Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
Responsive image
Issue: Vol. 677 No. 2: 16 Dec. 2024
Type: Article
Published: 2024-12-16
DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.677.2.1
Page range: 109-124
Abstract views: 322
PDF downloaded: 13

Taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties in Marcetieae (Melastomataceae) from Colombia: A new species of Ernestia and the identity of Acisanthera goudotii

Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Pacheco Leão, 915, 22460-030, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
Grupo de Estudios Botánicos (GEOBOTA), Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia.
Herbario Universidad de Antioquia (HUA), Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia.
Reserva Natural Guadualito, Montenegro, Quindío, Colombia.
The New York Botanical Garden, Center for Biodiversity & Evolution, Bronx, NY, USA.
Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Pacheco Leão, 915, 22460-030, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Pacheco Leão, 915, 22460-030, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
Caquetá Dichaetandra rheophyte synonymization typification Yarí River Eudicots

Abstract

During the development of the taxonomic treatment of Ernestia we came across a taxonomic novelty and a species for which taxonomic verification was needed from Colombia. Herein, we propose Ernestia rheophytica a new species belonging to the sensu stricto clade of the genus, and clarify the identity of Acisanthera goudotii, now treated as E. goudotii. We also clarify the status of the original material of E. goudotii and propose the lectotypification of E. ovata and its synonymization under E. goudotii. Ernestia rheophytica, as the name indicates, is a rheophytic species, a rare habit in Melastomataceae, especially in Marcetieae.

References

  1. Albornoz-Espinel, M.M., Cáceres-Martínez, C.H. & Acevedo-Rincón, A.A. (2017) Protected areas assessment for the conservation of threatened amphibians in the Cordillera Oriental of Colombia. Herpetology Notes 10: 685–696.
  2. Almeda, F., Alvear, M. & Mendoza-Cifuentes, H. (2013) Colombia, biodiversity hotspot and major center of diversity for Melastomataceae. In: Botany 2013. New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, Scientific Abstracts nº 276.
  3. Almeda, F., Alvear, M. & Mendoza, H. (2014) Two new species of Graffenrieda (Melastomataceae: Merianieae) from Colombia and Panama. Phytotaxa 163 (1): 39–47. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.163.1.4
  4. Almeda, F., Mendoza-Cifuentes, H., Penneys, D.S., Michelangeli, F.A. & Alvear, M. (2016) Melastomataceae. In: Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R. & Celis, M. (Eds.) Catálogo de plantas y líquenes de Colombia. Vol. 2. Universidad Nacional de Colombia (Sede Bogotá), Facultad de Ciencias. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Bogotá. pp. 1585–1664.
  5. Alvear, M. & Almeda, F. (2014) Three new species of Monochaetum (Melastomataceae) from Colombia. Phytotaxa 163 (1): 27–38. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.163.1.3
  6. Alvear, M. & Almeda, F. (2019) Revision of Monochaetum (Melastomataceae: Melastomateae) in Colombia. Systematic Botany Monographs 109: 1–153.
  7. Alvear, M., Ocampo, G., Parra-O., C., Carbonó, E. & Almeda, F. (2015) Melastomataceae of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (Colombia): floristic affinities and annotated catalogue. Phytotaxa 195 (1): 1–30. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.195.1.1
  8. Bacci, L.F., Michelangeli, F.A. & Goldenberg, R. (2019) Revisiting the classification of Melastomataceae: implications for habit and fruit evolution. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 190: 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/boz006
  9. Bachman, S., Moat, J., Hill, A.W., de la Torre, J. & Scott, B. (2011) Supporting red list threat assessments with GeoCAT: Geospatial conservation assessment tool. ZooKeys 150: 117–126. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.150.2109
  10. Bartling, F.G. (1830) Ordines naturales plantarum eorumque characteres et affinitates adjecta generum enumeratione. Sumtibus Dieterichianis, Gottingae [Göttingen], 498 pp.
  11. Beentje, H. (2016) The Kew Plant Glossary: An illustrated dictionary of plant terms. Ed. 2. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, 184 pp.
  12. Bentham, G. (1840) Contributions towards a Flora of South America—Enumeration of plants collected by Mr Schomburgk in British Guiana. Hooker’s Journal of Botany 2: 286–324. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933909512423
  13. Bernal, R., Hoyos-Gómez, S.E. & Borchsenius, F. (2017) A new, critically endangered species of Aiphanes (Arecaceae) from Colombia. Phytotaxa 298 (1): 65–70. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.298.1.6
  14. Browne, P. (1756) The civil and natural history of Jamaica: in three parts. Printed for the author, and sold by T. Osborne and J. Shipton in Gray’s-Inn, London, 503 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.10826
  15. Candolle, A.P. (1828) Melastomaceae. In: Candolle, A.P. (Ed.) Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis, sive enumeratio contracta ordinum, generum, specierumque plantarum huc usque cognitarum, juxta methodi naturalis normas digesta. Vol. 3. Sumptibus Sociorum Treuttel et Würtz, Parisiis [Paris], pp. 99–202. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.286
  16. Chamisso, A. (1836) Supplementum ad Melastomaceas. Linnaea 10: 217–218.
  17. Cogniaux, A. (1885) Melastomaceae. Tribus II. Tibouchineae Baill. In: Martius, C.F.P. & Eichler, A.G. (Eds.) Flora brasiliensis, enumeratio plantarum in Brasilia hactenus detectarum: quas suis aliorumque botanicorum studiis descriptas et methodo naturali digestas partim icone illustratas. Vol. 14. Frid. Fleischer, Monachii et Lipsiae [Munich & Leipzig], pp. 205–510. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.454
  18. Cogniaux, A. (1887) Notice sur les Mélastomacées austro-américaines de M. Ed. André. Bulletins de l’Académie royale des sciences, des lettres et des beaux-arts de Belgique 3: 927–973.
  19. Costa, L.M.S., Goetze, M., Rodrigues, A.V., Seger, G.D.S. & Bered, F. (2020) Global rheophytes data set: angiosperms and gymnosperms. Ecology 101: e03056. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.3056
  20. Cotton, E., Borchsenius, F. & Balslev, H. (2014) A revision of Axinaea (Melastomataceae). Scientia Danica, Series B, Biologica 4: 1–120.
  21. Etter, A. & van Wyngaarden, W. (2000) Patterns of landscape transformation in Colombia, with emphasis in the Andean Region. AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment 29: 432–439. https://doi.org/10.1579/0044-7447-29.7.432
  22. Gamba, D. & Almeda, F. (2014) Systematics of the Octopleura clade of Miconia (Melastomataceae: Miconieae) in Tropical America. Phytotaxa 179 (1): 1–174. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.179.1.1
  23. Gamba, D., Almeda, F. & Alvear, M. (2014) Miconia indicoviolacea (Melastomataceae: Miconieae): a new Colombian species from the western flanks of the cordillera Occidental. Phytotaxa 177 (3): 171–176. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.177.3.5
  24. Gamboa-Gaitán, M.A. (2023) Flora Farallonensis III: las melastomatáceas del bosque premontano de Pico de Águila (Cali, Valle). Revista de Ciencias 25: 1–14. https://doi.org/10.25100/rc.v25i2.12310
  25. Gleason, H.A. (1931) Botanical results of the Tyler-Duida expedition (Continued). Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 58: 405–464. https://doi.org/10.2307/2480621
  26. Goldenberg, R., Baumgratz, J.F.A., Michelangeli, F.A., Guimarães, P.J.F., Romero, R., Versiane, A.F.A., Fidanza, K., Völtz, R.R., Silva, D.N., Lima, L.F.G., Silva-Gonçalves, K.C., Bacci, L.F., Fontelas, J.C., Pacifico, R., Brito, E.S., Rocha, M.J.R., Caddah, M.K., Meirelles, J., Rosa, P., Ferreira-Alves, R., Santos, A.K.A., Moreira, K.V.C., Reginato, M., Oliveira, L.F.A., Freire-Fierro, A., Amorim, A.M.A., Martins, A.B., Almeda, F., Hinoshita, L.K.R., Kriebel, R. & Meyer, F.S. (2024) Melastomataceae. In: Flora e Funga do Brasil. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. Available from: https://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/FB161 (accessed January 2024)
  27. Guimarães, P.J.F., Oliveira da Silva, M.F. & Rocha, M.J.R. (2017) Nomenclator botanicus for Acisanthera (Melastomataceae: Marcetia alliance). Brittonia 69: 231–240. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12228-017-9463-7
  28. Hoyos-Gómez, S.E. & Bernal, R. (2018) Rheophytes of the Samaná Norte river, Colombia: A hydroelectric project threatens an endemic flora. Tropical Conservation Science 11: 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940082918756816
  29. Hoyos-Gómez, S.E. Domine, J. & Bernal, R. (2023) Rheophytes of the middle Caquetá River, Colombian Amazonia. Caldasia 45: 113–123. https://doi.org/10.15446/caldasia.v45n1.96045
  30. Humboldt, F.W.H.A. & Bonpland, A.J.A. (1813) Voyage de Humboldt et Bonpland. Monographie des Melastomacées. Rhexies. Libreria Graeco-Latino-Germanica, Paris, pp. 69–80. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.16027
  31. IUCN (2012) IUCN Red List categories and criteria. Version 3.1. Ed. 2. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
  32. IUCN (2024) Guidelines for using the IUCN Red List categories and criteria. Version 16. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Committee. Available from: https://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf (accessed April 2024)
  33. Jussieu, A.L. (1789) Genera plantarum: secundum ordines naturales disposita, juxta methodum in Horto regio parisiensi exaratam. apud viduam Herissant & Theophilum Barrois, Parisiis [Paris], 498 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.284
  34. Kimball, S., Mattis, P. & the GIMP developer team (1995–2024) GNU Image Manipulation Program (GIMP). Available from: https://www.gimp.org/ (accessed 1 May 2024)
  35. Krasser, F. (1893) Melastomataceae. In: Engler, A. & Prantl, K. (Eds.) Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien nebst ihren Gattungen und wichtigeren Arten insbesondere den Nutzpflanzen, unter Mitwirkung zahlreicher hervorragender Fachgelehrten. Vol. 3. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 130–199. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.4635
  36. Magdalena, U.R., Silva, L.A.E., Lima, R.O., Bellon, E., Ribeiro, R., Oliveira, F.A., Siqueira, M.F. & Forzza, R.C. (2018) A new methodology for the retrieval and evaluation of geographic coordinates within databases of scientific plant collections. Applied Geography 96: 11–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2018.05.002
  37. Melo, L.R.F., Vasconcelos, T., Reginato, M., Caetano, A.P.S. & Brito, V.L.G. (2021) Evolution of stamen dimetrism in Melastomataceae, a large radiation of pollen flowers. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 48: 125589. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppees.2021.125589
  38. Mendoza-Cifuentes, H. (2018) Una nueva especie de Allomaieta (Melastomataceae- Cyphostyleae) del piedemonte amazónico de los Andes de Colombia. Biota Colombiana 19: 10–16. https://doi.org/10.21068/c2018.v19s1a02
  39. Mendoza-Cifuentes, H. (2020) A taxonomic revision of the genus Wurdastom (Melastomataceae: Cyphostyleae). Acta Botanica Mexicana 127: e1642. https://doi.org/10.21829/abm127.2020.1642
  40. Mendoza-Cifuentes, H. (2021) Revisión taxonómica del género Meriania (Melastomataceae) en Colombia. Acta Botanica Mexicana 128: e1734. https://doi.org/10.21829/abm128.2021.1734
  41. Mendoza-Cifuentes, H. (2022) Una nueva especie de Miconia (Melastomataceae) de los bosques altoandinos de Bogotá D.C., Colombia. Acta Botanica Mexicana 129: e1979. https://doi.org/10.21829/abm129.2022.1979
  42. Mendoza-Cifuentes, H. & Cárdenas, D. (2015) Melastomataceae de la región amazónica colombiana: Catálogo y algunos aspectos de representatividad de las colecciones. Revista Colombia Amazónica 8: 55–91.
  43. Mendoza-Cifuentes, H. & Castro, C. (2023) Una nueva especie de Chaetolepis (Melastomeae, Melastomataceae) en Bogotá, Colombia. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales 47: 329–334. https://doi.org/10.18257/raccefyn.1859
  44. Mendoza-Cifuentes, H. & Posada-Herrera, M. (2018) Una nueva especie de Miconia (Melastomataceae) de hojas rojizas de los andes de Colombia. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales 42: 74–79. https://doi.org/10.18257/raccefyn.602
  45. Mendoza-Cifuentes, H. & Trujillo, E.T. (2024) A new species of Graffenrieda (Melastomataceae) from the northern Andes, Caquetá, Colombia, and a key for the Graffenrieda group with calyptrate flowers. Acta Botanica Mexicana 131: e2374. https://doi.org/10.21829/abm131.2024.2374
  46. Mendoza-Cifuentes, H., Almeda, F. & Alvear, M. (2014) Novelties in Meriania (Melastomataceae: Merianieae) from Andean rainforests of Colombia. Phytotaxa 178 (1): 23–32. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.178.1.2
  47. Mendoza-Cifuentes, H., Aguirre-Santoro, J. & Idárraga, A. (2018) Dos nuevas especies de Miconia (Melastomataceae) del piedemonte oriental de la cordillera Central de Antioquia, Colombia. Biota Colombiana 19: 17–28. https://doi.org/10.21068/c2018.v19s1a03
  48. Mendoza-Cifuentes, H., Posada-H., M. & David, H. (2019a) Una nueva especie de Miconia (Melastomataceae) con anteras connadas de Colombia. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales 43: 250–254. https://doi.org/10.18257/raccefyn.848
  49. Mendoza-Cifuentes, H., Ariza, W., Granados, D.E. & Romero, R. (2019b) A new species of Microlicia (Melastomataceae): first record of the genus for Colombia. PhytoKeys 122: 87–96. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.122.34171
  50. Mendoza-Cifuentes, H., Herrera, J.M.P. & David, H. (2021) Nuevas propuestas nomenclaturales en Melastomataceae y adiciones de la familia al Catálogo de la Flora de Colombia. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales 45: 1154–1174. https://doi.org/10.18257/raccefyn.1448
  51. Mendoza-Cifuentes, H., Ariza-Cortés, W. & Rojas, L.C. (2024) Miconia garagoana - Melastomataceae: A new rheophytic species from the eastern Andes of Colombia. PhytoKeys 247: 145–154. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.247.119563
  52. Meyer, G.F.W. (1818) Primitiae Florae Essequeboensis adjectis descriptionibus centum circiter stirpium novarum, observationibusque criticis. Sumptibus Henrici Dieterich, Gottingae [Göttingen], 316 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.49397
  53. Murillo-Serna, J.S. & David-Higuita, H. (2021) Una nueva especie de Allomaieta (Melastomataceae: Cyphostyleae) de Colombia. Brittonia 73: 189–194. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12228-021-09659-8
  54. Murillo-Serna, J.S., Londoño-Echeverri, Y. & David-Higuita, H. (2021) Miconia lorenaensis (Melastomataceae), a new species from Colombian Andes. Phytotaxa 501 (1): 162–170. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.501.1.7
  55. Murillo-Serna, J.S., Michelangeli, F.A. & David-Higuita, H.A. (2022) Alloneuron trinervium (Melastomataceae: Cyphostyleae), a new species from Colombia. Brittonia 74: 43–52. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12228-021-09680-x
  56. Naudin, C. (1849) Melastomacearum quӕ in Musӕo Parisiensi continentur. Monographicӕ descriptionis et secundum affinitates distributionis tentamen. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Botanique, sér. 3, 12: 196–284.
  57. Naudin, C.V. (1850) Melastomacearum quӕ in Musӕo Parisiensi continentur. Monographicӕ descriptionis et secundum affinitates distributionis tentamen. (sequentia.). Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Botanique, sér. 3, 13: 25–39.
  58. Posada-Herrera, J.M. & Almeda, F. (2018) Miconia rheophytica (Melastomataceae: Miconieae), a new and endangered species from the Magdalena Medio region of Colombia. Phytotaxa 371 (1): 55–61. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.371.1.7
  59. Posada-Herrera, J.M. & Mendoza-Cifuentes, H. (2016) Miconia curvitheca (Melastomataceae), una nueva especie nativa de los bosques altoandinos y subpáramos de los Andes centrales, Colombia. Biota Colombiana 17: 12–18. https://doi.org/10.21068/c2016.v17n02a02
  60. Posada-Herrera, J.M. & Mendoza-Cifuentes, H. (2023) Descripción de Meriania alexandrae (Melastomataceae, Merianieae), una nueva especie de Colombia y sinopsis del complejo Selvaflorensis. Acta Botanica Mexicana 130: e2252. https://doi.org/10.21829/abm130.2023.2252
  61. Posada-H., J.M., Sierra-Giraldo, J.A., Sanín, D. & Coca, L.F. (2016) Catálogo comentado de las especies de Melastomataceae de un bosque húmedo a orillas del río Cauca (Chinchiná, Caldas, Colombia). Boletín Científico Centro de Museos Museo de Historia Natural 20: 17–26. https://doi.org/10.17151/bccm.2016.20.1.2
  62. Posada-Herrera, J.M., Idárraga, A. & Alzate, F. (2020) A new species of Meriania of the Brachycera group (Melastomataceae: Merianieae) with dimorphic stamens. Phytotaxa 442 (3): 225–231. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.442.3.8
  63. Renner, S.S. (1989) Systematic studies in the Melastomataceae: Bellucia, Loreya, and Macairea. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 50: 1–112.
  64. Rocha, M.J.R., Guimarães, P.J.F., Michelangeli, F.A. & Batista, J.A.N. (2018) [2017] Taxonomy of Marcetieae: A new neotropical tribe of Melastomataceae. International Journal of Plant Sciences 179: 50–74. https://doi.org/10.1086/694932
  65. Rocha, M.J.R., Silva, D.N. & Guimarães, P.J.F. (2022) Systematic studies in the Neotropical tribe Marcetieae. In: Goldenberg, R., Michelangeli, F.A. & Almeda, F. (Eds.) Systematics, Evolution, and Ecology of Melastomataceae. Springer, Switzerland, Cham, pp. 409–427. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99742-7_20
  66. Schulman, L.E. & Ruokolainen, K. (2015) Adelobotrys tessmannii (Merianieae, Melastomataceae) and allies: a refined circumscription and description of two new Amazonian species with notes on their ecology. Phytotaxa 234 (2): 101–120. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.234.2.1
  67. Shorthouse, D.P. (2010) SimpleMappr, an online tool to produce publication-quality point maps. Available from: https://www.simplemappr.net (accessed 1 February 2024)
  68. Stearn, W.T. (1983) Botanical Latin: History, grammar syntax, terminology and vocabulary. 3rd rev. ed. Davis & Charles, Great Britain, 549 pp.
  69. Stone, R.D. (2023) Twenty-four new species of Memecylon (Melastomataceae) from Madagascar. Candollea 78: 189–237. https://doi.org/10.15553/c2023v782a10
  70. Thiers, B. (2024) Index Herbariorum: A global directory of public herbaria and associated staff. Available from: https://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/ (accessed 1 January 2024)
  71. Triana, J. (1866) [1865] Dispositio Melastomacearum. Bulletin du Congrès International de Botanique et d’Horticulture: 457–461.
  72. Triana, J.J. (1872) [1871] I. Les Mélastomacées. The transactions of the Linnean Society of London 28: 1–188. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1871.tb00222.x
  73. Turland, N.J., Wiersema, J.H., Barrie, F.R., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D.L., Herendeen, P.S., Knapp, S., Kusber, W.-H., Li, D.-Z., Marhold, K., May, T.W., McNeill, J., Monro, A.M., Prado, J., Price, M.J. & Smith, G.F. (2018) International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code): Adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Regnum Vegetabile 159. Koeltz Botanical Books, Glashütten. https://doi.org/10.12705/Code.2018
  74. Ulloa Ulloa, C., Acevedo-Rodríguez, P., Beck, S., Belgrano, M.J., Bernal, R., Berry, P.E., Brako, L., Celis, M., Davidse, G., Forzza, R.C., Gradstein, S.R., Hokche, O., León, B., León-Yánez, S., Magill, R.E., Neill, D.A., Nee, M., Raven, P.H., Stimmel, H., Strong, M.T., Villaseñor, J.L., Zarucchi, J.L., Zuloaga, Z.O. & Jørgensen, P.M. (2017) An integrated assessment of the vascular plant species of the Americas. Science 358: 1614–1617. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aao0398
  75. Ulloa Ulloa, C., Almeda, F., Goldenberg, R., Kadereit, G., Michelangeli, F.A., Penneys, D.S., Stone, R.D. & Veranso-Libalah, M.C. (2022) Melastomataceae: Global diversity, distribution, and endemism. In: Goldenberg, R., Michelangeli, F.A. & Almeda, F. (Eds.) Systematics, Evolution, and Ecology of Melastomataceae. Springer, Switzerland, Cham, pp. 3–28. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99742-7_1
  76. Uribe, L.U. (1962) Sertula florae Colombiae, VI. Caldasia 8: 531–541.
  77. Urrea, J., Mendoza-Cifuentes, H. & García, N. (2023) Novedades taxonómicas y sinopsis del género Blakea (Melastomataceae, Pyxidantheae) en la Cordillera Oriental, Colombia. Acta Botanica Mexicana 130: e2172. https://doi.org/10.21829/abm130.2023.2172
  78. Urrea, J., Mendoza-Cifuentes, H., García, N. & Rojas, L.C. (2024) Blakea cubarralensis (Melastomataceae: Pyxidantheae): a new species from Colombia. Phytotaxa 666 (1): 59–66. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.666.1.6
  79. van Steenis, C.G.G.J. (1981) Rheophytes of the world. An account of the flood-resistant flowering plants and ferns and the theory of autonomous evolution. Sijthoff & Noordhoff, Alphen aan den Rijn & Rockville.
  80. Weberling, F. (1989) Morphology of flowers and inflorescences. University Press, Cambridge, UK.
  81. Wood, J.R.I., Hoyos-Gómez, S.E. & Zarate, D.E.G. (2024) A glimpse into the diversity of Colombian Acanthaceae. Kew Bulletin 79: 145–183. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12225-023-10146-4
  82. Wurdack, J.J. (1966) Certamen Melastomataceis X. Phytologia 13: 65–80. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.21845