Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
Responsive image
Issue: Vol. 622 No. 1: 24 Oct. 2023
Type: Article
Published: 2023-10-24
DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.622.1.3
Page range: 42-62
Abstract views: 182
PDF downloaded: 12

Taxonomic Reconciliation of Smilacaceae in the Indian Subcontinent: Synonymy, Typification, Updated Inventory, and a Vegetative Key for Identification

Biodiversity & Palaeobiology Group; Agharkar Research Institute; G.G. Agarkar Road; Pune- 411 004; Maharashtra; India. Also affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University; Pune- 411 007; Maharashtra; India
Biodiversity & Palaeobiology Group; Agharkar Research Institute; G.G. Agarkar Road; Pune- 411 004; Maharashtra; India
Greenbriars taxonomy Indian subcontinent checklist lectotype synonyms vegetative key Monocots

Abstract

Smilax is the sole genus of the family Smilacaceae, represented by 36 taxa in the Indian subcontinent. The taxonomy of the genus has been challenging due to its dioecious nature and substantial inter- and intra-specific variations. With an aim to clarify and streamline the nomenclature of Smilax species and resolve long-standing taxonomic ambiguities, a critical morphological analysis of the taxa belonging to Smilacaceae in the Indian subcontinent was carried out. We devised a key to the Smilax species of the Indian subcontinent based on vegetative characters alone, which will help in field identification throughout the year. Moreover, an updated checklist of the Smilacaceae in the Indian subcontinent is provided. In addition, Smilax aspericaulis and S. quadrumbellata are synonymized under S. odoratissima and S. zeylanica, respectively. The typification of four Smilax names is also addressed.

 

References

  1. Aftab, T.B., Akter, M., Kalpana, M.A., Bashar, A.A. & Rahmatullah, M. (2012) Evaluation of antihyperglycemic activity of Smilax perfoliata Lour. Advances in Natural and Applied Sciences 6: 711–715.
  2. Andreata, R.H.P. (1980) Smilax Linnaeus (Smilacaceae). Ensaio para uma revisão das espécies brasileiras. Arq. Jard. Bot. Rio de Janeiro 24: 179–301.
  3. Andreata, R.H.P. & Giulietti, A.M. (1995) Revisão das espécies brasileiras do gênero Smilax Linnaeus (Smilacaceae). Pesquisas, série Botânica 47: 7–244.
  4. Balakrishnan, N.P. (1981) Flora of Jowai. Vol.1. Botanical Survey of India, Howrah.
  5. Bánki, O., Roskov, Y., Döring, M., Ower, G., Vandepitte, L., Hobern, D., Remsen, D., Schalk, P., DeWalt, R. E., Keping, M., Miller, J., Orrell, T., Aalbu, R., Abbott, J., Adlard, R., Adriaenssens, E. M., Aedo, C., Aescht, E., Akkari, N., Alexander, S., Alfenas-Zerbini, P., Alonso-Zarazaga, M. A., Altenburger, K., Alvarez, B., Alvarez, F., Anderson, G., Andrella, G. C., Antić, D. Z., Antonietto, L. S., Arango, C., Artois, T., Arvanitidis, C., Atahuachi Burgos, M., Atkinson, S., Atwood, J. J., Auffenberg, K., Bagnatori Sartori, Â. L., Bailly, N., Baixeras, J., Baker, E., Balan, A., Bamber, R., Bandesha, F., Bandyopadhyay, S., Bank, R., Barber, A., Barber-James, H., Barbosa, J. P., Barbosa Pinto, R., Barrett, R., Bartolozzi, L., Bartsch, I., Beccaloni, G. W., Bellamy, C. L., Bellan-Santini, D., Bellinger, P. F., Ben-Dov, Y., Bernot, J., Bezerra, T. N., Bieler, R., Bitner, M. A., Blasco-Costa, I., Boatwright, J. S., Bock, P., Bonato, L., Borges, L. M., Bota-Sierra, C., Bouchard, P., Bouchet, P., Bourgoin, T., Boury-Esnault, N., Bouzan, R., Boxshall, G., Boyko, C., Brandão, S., Braun, H., Bray, R., Brinda, J. C., Brock, P. D., Broich, S. L., Bronstein, O., Brown, J., Bruce, N., Brullo, S., Bruneau, A., Bueno-Villegas, J., Burckhardt, D., Bush, L., Böttger-Schnack, R., Büscher, T., Błażewicz-Paszkowycz, M., Cairns, S., Calonje, M., Camilo de Oliveira, J. P., Carballo, J. L., Cardinal-McTeague, W., Cardoso, D., Cardoso, L., Carrera-Parra, L., Castilho, R. C., Castro Silva, I. C., Catalano, S., Cervantes, A., Chatrou, L. W., Chevillotte, H., Choo, L. M., Christiansen, K. A., Cianferoni, F., Cigliano, M. M., Clarke, R., Cobra e Monteiro, T., Collins, A., Collins, K., Compton, J., Consorti, L., Copilaș-Ciocianu, D., Corbari, L., Cordeiro, R., CoreoideaSF Team, Cornils, A., Costa Corgosinho, P. H., Costello, M., Crameri, S., Cruz-López, J. A., Culham, A., Cárdenas, P., Daly, M., Daneliya, M., Dauvin, J.-C., Davie, P., Davison, A. J., De Broyer, C., De Lima, H. C., De Prins, J., De Prins, W., De la Estrella, M., DeSalle, R., Decker, P., Decock, W., Deem, L. S., Defaye, D., Dekker, H., Delgado-Salinas, A., Deliry, C., Dellapé, P. M., Dempsey, D. M., Den Heyer, J., Deprez, T., Desiderato, A., Di Capua, I., Dijkstra, K.-D., Dippenaar, S., Dmitriev, D. A., Dohrmann, M., Doner, S., Dorado, Ó., Dorkeld, F., Downey, R., Duan, L., Ducarme, F., Dutilh, B. E., Díaz, M.-C., Eades, D. C., Egan, A. N., Eibye-Jacobsen, D., Eisendle, U., Eitel, M., El Nagar, A., Emig, C., Emig, C. C., Engel, M. S., Enghoff, H., Evans, G. A., Evenhuis, N. L., Faber, M., Falcão, M., Farjon, A., Farruggia, F., Fauchald, K., Fautin, D., Favret, C., Fernández-Rodríguez, V., Figueroa, D., Fišer, C., Forró, L., Forstner, M., Fortuna-Perez, A. P., Francis, A., Fritsch, P., Froese, R., Fuchs, A., Fujimoto, S., Furuya, H., Gagnon, E., Garcia-Alvarez, O., García, M. L., Gardner, M., Garic, R., Garnett, S., Gasca, R., Gattolliat, J.-L., Gaviria-Melo, S., Gerken, S., Gibson, D., Gibson, R., Gielis, C., Gilligan, T., Giribet, G., Gittenberger, A., Giusso del Galdo, G. P., Glasby, C., Glover, A. G., Godoy, M. Á., Gofas, S., Goncharov, M., Gondim, A. I., Goodwin, C., Govaerts, R., Grabowski, M., Granado, A. de A., Gray, A., Gregório, B. de S., Grether, R., Grimaldi, D. A., Gross, O., Grun, T. B., Guerra-García, J. M., Guglielmone, A., Guilbert, E., Gusenleitner, J., Gómez-Noguera, S. E., Haas, F., Hadfield, K. A., Hajdu, E., Harrach, B., Harris, L., Harrison, R. L., Hassler, M., Hayward, B. W., Heads, S. W., Hendrickson, R. C., Hendrycks, E., Henry, T. J., Herbert, D., Hernandes, F. A., Hernandez, F., Hernández-Crespo, J. C., Herrera Bachiller, A., Hine, A., Hirsch, H., Ho, J.-s., Hodda, M., Hodson, A., Hoeksema, B., Hoenemann, M., Holovachov, O., Holstein, J., Hooge, M., Hooper, J., Hopkins, H., Horak, I., Horton, T., Hosoya, T., Houart, R., Hošek, J., Hughes, L., Huijbers, C., Häuser, C., Iniesta, L. F. M., Ivanenko, V., Janssen, R., Janssens, F., Jaume, D., Javadi, F., Jazdzewski, K., Johnson, K. P., Jordão, L., Junglen, S., Jóźwiak, P., Kabat, A., Kamiński, M. J., Kanda, K., Kantor, Y., Karanovic, I., Karapunar, B., Kathirithamby, J., Kelly, M., Kim, Y.-H., King, R., Kirk, P., Kitching, I., Klautau, M., Klitgaard, B. B., Knowles, N. J., Koenemann, S., Korovchinsky, N. M., Kotov, A., Kouwenberg, J., Kovács, Z., Kramina, T., Krapf, A., Krapp-Schickel, T., Kremenetskaia, A., Krishna, K., Krishna, V., Kroh, A., Kroupa, A. S., Krupovic, M., Kuhn, J. H., Kury, A. B., Kury, M. S., Kvaček, J., Köhler, F., Lachenaud, O., Lado, C., Lambert, A. J., Lambert, G., Lana C. Atunes, L., Lazarus, D., Le Coze, F., Le Roux, M. M., LeCroy, S., Ledis Linares, J., Leduc, D., Lee, S., Lefkowitz, E. J., Lewis, G. P., Li, S.-J., Li-Qiang, J., Lichtwardt, R., Lim, S.-C., Lobanov, A., Lohrmann, V., Londoño-Mesa, M., Longhorn, S. J., Lorenz, W., Lowry, J., Lozano, F., Lujan-Toro, B. E., Lumen, R., Lyal, C. H. C., Lyangouzov, I., Lörz, A.-N., Macklin, J. A., Madin, L., Maehr, M. D., Magnien, P., Mah, C., Mal, N., Mamos, T., Manconi, R., Mansano, V., Marek, P., Marshall, B., Martin, J. H., Martin, P., Martin, S. L., Martínez-Melo, A., Martínez-Muñoz, C. A., Mashego, K. S., Maslin, B., Mattapha, S., McFadden, C., McKamey, S., McMurtry, J. A., Medrano, M. A., Medvedev, S., Mees, J., Mejía-Madrid, H. H., Mendes, A. C., Merrin, K., Mesa, N. C., Messing, C., Migeon, A., Miller, D. R., Mills, C., Minelli, A., Miskelly, A., Mitchell, D., Mokievsky, V., Molodtsova, T., Mongiardino Koch, N., Montenegro Valls, J. F., Mooi, R., Morandini, A., Moreira da Rocha, R., Morrow, C., Moteetee, A., Murphy, B., Mushegian, A. R., Narita, J. P. Z., Nealova, L., Nery, D. G., Neu-Becker, U., Neubauer, T. A., Neubert, E., Neuhaus, B., Newton, A., Ng Kee Lin, P., Nguyen, A., Nibert, M. L., Nicolson, D., Nielsen, S., Nijhof, A., Nishikawa, T., Norenburg, J., Noyes, J., O’Hara, T., Ochoa, R., Ohashi, H., Ohashi, K., Oksanen, H. M., Ollerenshaw, J., Oosterbroek, P., Opresko, D., Orton, R. J., Osborne, R., Osigus, H.-J., Oswald, J. D., Ota, Y., Otte, D., Ouvrard, D., Paleobiology Database contributors, Pandey, A., Pape, T., Paulay, G., Paulson, D., Pauly, D., Paxton, H., Pedram, M., Pennington, R. T., Pereira, J. da S., Perez-Gelabert, D., Petrusek, A., Peña Santiago, R., Phillipson, P., Piasecki, W., Picton, B., Pinheiro, U., Pisera, A., Pitkin, B., Poore, G., Povydysh, M., Praxedes, R. A., Pulawski, W. J., Pyle, R., Páll-Gergely, B., Pérez-García, J. A., Půža, V., Rainer, H., Rakotonirina, N., Ramos, G., Ranzato Filardi, F., Raz, L., Read, G., Rees, T., Reich, M., Reimer, J. D., Rein, J. O., Reip, H., Reuscher, M., Rewicz, T., Reynolds, J., Richling, I., Rius, M., Robertson, D. L., Robertson, T., Robinson, G., Robinson, G. S., Rodríguez, E., Romani, L., Rosenberg, G., Rubino, L., Ruggiero, M., Ríos, P., Rützler, K., Sabanadzovic, S., Salazar-Vallejo, S., Sanborn, A., Sanjappa, M., Santos, S. G., Santos-Guerra, A., Saraiva de Oliveira, J., Sartori, M., Sattler, K., Saucède, T., Schierwater, B., Schilling, S., Schierwater, B., Schilling, S., Schley, R., Schmid-Egger, C., Schmidt-Rhaesa, A., Schneider, S., Schoolmeesters, P., Schorr, M., Schrire, B., Schuchert, P., Schuh, R. T., Schönberg, C., Schütz Rodrigues, R., Scoble, M., Segers, H., Seijo, G., Seleme, E. P., Senna, A., Serejo, C., Sforzi, A., Sharma, J., Shear, W., Shenkar, N., Short, M., Siciński, J., Siddell, S. G., Siegel, V., Sierwald, P., Sigda, L., Silva, E. S., Silva Flores, A., Silva de Carvalho, C., Simmonds, P., Simmons, E., Simon, M. F., Simonsen, T., Simpson, C. E., Sirichamorn, Y., Smith, A. D., Smith, D. B., Smith, V. S., Smol, N., Soares Gissi, D., Sokoloff, D., Soulier-Perkins, A., South, E. J., Souza-Filho, J. F., Spearman, L., Spelda, J., Steger, J., Steiner, A., Stemme, T., Sterrer, W., Stevenson, D., Stiewe, M. B. D., Stirton, C. H., Stjernegaard Jeppesen, T., Stoev, P., Strand, M., Straub, S., Stueber, G., Stöhr, S., Subramaniam, S., Suzuki, N., Suárez-Morales, E., Swalla, B., Swedo, J., Szumik, C., Sánchez-Ruiz, M., Sørensen, M. V., Taiti, S., Takiya, D. M., Tandberg, A. H., Tang, D., Tavakilian, G., Taylor, J., Taylor, K., Tchesunov, A., Thessen, A., Thomas, J. D., Thomas, P., ThripsWiki, Thuesen, E., Thulin, M., Thurston, M., Thuy, B., Todaro, A., Todd, J., Torke, B. M., Turiault, M., Turon, X., Tyler, S., Uetz, P., Ulmer, J. M., Uribe-Palomino, J., Vacelet, J., Vachard, D., Vader, W., Van Dooerslaer, K., Van der Burgt, X., Vandamme, A.-M., Vanhoorne, B., Vanreusel, A., Varsani, A., Vatanparast, M., Venekey, V., Vinarski, M., Vonk, R., Vos, C., Väinölä, R., Walker, P. J., Walker-Smith, G., Walter, T. C., Wambiji, N., Warwick, S., Watling, L., Weaver, H., Webb, J., Welbourn, W. C., Wesener, T., Whipps, C., White, K., Wieneke, U., Wilding, N., Williams, G., Wilson, A. J. G., Wilson, R., Wing, P., Winitsky, S., Wirth, C. C., Wojciechowski, M., Woodman, S., World Spider Catalog, Xavier, J., Yesson, C., Yi, T., Yoder, M., Yu, D. S. K., Yunakov, N., Zahniser, J., Zanol, J., Zeidler, W., Zerbini, F. M., Zhang, R., Zhang, Z. Q., Zhao, Z., Ziegler, A., Zinetti, F., de Moraes, G. J., de Voogd, N., ten Hove, H., ter Poorten, J. J., van Haaren, T., van Nieukerken, E. J., van Ofwegen, L., van Soest, R., Łobocka, M. & Şentürk, O. (2023) Catalogue of Life Checklist (Version 2023-09-29). Catalogue of Life. https://doi.org/10.48580/dft7
  6. Baruah, S. & Borthakur, S.K. (2013) Smilax lanceifolia Roxb.(Smilacaceae)—a new record to the Flora of Assam. NeBIO 4: 19–20.
  7. Baruah, S. & Borthakur, S.K. (2014) New record of two species of Smilax L.(Smilacaceae) from Assam, India. Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 38: 227–231.
  8. Baruah, S., Borthakur, S.K., Gogoi, P. & Ahmed, M. (2011) New distributional record of Smilax china Linnaeus in India. Pleione 5: 325–327.
  9. Baruah, S., Gogoi, P. & Borthakur, S.K. (2022) The Family Smilacaceae in Assam, India. Nelumbo 64: 56–63. https://doi.org/10.20324/nelumbo/v64/2022/155438
  10. Baruah, S., Sarma, J. & Borthakur, S.K. (2018) Smilax sailenii (Smilacaceae)—a new species from Assam, North East India. Taiwania 63: 32–36. https://doi.org/10.6165/tai.2018.63.32
  11. Blume, C.L. (1827) Enumeratio plantarum Javae et insularum adjacentium: minus cognitarum vel novarum ex herbariis Reinwardtii, Kuhlii, Hasseltii et Blumii (Vol. 1). JW van Leeuwen, 19 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.44901
  12. Bizarro, O.M.R., Miller, D.Z. & Blum, C.T. (2021) Vegetative characterization and key of Myrtaceae species from a remnant of Araucaria Rainforest, Curitiba, Paraná. Rodriguésia 72: e00242020. https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-7860202172063
  13. Cáceres, A., Cruz, S.M., Martínez, V., Gaitán, I., Santizo, A., Gattuso, S. & Gattuso, M. (2012) Ethnobotanical, pharmacognostical, pharmacological and phytochemical studies on Smilax domingensis in Guatemala. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia 22: 239–248. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-695X2011005000211
  14. Cameron, K.M. & Fu, C. (2006) A nuclear rDNA phylogeny of Smilax (Smilacaceae). Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany 22: 598–605. https://doi.org/10.5642/aliso.20062201.47
  15. Chen, S.C., Qiu, Y.X., Wang, A.L., Cameron, K.M. & Fu, C.X. (2006a) A phylogenetic analysis of the Smilacaceae based on morphological data. Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 44: 113–125. https://doi.org/10.1360/aps050065
  16. Chen, S.C., Zhang, X.P., Ni, S.F., Fu, C.X. & Cameron, K.M. (2006b) The systematic value of pollen morphology in Smilacaceae. Plant Systematics and Evolution 259: 19–37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-006-0424-y
  17. Chen, X.Q. & Koyama, T. (2000) Smilax L. In: Wu, Z., Raven, P.H. & Hong, D. (eds.) Flora of China. Beijing and St Louis: Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, pp. 96–117.
  18. Chowdhery, H.J., Giri, G.S., Pal, G.D., Pramanik, A. & Das, S.K (2009) Materials for the Flora of Arunachal Pradesh. Vol. III. Botanical Survey of India, Kolkata.
  19. Conran, J.G. (1998) Smilacaceae. In: Kubitzki, K. (Eds.) Flowering Plants · Monocotyledons. The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Vol 3. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 417–422. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03533-7_52
  20. De Candolle, A. & De Candolle, C. (1878) Monographiae phanerogamarum prodromi nunc continuato nunc revisio. Vol. 1. G. Masson, Parisiis, pp. 1–217. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.45961
  21. Deshpande, A.S., Krishnan, S., Janarthanam, M.K. & Maslin, B.R. (2019) Annotated checklist of Senegalia and Vachellia (Fabaceae: Mimosoideae) for the Indian subcontinent. Nordic Journal of Botany 37: e02047. https://doi.org/10.1111/njb.02047
  22. Dassanayake, M.D. (2000) Smilacaceae. In: Dassanayake, M.D. & Clayton, W.D. (Eds.) A Revised Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon, vol. 14. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, pp 272−276.
  23. eFloras (2008) Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA. Published on the Internet: http://www.efloras.org (accessed 29 September 2023).
  24. Feng, J.Y., Jin, X.J., Zhang, S.L., Yang, J.W., Fei, S.P., Huang, Y.S., Liu, Y., Qi, Z.C. & Li, P. (2022) Smilax weniae, a New Species of Smilacaceae from Limestone Areas Bordering Guizhou and Guangxi, China. Plants 11: 1032. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11081032
  25. Ferrufino-Acosta, L. (2010) Taxonomic revision of the genus Smilax (Smilacaceae) in Central America and the Caribbean Islands. Willdenowia 40: 227–280. https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.40.40208
  26. Ghimire, S.K., Subedi, C.K., Budha-Magar, S., Adhikari, M., Pandey, T.R., Awasthi, B., Thapa-Magar, S., Paudeyal, M.R., Ghimire, K.M., Shrestha, B.B. & Bhatt, G.D. (2021) Flora of Kailash Sacred Landscape Nepal: An Annotated Checklist. Research Centre for applied Science and Technology, Tribhuvan University, Nepal.
  27. Grimmett, R., Inskipp, C. & Inskipp, T. (2016) Birds of the Indian Subcontinent: India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and the Maldives. Bloomsbury Publishing.
  28. Heywood, V.H., Moore, D.M. & Stearn, W.T. (1993) Flowering Plants of the World. Updated ed. Oxford University Press, New York, 320 pp.
  29. Hirota, B.C.K., Paula, C.D.S., Oliveira, V.B.D., da Cunha, J.M., Schreiber, A.K., Ocampos, F.M.M., Barison, A., Miguel, O.G. & Miguel, M.D. (2016) Phytochemical and antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant studies of Smilax larvata (Smilacaceae). Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 9894610. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/9894610
  30. Hooker, J.D. (1892) The flora of British India. Vol. 6. Reeve, London, pp. 302–314. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.45961
  31. Hua, S., Zhang, Y., Liu, J., Dong, L., Huang, J., Lin, D. & Fu, X. (2018) Ethnomedicine, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Smilax glabra: An important traditional Chinese medicine. The American Journal of Chinese Medicine 46: 261–297. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0192415X18500143
  32. Joseph, J. (1982) Flora of Nongpoh and its vicinity, Khasi and Jaintia Hills district of Meghalaya, Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta.
  33. Karthikeyan, S., Jain, S.K., Nayar, M.P. & Sanjappa, M. (1989) Florae Indicae Enumeratio: Monocotyledonae, Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta, pp. 1–435.
  34. Koyama, T. (1960) Materials toward a monograph of the genus Smilax. Quarterly Journal of the Taiwan Museum 13: 1–61.
  35. Koyama, T. (1963) The Indian species of Smilax. Advancing Frontiers of Plant Sciences 4: 39–77.
  36. Koyama, T. (1967) Two new Smilax species from South Asia. Journal of Japanese Botany 42: 189–190.
  37. Koyama, T. (1983) Smilacaceae. In: Fl. Cambodge, Laos et Vietnam. No. 20. pp. 69–124.
  38. Koyama, T. (1984) A taxonomic revision of the genus Heterosmilax (Smilacaceae). Brittonia 36: 184–205. https://doi.org/10.2307/2806629
  39. Kunth, K.S. (1850) Enumeratio plantarum omnium hucusque cognitarum, secundum familias naturales disposita, adjectis characteribus,differentiis et synonymis. Sumtibus J. G. Cottae, Stutgardiae, 908 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.67381
  40. Lawrence, G.H.M. (1951) Taxonomy of vascular plants. Oxford & IBH Publishing, New Delhi.
  41. Li, P., Qi, Z., Chen, S., Cameron, K.M. & Fu, C. (2011) Smilax ligneoriparia sp. nov.: A link between herbaceous and woody Smilax (Smilacaceae) based on morphology, karyotype and molecular phylogenetic data. Taxon 60: 1104–1112. https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.604013
  42. Linnaeus, C. (1753) Species plantarum, exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus,synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas. Vol. 2, 1st ed. Impensis Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, pp. 1028. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.669
  43. Mabberley, D.J. (1997) The Plant-Book. 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 858–859.
  44. Meerman, J.C. (1996) Vegetative Key to the Passion flowers of Belize. Passiflora 6: 25–28.
  45. Nimanthika, W.J. & Kaththriarachchi, H.S. (2010) Systematics of genus Garcinia L.(Clusiaceae) in Sri Lanka. New insights from vegetative morphology. Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka 38: 29–44 https://doi.org/10.4038/jnsfsr.v38i1.1723
  46. Noltie, H.J. (1994) Notes relating to the Flora of Bhutan: XXVI. Smilacaceae: Smilax. Edinburgh Journal of Botany 51: 147–163. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0960428600000846
  47. Nguyên, T.H. (2007) Smilacaceae. In: National Center for Natural Science and Technology (ed.) Flora of Vietnam 8. Science and Technics. Publishing House, Hanoi, pp. 388–454.
  48. Paneru, D.P. & Rajbhandari, M. (2020) Phytochemical Analysis and Antimicrobial Activity of Smilax ovalifolia Roxb. ex D. Don. Nepal Journal of Science and Technology 20: 89–96. https://doi.org/10.3126/njst.v19i1.29787
  49. POWO (2023) Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Available from: http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/ (accessed 28 September 2023).
  50. Presl, C.B. (1827) Smilaceae Brown. In: Haenke, T. (Ed.) Reliquiae Haenkeanae seu Descriptiones et Icones Plantarum quas in America Meridionali et Boreali, in Insulis Phillipinis et Marianis Collegit.(Smilacaceae), fasciculus 1. Calve, Prague, pp. 131–132. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.515
  51. Rahangdale, S.S. & Rahangdale, S.R. (2020) Resolving taxonomic problems in the genus Ceropegia L.(Apocynaceae: Asclepiadoideae) with vegetative micromorphology. Journal of Threatened Taxa 12: 16064–16076. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.5004.12.9.16064-16076
  52. Kumar, R. (2019) IJU for the Indian subcontinent. Indian Journal of Urology: IJU: Journal of the Urological Society of India 35: 1. https://doi.org/10.4103/iju.IJU_372_18
  53. Qi, Z., Cameron, K.M., Li, P., Zhao, Y., Chen, S., Chen, G. & Fu, C. (2013) Phylogenetics, character evolution, and distribution patterns of the greenbriers, Smilacaceae (Liliales), a near-cosmopolitan family of monocots. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 173: 535–548. https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12096
  54. Raúl, S.C., Beatriz, H.C., Joseoziel, L.G. & Francenia, S.S.N. (2017) Phenolic compounds in genus Smilax (Sarsaparilla). Phenolic Compounds 233–260. https://doi.org/10.5772/66896
  55. Roxburgh, W. & Carey, W. (1832) Flora indica. Hortus Bengalensis, or a Catalogue of the Plants Growing in the Hounourable East India Company’s Botanical Garden at Calcutta. Printed at the mission press, Serampore, 792 pp.
  56. Shrestha, K.K., Bhattarai, S. and Bhandari, P. (2018) Handbook of Flowering Plants of Nepal. Volume 1. Gymnosperms and Angiosperms: Cycadaceae–Betulaceae. Scientific Publishers, India, 85 pp.
  57. Sofiah, S. & Sulistyaningsih, L.D. (2019) The diversity of Smilax (Smilacaceae) in Besiq-Bermai and Bontang Forests, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 20: 379–387. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d200145
  58. Takhtajan, A.L. (1997) Diversity and Classification of Flowering Plants. Columbia University Press, New York.
  59. Thomas, J.R. (2006) Vegetative key to Polygonum in Missouri. Missouriensis 26: 22–35.
  60. Tropicos.org. (2023) Missouri Botanical Garden. Available from: https://tropicos.org (accessed 28 Sept. 2023).
  61. Turland, N.J., Wiersema, J.H., Barrie, F.R., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D.L., Herendeen, P.S., Knapp, S., Kusber, W.-H., Li, D.-Z., Marhold, K., May, T.W., McNeill, J., Monro, A.M., Prado, J., Price, M.J. & Smith, G.F. (Eds.) (2018) International Code of Nomenclature foralgae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Regnum Vegetabile 159. Glashütten: Koeltz Botanical Books, 254 pp. https://doi.org/10.12705/Code.2018
  62. Wong, K.H., Siu, T.Y., Tsang, S.S.K., Kong, B.L.H., Wu, H.Y., But, G.W.C., Hui, J.H.L., Shaw, P.C. & Lau, D.T.W. (2023) The complete chloroplast genomes of nine Smilacaceae species from Hong Kong: Inferring Infra-and Inter-Familial Phylogeny. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24: 7460. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24087460
  63. Wu, H., Wang, Y., Zhang, B., Li, Y.L., Ren, Z.X., Huang, J.J., Zhang, Z.Q., Lin, Z.J. & Zhang, X.M. (2022) Smilax glabra Roxb.: A Review of Its Traditional Usages, Phytochemical Constituents, Pharmacological Properties, and Clinical Applications. Drug Design, Development and Therapy 16: 3621–3643. https://doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S374439