 247 pp.
  49. Hermann, P. (1717) Museum Zylanicum. Isaac Severin, Leiden, 71 pp.
  50. Ho, P.H. (1992) Cayco Vietnam: an illustrated flora of Vietnam 2. Pham-Hoang Ho, Montreal, 951 pp.
  51. Hoeck, F. (1896) Allgemeine pflanzengeographie. In: Koehne, E. Just’s botanischer jahresbericht 11. Gebrüder Borntraeger, Berlin, pp. 89–235.
  52. Hooker, J.D. (1890) The flora of British India 5. L. Reeve and Co., London, 910 pp.
  53. Houttuyn, M. (1777) Natuurlyke historie of uitvoerige beschrijving der dieren, planten, en mineraalen 2. F. Houttuyn, Amsterdam, 784 pp.
  54. IUCN Standards and Petitions Committee (2022) Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 15.1. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Committee. Available from: https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/redlistguidelines (accessed 10 November 2022).
  55. Janse, J.A. (1953) Euphorbia undulatifolia Janse spec. nov. The national cactus and succulent journal 8 (4): 69–72.
  56. Jarvis, C.E. (2007) Order Out of Chaos: Linnaean Plant Names and Their Types. Linnaean Society of London, London, 1016 pp.
  57. JSTOR Global Plants (2000–2004) Buchanan-Hamilton, Francis (1762–1829). Available from: https://plants.jstor.org/stable/history/10.5555/al.ap.person.bm000324521 (accessed 21 November 2022).
  58. Kanjilal, U.N, Kanjilal, P.C., De, R.N. & Das, A. (1940) Flora of Assam 4. Government of Assam, Shillong, 395 pp.
  59. Karsten, H. (1882) Deutsche flora. Pharmaceutisch-medicinische botanik. J.M. Spaeth, Berlin, 1284 pp.
  60. Kiggelaer, F. (1690) Horti Beaumontiani exoticarum plantarum catalogus. F. Kiggelaer, The Hague, 42 pp.
  61. Kurz, S. (1877) Forest flora of British Burmah 2. Superintendent of Government Printing, Calcutta, 613 pp.
  62. Lemaire, C.H. (1857) L’illustration horticole des serres et des jardins 4. F. and E. Gyselinck, Gent, 110 pp.
  63. Lamarck, J.B. (1788) Encyclopedie methodique botanique 2. Panckoucke, Paris, 774 pp.
  64. Linnaeus, C. (1737) Hortus Cliffortianus. George Clifford, Amsterdam, 501 pp.
  65. Linnaeus, C. (1747) Flora Zylanica. Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm, 240 pp.
  66. Linnaeus, C. (1748) Hortus Upsaliensis. Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm, 306 pp.
  67. Linnaeus, C. (1753) Species plantarum. Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm, 1200 pp.
  68. Linnaeus, C. (1754) Herbarium Amboinense. L.M. Hojer, Upsala, 28 pp.
  69. Loureiro, J. (1790) Flora Cochinchinensis 1. Jussu. Acad. Reg. Scient., Lisbon, 353 pp.
  70. Ma, J. & Gilbert, M.G. (2008) 74. Euphorbiaceae. In: Wu, Z. & Raven, P. (Eds.) Flora of China 11. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, pp. 288–313.
  71. Malaysia Biodiversity Information System (MyBIS) (2015 onwards) Euphorbia neriifolia. Available from: https://www.mybis.gov.my/sp/25417 (accessed 14 January 2020).
  72. Malpure, N.V, Khilari, Y.P, Raut, P.S. & De Jong, B.E. (2025) A review of the Succulent Species of Euphorbia L. section Euphorbia in India. Euphorbia World 20 (2).
  73. Manjunatha, B.K., Krishna, V. & Pulliah, T. (2004) Flora of Davangere District, Karnataka, India. Regency Publications, New Delhi, 464 pp.
  74. Matthew, K.M. (1983) The flora of the Tamilnadu Carnatic 2. The Rapinat Herbarium, Tiruchirapalli, India, pp. 651–1540.
  75. Merrill, E.D. (1918) Species Blancoanae. Bureau of Printing, Manila, 423 pp.
  76. Merrill, E.D. (1923) An enumeration of Philippine flowering plants 2. Bureau of Printing, Manila, 530 pp.
  77. Merrill, E.D. (1935) A commentary on Loureiro’s “Flora Cochinchinensis”. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 24 (2): 1–445.
  78. Miller, P. (1768) The Gardener’s Dictionary, 8th edition. Phillip Miller, London, A–Z pp.
  79. Miquel, F.A.G. (1859) Flora van Nederlansch Indie 1. C.G. van der Post, Amsterdam, 1116 pp.
  80. Miquel, F.A.G. (1860) Flora Indiae Batavae, supplementum primum. C.G. van der Post, Amsterdam, 656 pp.
  81. Moninckx, J. (1702) Moninckx Atlas. Vol. 5. t. 4. Available from: https://www.uvaerfgoed.nl/beeldbank/nl/xview/?identifier=hdl:11245/3.27221,metadata=moninckx+5#page/5 (accessed: 1 May 2020).
  82. Moninckx, M. (1690) Moninckx Atlas. Vol. 5. t. 45. Available from: https://www.uvaerfgoed.nl/beeldbank/nl/xview/?identifier=hdl:11245/3.27221,metadata=moninckx+5#page/46 (accessed: 1 May 2020).
  83. Moon, A. (1824) A catalogue of the indigenous and exotic plants growing in Ceylon. Wesleyan Mission Press, Colombo, 196 pp.
  84. Morison, R. (1699) Plantarum historiae universalis oxoniensis. Sheldon Theatre, Oxford, 617 pp.
  85. Nguyen, N.T. & Sosef, M.S.M. (1999) Euphorbia neriifolia L. In: de Padua, L.S., Bunyapraphatsara, N. & Lemmens, R.H.M.J. (eds.) Plant Resources of South-East Asia No 12 (1): Medicinal and poisonous plants 1. PROSEA Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. Available from: https://prosea.prota4u.org/view.aspx?id=255 (accessed 31 October 2025).
  86. Osbeck, P. (1757) Dagbok ofwer en Ostindsk resa. Lor. Ludv. Grefing, Stockholm, 376 pp.
  87. Osbeck, P. (1771) A Voyage to China and the East Indies 1. Benjamin White, London, 356 pp.
  88. Parker, R.N. (1918) A forest flora for the Punjab with Hazara and Delhi. Superintendent, Government Printing Punjab, Lahore, 577 pp.
  89. Parker, R.N. (1928) Forest flora of the Chakrata, Dehra Dun, and Saharanpur Forest Divisions. Government of India, Central Publications Branch, Calcutta, 558 pp.
  90. Pelser, P.B., Barcelona, J.F. & Nickrent, D.L. (2011 onwards) Co’s Digital Flora of the Philippines. Available from: https://www.philippineplants.org/Families/Euphorbiaceae.html (accessed 14 January 2020).
  91. Perry, L.M. (1980) Medicinal Plants of East and Southeast Asia: Attributed properties. The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 620 pp.
  92. Philcox, D. (1997) 29. Euphorbia. In: Dassanayake, M. (Ed.) A Revised Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon 11. A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam, 420 pp.
  93. Plukenet, L. (1696) Almagestum Botanicum. Plukenet, London, 420 pp.
  94. Prain, D. (1903) Bengal Plants 2. Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta, 670 pp.
  95. Radcliffe-Smith, A. (1972) In: Airy Shaw, H.K. (Ed.) The Euphorbiaceae of Siam. Kew Bulletin 26 (2): 191­–363.
  96. Radcliffe-Smith, A. (1980) In: Airy Shaw, H.K. The Euphorbiaceae of New Guinea. Kew Bulletin Additional Series VIII: 1–231.
  97. Radcliffe-Smith, A. (1981) In: Airy Shaw, H.K. The Euphorbiaceae of Sumatra. Kew Bulletin 36 (2): 239–374.
  98. Radcliffe-Smith, A. (1982a) In: Airy Shaw, H.K. The Euphorbiaceae of Central Malesia (Celebes, Moluccas, Lesser Sunda Is.). Kew Bulletin 37 (1): 1–40.
  99. Radcliffe-Smith, A. (1982b) 21. Euphorbia L. In: Bosser, J. (Ed.) Flore des Marcareignes: La Reunion, Maurice, Rodriquez numbers 153–160. Sugar Industry Research Institute, Mauritius, pp. 91–146.
  100. Radcliffe-Smith, A., Nasir, E. & Ali, S. (1986) Flora of Pakistan No. 176 Euphorbiaceae. University of Karachi, Karachi, 177 pp.
  101. Rama Rao, M. (1914) Flora of Travancore. Government Press, Trivandrum, India, 448 pp.
  102. Rao, R.S. & Sreeramulu, S.H. (1986) Flora of Srikakulam District. Indian Botanical Society, Meerut, 640 pp.
  103. Ray, J. (1688) Historia plantarum 2. Henry Faithorne, London, 1940 pp.
  104. Reddy, C.S., Reddy, K.N., Murthy, E.N. & Raju, V.S. (2009) Tree wealth of Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh, India: an updated checklist. Checklist 5 (2): 173–194.
  105. Rheede tot Draakestein, H.A. van (1679) Hortus Malabaricus 2. Johannes van Someren, Johannes van Dyck, & Hendrick and Theodore Boom, Amsterdam, 110 pp.
  106. Ridley, H.N. (1924) The flora of the Malay Peninsula 3. L. Reeve and Co. Ltd., London, 405 pp.
  107. Roxburgh, W. (1814) Hortus Bengalensis. Mission Press, Serampore,300 pp.
  108. Roxburgh, W. (1832) Flora Indica 2. W. Thacker and Co., Serampore, 587 pp.
  109. Rumphius, G.E. (1743) Herbarium Amboinense 4. Francis Changdion, Johannes Catuffe, Hermann Uytwerf, Amsterdam, 154 pp.
  110. Saldanha, C.J. & Nicolson, D.H. (1976) Flora of Hassan District, Karnataka, India. Amerind Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 915 pp.
  111. Saldanha, C.J. (1996) Flora of Karnataka 2. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi, 316 pp.
  112. Sankara Rao, K., Singh, A.R., Kumar, D., Swamy, R.K., Page, N. (2016) Digital Flora of Eastern Ghats. Available from: https://indiaflora-ces.iisc.ac.in/EasternGhats/herbsheet.php?id=1385&cat=4 (accessed 18 October 2025).
  113. Sankara Rao, Swamy, R.K., Kumar, D., Singh, A.R. & Bhat, K.G. (2019) Flora of Peninsular India. Available from: http://flora-peninsula-indica.ces.iisc.ac.in/herbsheet.php?id=3821&cat=7 (accessed 3 May 2020).
  114. Savage, S. (1945) A Catalogue of the Linnaean Herbarium. The Linnaean Society of London, London, 225 pp.
  115. Saxena, H.O., Brahmam, M. (1995) The Flora of Orissa 3. Orissa Forest Development Corporation Ltd., Bhubaneswar, 2008 pp.
  116. Sealy, J.R. (1956) The Roxburgh Flora Indica drawings at Kew. Kew Bulletin 11 (2): 297–348.
  117. Seba, A. (1734) Locupletissimi rerum naturalium thesauri 1. Jansson-Waesberg, J. Wetsten, & Gul. Smith, Amsterdam, 178 pp.
  118. The Linnaean Collections (2022) Available from: https://linnean-online.org/4595/#?s=0&cv=0 (accessed 24 November 2022).
  119. Singh, M. (2002) Succulent Plants of India, an introduction. Mrs. Meena Singh, Noida, 65 pp.
  120. Standley, P.C. & Steyermark, J.A. (1949) Flora of Guatemala, Fieldiana: Botany 24 (6). Chicago Natural History Museum, Chicago, 440 pp.
  121. Staph, O. (1909) Elaeophorbia drupifera Staph. In: Prain, D. (Ed.) Hooker’s Icones Plantarum 29. Dulau and Co., London, pp. 2801–2900.
  122. Stewart, J.L. (1874) The Forest flora of North-West and Central India. William H. Allen and Co., London, 608 pp.
  123. Talbot, W.A. (1902) The trees, shrubs, and woody climbers of the Bombay Presidency. The Government Central Press, Bombay, 385 pp.
  124. Thonning, P. (1827) Euphorbia drupifera. In: Schumacher, F.C. (Ed.) Beskrivelse af Guineiske Planter. Imprint of the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters, Copenhagen, 466 pp.
  125. Tilli, M. (1723) Catalogus plantarum horti Pisani. Regiae Celsitudinis, Florence, 187 pp.
  126. Trimen, H. & Hooker, J.D. (1898) Handbook to the flora of Ceylon 4. Dulau and Co., London, 384 pp.
  127. Turland, N.J., Wiersema, J.H., Barrie, F.R., Gandhi, K.N., Gravendyck, J., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D.L., Herendeen, P.S., Klopper, R.R., Knapp, S., Kusber, W.-H., Li, D.-Z., May, T.W., Monro, A.M., Prado, J., Price, M.J., Smith, G.F. & Zamora Señoret, J.C. (2025) International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Madrid Code). Regnum Vegetabile 162. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 288 pp. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226839479.001.0001
  128. Van Royen, A. (1740) Flora Leydensis prodromus. Samuel Luchtmans, Leiden, 538 pp.
  129. Warburg, O. (1894) Plantae Hellwigianae. In: Engler, A. (Ed.) Botanische jahrbücher für systematik, planzengeschichte, und plantsengeographie, vol. 18. pp. 184–212.
  130. Wight, R. (1852) Icones plantarum Indiae Orientalis 5 (2). P.R. Hunt, Madras, pp. 1622–1920.
  131. Wijnands, D.O. (1983) The Botany of the Commelins, A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, 232 pp.
  132. Wijnands, D.O. (1987) The Hortus Medicus Amstelodamensis. The Kew Magazine 4 (2): 78–91.
  133. Willdenow, C.L. (1799) Caroli a Linne Species Plantarum 2 (2). G.C. Nauk, Berlin, pp. 835–1340.
  134. Wiman, J. (1752) No. 35, Euphorbia. In: Linnaeus, C. (Ed.) Amoenitates academicae seu dissertations 3. Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm, pp. 100–131.

How to Cite

Malpure, N.V., Jong, B.E.D., Raut, P.S. & Sardesai, M.M. (2026) Resolving the Euphorbia neriifolia L. (Euphorbiaceae) complex with two new succulent species from Western India. Phytotaxa 749 (3): 243–267. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.749.3.2