Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
Responsive image
Issue: Vol. 632 No. 1: 27 Dec. 2023
Type: Article
Published: 2023-12-27
DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.632.1.1
Page range: 1-26
Abstract views: 77
PDF downloaded: 7

The diatom genus Ctenophora: A discussion on its morphology, relationships, and some species

The Natural History Museum; London; UK
Research Department; Meise Botanic Garden; Meise; Belgium; Department of Biology – ECOBE; University of Antwerp; Wilrijk; Belgium
Ctenophora morphology relationships Algae

Abstract

The diatom genus Ctenophora is examined for its morphological characters and its relationships. Some aspects of the nomenclature of the genus are clarified with respect to various specimens identified as Ctenophora pulchella, Ctenophora saxonica and Ctenophora vertebrata. The focus is on the structure of the valves and girdle rather than a complete account of the species-level diversity in Ctenophora. General conclusions are (1) Ctenophora is not a monotypic genus; (2) the relationships of Ctenophora will include ‘Fragilaria’ famelica, Catacombas (= Synedra) and the various groups within the paraphyletic Tabularia.

 

References

  1. Aboal, M., Alvarez-Cobelas, M., Cambra, J. & Ector, L. (2003) Floristic list of non marine diatoms (Bacillariophyceae) of Iberian Peninsula, Balearic Islands, and Canary Islands. Updated taxonomy and bibliography. Diatom Monographs 4: 1–639.
  2. Agardh, C.A. (1812) Dispositio algarum Sueciae. 4 parts. Litteris Berlingianis, Lundae, 45 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.45472
  3. Agardh, C.A. (1824) Systema algarum. Literis Berlingianis. Lundae, xxxvii, 312 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.1829
  4. Agardh, C.A. (1832) Conspectus criticus diatomacearum. Part 4. Litteris Berlingianis, Lundae. pp. 48–66. [https://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/records/item/12646-redirection]
  5. Almeida, P.D., Morales, E.A., Wetzel, C.E., Ector, L. & Bicudo, D.C. (2016) Two new diatoms in the genus Fragilaria Lyngbye (Fragilariophyceae) from tropical reservoirs in Brazil and comparison with type material of F. tenera. Phytotaxa 246 (3): 163–183. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.246.3.1
  6. Anonymous (1975) Proposals for a standardization of diatom terminology and diagnoses. Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia 53: 323–354.
  7. Barber, H.G. & Haworth, E.Y. (1981) Guide to the Morphology of the Diatom Frustule. Freshwater Biological Association, Publication no. 44, Ambleside, Cumbria, 112 pp.
  8. Bixby, R.J., Edlund, M.B. & Stoermer, E.F. (2005) Hannaea superiorensis sp. nov., an endemic diatom from the Laurentian Great Lakes. Diatom Research 20: 227–240. https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.2005.9705633
  9. Boyer, C.S. (1916) The Diatomaceae of Philadelphia and Vicinity. J.B. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia, 143 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.943
  10. Brébisson, [L.A.] de (1838) Considérations sur les Diatomées et essai d’une classification des genres et des espèces appartenant à cette famille. Mémoires de la Société Académique, Agricole, Industrielle et d’Instruction de l’Arrondissements de Falaise 1: 27–46. [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6433749k/f5.image]
  11. Brébisson, L.A. de (1839) Lettre de M. de Brébisson,a M. Charles Chevalier, Sur les préparations nécessaires a l’étude des algues inférieures; Suivie d’un Catalogue des Espèces connues des Desmidées et des Diatomées ou Bacillariées. In: Des microscopes et de leur usage. Description d’appareils et de procédés nouveaux, suivie d’expériences microscopiques puisées dans les meilleurs ouvrages anciens et les notes de M. Le Baillif, et d’un mémoire sur les diatomées, etc. par M. De Brébisson (Ed. by C. Chevalier), Chez l’auteur, Crochard, Paris. pp. 263–276. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/39894560]
  12. Brun, J. (1880) Diatomées des Alpes et du Jura et de la région Suisse et Française des Environs de Genève. H. Georg; Georges Masson, Genève & Paris, 146 pp. [https://www.e-rara.ch/zuz/content/zoom/13254888]
  13. Cao, Y., Yu, P., You, Q., Lowe, R.L., Williams, D.M., Wang, Q. & Kociolek, J.P. (2018) A new species of Tabularia (Kützing) Williams & Round from Poyang Lake, Jiangxi Province, China, with a cladistic analysis of the genus and their relatives. Phytotaxa 373: 169–183. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.373.3.1
  14. Cleve, P.T. (1894) Synopsis of the Naviculoid Diatoms I. Kongliga Svenska-Vetenskaps Akademiens Handlingar 26 (2): 1–194, 5 pls. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.54740
  15. Cleve-Euler, A. (1932) Die Kieselalgen des Tåkernsees in Schweden. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar, ser. 3, 11 (2), 254 pp.
  16. Cox, E.J. & Ross, R. (1981) The striae of pennate diatoms. In: Ross, R. (Ed.) Proceedings of the Sixth Symposium on Fossil and Recent Diatoms. O. Koeltz, Koenigstein. pp. 267–278.
  17. Cox, E.J. (2001) What constitutes a stauros? A morphogenetic perspective. In: Jahn, R., Witkowski, A. & Compère, P. (Eds.) Festschrift für H. Lange-Bertalot. A.R.G. Gantner Verlag K.G, Ruggell, Liechtenstein, pp. 303–316.
  18. Cox, E.J. (2012) Ontogeny, homology, and terminology - wall morphogenesis as an aid to character recognition and character state definition for pennate diatom systematics. Journal of Phycology 48: 1–31. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.2011.01081.x
  19. Cunningham, G.A. & Whitson, P.D. (1978) Quantitative character analysis for a new variety of Synedra cyclopum (Bacillariophyceae). Journal of Phycology 14: 526–529. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.1978.tb02481.x
  20. Delgado, C., Novais, M.H., Blanco, S. & Almeida, S.F.P. (2016) Fragilaria rinoi sp. nov. (Fragilariales, Fragilariophyceae) from periphytic river samples in Central Portugal. European Journal of Taxonomy 248: 1–16. https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2016.248
  21. De Toni, G.B. (1892) Sylloge algarum omnium hucusque cognitarum. Vol. II. Bacillarieae; sectio II. Pseudoraphideae. Typis Seminarrii, Patavii, pp. 491–817. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.10544
  22. Ehrenberg, C.G. (1830) Organisation, Systematik und geographisches Verhältniss der Infusionsthierchen. Zwei Vorträge. Abhandlungen der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 108 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.2077
  23. Genkal, S.I., Popovskaya, G.I. & Kulikovskiy, M.S. (2008) New for science species from the genus Hannaea Patrick (Bacillariophyta). International Journal on Algae 10: 321–329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/InterJAlgae.v10.i4.20
  24. Gogorev, R.M., Chudaev, D.A., Stepanova, V.A. & Kulikovskiy, M.S. (2018) [Russian and English terminological glossary on morphology of diatoms]. Novosti sistematiki nizshikh rastenii 52 (2): 265–309. https://doi.org/10.31111/nsnr/2018.52.2.265
  25. Gómez, F., Wang, L. & Lin, S. (2018) Morphology and molecular phylogeny of epizoic araphid diatoms on marine zooplankton, including Pseudofalcula hyalina gen. & comb. nov. (Fragilariophyceae, Bacillariophyta). Journal of Phycology 54: 557–570. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpy.12760
  26. Gregory, W. (1855) On a post-Tertiary lacustrine sand, containing Diatomaceous exuviae from, Glenshira, near Inverary. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science 3: 30–43. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/27608701]
  27. Greville, R.K. (1823) Scottish Cryptogamic Flora, or coloured figures and descriptions of cryptogamic plants, belonging chiefly to order Fungi. Volume 1. Edinburgh and London, pls 1–60.
  28. Greville, R.K. (1827) Scottish Cryptogamic Flora, or coloured figures and descriptions of cryptogamic plants, belonging chiefly to order Fungi. Volume 5. Edinburgh and London, pls 241–301.
  29. Grunow, A. (1862) Die österreichischen Diatomaceen nebst Anschluss einiger neuen Arten von andern Lokalitäten und einer kritischen Uebersicht der bisher bekannten Gattungen und Arten. Erste Folge. Epithemieae, Meridioneae, Diatomeae, Entopyleae, Surirelleae, Amphipleureae. Zweite Folge. Familie Nitzschieae. Verhandlungen der kaiserlich-königlichen zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 12: 315–472. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/54906243]
  30. Hasle, G.R., Stosch, H.A. von & Syvertsen, E.E. (1983) Cymatosiraceae, a new diatom family. Bacillaria 6: 9–156.
  31. Hendey, N.I. (1964) An introductory account of the smaller algae of British coastal waters. Part V: Bacillariophyceae (Diatoms). Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Fishery Investigations, Series 4. Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, London, 317 pp., 45 pls.
  32. Hohn, M.H. & Hellerman, J. (1963) The taxonomy and structure of diatom populations from three Eastern North American rivers using three sampling methods. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 82: 250–329. https://doi.org/10.2307/3223932
  33. Hornemann, J.W. (1810) Icones plantarum sponte nascentium in Regnis Daniae Norvegiae, et in Ducatibus Slesvici et Holsatiae ad illustrandum opus de iisdem plantis, Regio jussu exarandum, Florae Danicae nomine inscriptum. Vol. 8 (fasc. 22, 23, 24). Typis E.A.H. Mölleri, Hauniae, pls 1261–1440.
  34. Hustedt, F. (1931) Die Kieselalgen Deutschlands, Österreichs und der Schweiz unter Berücksichtigung der übrigen Länder Europas sowie der angrenzenden Meeresgebiete. In: Rabenhorst, L. (Ed.) Kryptogamen Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz. Vol. 7 (2, 1). Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft m.b.h. Leipzig, pp. 1–176.
  35. Istvánffi, G. (1891) Kitaibel herbariumának Algái. Természetrajzi Füze tek 14 (1/2): 1–15. Available from: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30764106
  36. Jürgens, G.H.B. (1822) Algae aquaticae quas in littore maris dynastiam Jeveranam et Frisiam orientalem alluentis rejectas et in harum terrarum aquis habitantes cellegit etc. volume XI. Decades, Jever.
  37. Jüttner, I., Carter, C., Chudaev, D., Cox, E.J., Ector, L., Jones, V., Kelly, M.G., Kennedy, B., Mann, D.G., Turner, J.A., Van de Vijver, B., Wetzel, C.E. & Williams, D.M. (2023) Freshwater Diatom Flora of Britain and Ireland. Amgueddfa Cymru - National Museum Wales. Available online at: https://naturalhistory.museumwales.ac.uk/diatoms (Accessed: 26 March 2023).
  38. Kobayasi, H. (1965) Notes on the genus Ceratoneis (Diatoms from the River Arakawa-3). Journal of Japanese Botany 40: 125–128. [https://archive.org/details/journal-japanese-botany-40-125-128]
  39. Kociolek, J.P., Theriot, E.C., Williams, D.M., Julius, M., Stoermer, E.F. & Kingston, J.C. (2015) Centric and araphid diatom. In: Wehr, J.D., Sheath, R.G. & Kociolek, J.P. (Eds.) Freshwater Algae of North America. Ecology and Classification. 2nd Edition. Academic Press, pp, 653–708.
  40. Kociolek, J.P. & Rosen, B.H. (1984) Observations on North American Gomphoneis (Bacillariophyceae). I. Valve ultrastructure of G. mammilla with comment on the taxonomic status of the genus. Journal of Phycology 20: 361–368. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3646.1984.00361.x
  41. Kreis, R.G.,Jr. & Stoermer, E.F. (1979) Diatoms of the Laurentian Great Lakes III. Rare and poorly known species of Achnanthes Bory and Cocconeis Ehr. (Bacillariophyta). Journal of Great Lakes Research 5: 276–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(79)72154-X
  42. Kützing, F.T. (1833) Synopsis Diatomacearum oder Versuch einer systematischen Zusammenstellung der Diatomeen. Linnaea 8 (5): 529–620. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/99422]
  43. Kutzing, F.T. (1834a) Synopsis Diatomearum oder, Versuch einer systematischen Zusammenstellung der Diatomeen. Halle: Schwetschke, 92 pp., VII pls.
  44. Kützing, F.T. (1834b [1833]) Algarum Aquae Dulcis Germanicarum. Decas VIII. Collegit Fridericus Traugott Kutzing, Societ. Bot. Ratisbon. Sodalis. Halis Saxonum in Commissis C.A. Schwetschkii et Fil., 4 pp.
  45. Kützing, F.T. (1844) Die kieselschaligen Bacillarien oder Diatomeen. W. Köhne, Nordhausen. 152 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.64360
  46. Kützing, F.T. (1849) Species Algarum. F.A. Brockhaus, Lipsiae. 922 pp.
  47. Kuriyama, K., Suzuki, H., Nagumo, T. & Tanaka, J. (2010) Morphology and taxonomy marine benthic diatoms (I), Tabularia (Fragilariaceae, Fragilariales). Journal of Japanese Botany 85: 79–89. [https://archive.org/details/journal-japanese-botany-85-079-089]
  48. Lange-Bertalot, H. (1980) Zur systematischen Bewertung der bandförmigen Kolonien bei Navicula und Fragilaria. Kriterien für die Vereinigung von Synedra (subgen. Synedra) Ehrenberg mit Fragilaria Lyngbye. Nova Hedwigia 33: 723–787.
  49. Liu, B., Williams, D.M., Liu, Z.-X. & Chen, J.H. (2020) Ctenophora sinensis: a new diatom species (Bacillariophyta) from China with comments on its structure, nomenclature and relationships. Phytotaxa 460 (2): 115–128. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.460.2.1
  50. Liu, B. & Williams, D.M. (2020) From chaos to order: the life history of Hannaea inaequidentata (Lagerstedt) Genkal and Kharitonov (Bacillariophyta), from initial cells to vegetative cells. Phytokeys 162: 81–112. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.162.56136
  51. Liu, Q., Glushchenko, A., Kulikovskiy, M., Maltsev, Y. & Kociolek, J.P. (2019) New Hannaea Patrick (Fragilariaceae, Bacillariophyta) species from Asia, with comments on the biogeography of the genus. Cryptogamie Algologie 40 (5): 41–61. https://doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-algologie2019v40a5
  52. Ma Dolores Belando, Jiménez, J.F., Marín, A. & Aboal, M. (2018) Morphology and molecular phylogeny of Hyalosynedra lanceolata sp. nov. and an extended description of Hyalosynedra (Bacillariophyta). European Journal of Phycology 53: 208–218 http://doi.org/10.1080/09670262.2018.1426787
  53. Mann, D.G. (1978) Studies in the family Nitzschiaceae (Bacillariophyta). Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Bristol, xxxiii, 386 pp., 146 pl.
  54. Mann, D.G. (1981) Sieves and flaps: siliceous minutiae in the pores of raphid diatoms. In: Ross, R. (Ed.) Proceedings of the 6th Symposium on Recent and Fossil Diatoms. O. Koeltz, Koenigstein, pp. 279–300.
  55. Müller, O. (1886) Die Zwischenbänder und Septen der Bacillariaceen. Berichte der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft 4: 306–316.
  56. Müller, O. (1895 [Nov.]) Rhopalodia ein neues Genus der Bacillariaceen. (Engler›s) Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte, und Pflanzengeographie 22: 54–71.
  57. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/206426
  58. O’ Meara, E. (1875) Report on the Irish Diatomaceae. In: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, 2nd ser. (Science). pp. 235–425.
  59. Pantocsek, J. (1912) A ferto to Kovamosz at Viranya (Bacillariae lacus Peisonis). Wigand K.F. konyvnyomdaja. Pozsony, 49 pp., 5 pls.
  60. Petersen, J.B. (1938) Fragilaria intermedia-Synedra Vaucheriae? Botaniska Notiser 1938: 164–170.
  61. Pritchard, A. (1852) A history of Infusorial animacules, living and fossil; illustrated by several hundred magnified representations. 3rd Edition, viii. A new edition enlarged. Whittaker and Co., London, 704 pp., 24 pls. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.12194
  62. Rabenhorst, L. (1853) Die Süsswasser-Diatomaceen (Bacillarien) für Freunde der Mikroskopie. Eduard Kummer, Leipzig, 72 pp., 9 pls. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.8348
  63. Rabenhorst, L. (1864) Flora Europaea Algarum aquae dulcis et submarinae. Sectio I. Algas diatomaceas complectens, cum figuris generum omnium xylographice impressis. Apud Eduardum Kummerum, Lipsiae, 359 pp. [https://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/idurl/1/11647]
  64. Ralfs, J. (1850) British Algae, dried specimens of marine and freshwater algae, including the Desmidieae and Diatomaceae. Volume I, numbers 1–40. Penzance.
  65. Reimer, C.W. (1970) Some diatoms (Bacillariophyceae) from Cayler Prairie. Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia 31: 235–249.
  66. Ross, R., Cox, E.J., Karayeva, N.I., Mann, D.G., Paddock, T.B.B., Simonsen, R. & Sims, P.A. (1979) An amended terminology for the siliceous components of the diatom cell Nova Hedwigia, Beihefte 64: 513–533.
  67. Ross, R. & Sims, P.A. (1973) Observations on family and generic limits in the Centrales. Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia 45: 97–130.
  68. Round, F.E., Crawford, R.M. & Mann, D.G. (1990) The Diatoms. Biology & morphology of the genera. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 747 pp.
  69. Sabir, J.S.M., Theriot, E.C., Lobban, C.S., Alhebshi, A.M., Al-Malki, A.L., Najrah, N.H., Khiyami, M.A., Obaid, A.Y., Jansen, R.K. & Ashworth, M.A. (2018) Systematics of araphid diatoms with asymmetric rimoportulae or densely packed virgae, with particular attention to Hyalosynedra (Ulnariaceae, Bacillariophyta). Phytotaxa 347 (1): 1–49. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.347.1.1
  70. Sayre, G. (1969) Cryptogamae Exsiccatae―an annotated bibliography of published exsiccatae of algae, lichens, Hepaticae, and Musci. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 19 (1): 1–174.
  71. Schönfeldt, H. von (1907) Diatomaceae Germaniae: Die deutschen Diatomeen des Süsswassers und des Brackwassers. W. Junk, Berlin, 263 pp., 19 pls. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.949
  72. Schwarzwalder, R.N. & Postek, M.T. (1981) Valve morphology of Synedra goulardi (Bacillariophyceae). Journal of Phycology 17: 412–414. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.1981.tb00870.x
  73. Sims, P.A. & Ross, R. (1988 [Oct.]) Some Cretaceous and Paleogene Trinacria (diatom) species. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Botany Series 18 (4): 275–322. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2295065]
  74. Smith, W. (1853) Synopsis of British Diatomaceae. Vol. 1. John Van Voorst, London, 89 pp., 31 pls. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.10706
  75. Smith, W. (1856) Synopsis of British Diatomaceae. Vol. 2. John Van Voorst, London, 107 pp., 32–60, 61–62 A–E pls. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.10706
  76. Spaulding, S. & Edlund, M. (2008) Ctenophora. In: Diatoms of North America. Available from https://diatoms.org/genera/ctenophora (accessed: 25 July 2022).
  77. Spaulding, S.A., Potapova, M.G., Bishop, I.W., Lee, S.S., Gasperak, T.S., Jovanoska, E., Furey, P.C. & Edlund, M.B. (2022) Diatoms.org: supporting taxonomists, connecting communities. Diatom Research 36: 291–304. https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.2021.2006790
  78. Tuji, A. & Williams, D.M. (2013) Examination of types in the Fragilaria vaucheriae-intermedia species complex. Bulletin of the National Museum of Natural Science, series B, Botany 39 (1): 1–9.
  79. Tuji, A. & Williams, D.M. (2006) Examination of the type material of Synedra rumpens = Fragilaria rumpens, Bacillariophyceae.
  80. Phycological Research 54 (2): 99–103. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1835.2006.00414.x
  81. Van de Vijver, B. & Williams, D.M. (2022) Typification of Synedra longissima W.Smith and its transfer to the genus Ulnaria (Ulnariaceae, Bacillariophyta). Notulae Algarum 256: 1–4.
  82. Van Heurck, H. (1881) Synopsis des Diatomées de Belgique. Atlas. Ducaju & Cie., Anvers, pls 31–77. [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k62251160.texteImage]
  83. Van Heurck, H. (1896) A Treatise on the Diatomaceae […] [Translated by W.E. Baxter]. William Wesley & Son, London, 558 pp., 35 pls. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.2002
  84. Van Heurck, H. (1885) Synopsis des Diatomées de Belgique. Texte. Martin Brouwers & Co., Anvers, 235 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.1990
  85. Von Stosch, H.A. (1975) An amended terminology of the diatom girdle. Nova Hedwigia 53: 1–35.
  86. Wengrat, S., Morales, E.A., Wetzel, C.E., Almeida, P.D., Ector, L. & Bicudo, D.C. (2016) Taxonomy and ecology of Fragilaria billingsii sp. nov. and analysis of type material of Synedra rumpens var. fusa (Fragilariaceae, Bacillariophyta) from Brazil. Phytotaxa 270 (3): 191–202. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.270.3.3
  87. West, W. & West, G.S. (1901) The alga-flora of Yorkshire: a complete account of the known freshwater algae of the county, with many notes on their affinities and distribution. Botanical transactions of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union 5: 1–239.
  88. Wetzel, C.E. & Ector, L. (2015) Taxonomy and ecology of Fragilaria microvaucheriae sp. nov. and comparison with the type materials of F. uliginosa and F. vaucheriae. Cryptogamie Algologie 36 (3): 271–289. https://doi.org/10.7872/crya/v36.iss3.2015.271
  89. Williams, D.M. (1985) Morphology, taxonomy and inter-relationships of the ribbed araphid diatoms from the genera Diatoma and Meridion (Diatomaceae: Bacillariophyta). Bibliotheca Diatomologica 8. Lubrecht & Cramer Ltd, 228 pp., 27 pls.
  90. Williams, D.M. (1986) Comparative morphology of some species of Synedra Ehrenb. with a new definition of the genus. Diatom Research 1: 131–152. https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.1986.9704963
  91. Williams, D.M. (1988) Tabulariopsis, a new genus of marine araphid diatom, with notes on the taxonomy of Tabularia Williams et Round. Nova Hedwigia 47: 247–254.
  92. Williams, D.M. (2011) Synedra, Ulnaria: definitions and descriptions - a partial resolution. Diatom Research 26: 149–153. https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.2011.587646
  93. Williams, D.M. & Round, F.E. (1986) Revision of the genus Synedra Ehrenb. Diatom Research 1: 313–339. https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.1986.9704976
  94. Williams, D.M. & Round, F.E. (1988) Phylogenetic Systematics of Synedra. In: Proceedings of the 9th International Diatom Symposium, Koenigstein & Biopress Ltd, Bristol, pp. 303–315.