Abstract
Cyphellostereum indicum, an interesting basidiolichen is described as a new species. The species was collected from Arunachal Pradesh, an Indian state located within the Eastern Himalayas. The species is characterized by a terricolous habitat, the cyanobacteria Rhizonema as the photobiont that is loosely wrapped by fungus hyphae, white to cream-coloured, flabellate, solitary hymenophores, and thin-walled, smooth, simple, irregular to pip-shaped basidiospores 3.18–4.9 × 2.06–2.9 μm. The phylogenetic analysis clearly shows its position in a separate branch within the genus Cyphellostereum making it a species distinct from any previously reported species. Cyphellostereum indicum is the third basidiolichen reported from India.
References
Dal-Forno, M., Bungartz, F., Yánez-Ayabaca, A., Lücking, R. & Lawrey, J.D. (2017) High levels of endemism among Galapagos basidiolichens. Fungal Diversity 85: 45–73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-017-0380-6
Dal-Forno, M., Kaminsky, L., Rosentreter, R., McMullin, R.T., Aptroot, A. & Lücking, R. (2019) A first phylogenetic assessment of Dictyonema s.lat. in southeastern North America reveals three new basidiolichens, described in honor of James D. Lawrey. Plant and Fungal Systematics 64 (2): 383–392. https://doi.org/10.2478/pfs-2019-0025
Dal-Forno, M., Lawrey, J.D., Sikaroodi, M., Bhattarai, S., Gillevet, P.M., Sulzbacher, M. & Lücking, R. (2013) Starting from scratch: Evolution of the lichen thallus in the basidiolichen Dictyonema (Agaricales: Hygrophoraceae). Fungal Biology 117: 584–598. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funbio.2013.05.006
Dal-Forno, M., Lücking, R., Bungartz, F., Yánez-Ayabaca, A., Marcelli, M.P., Spielmann, A.A., Coca, L.F., Chaves, J.L., Aptroot, A., Sipman, H.J.M., Sikaroodi, M., Gillevet, P. & Lawrey, J.D. (2016) From one to six: unrecognized species diversity in the genus Acantholichen (lichenized Basidiomycota: Hygrophoraceae). Mycologia 108 (1): 38–55. https://doi.org/10.3852/15-060
Doyle, J.J. & Doyle, J.L. (1987) A Rapid DNA Isolation Procedure for Small Quantities of Fresh Leaf Tissue. Phytochemical Bulletin 19: 11–15.
Fries, E. (1825) Systema Orbis Vegetabilis. Primas lineas novae constrictionis periclitatur Elias Fries. Pars I. Plantae homonemeae. Lund, pp. 1–369.
Hall, T.A. (1999) BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acids Symposium Series 41: 95–98
He, M.Q., Zhao, R.L., Hyde, K.D., Begerow, D., Kemler, M., Yurkov, A., McKenzie, E.H.C., Raspé, O., Kakishima, M., Sánchez-Ramírez, S., Vellinga, E.C., Halling, R., Papp, V., Zmitrovich Ivan, V., Buyck, B., Ertz, D., Wijayawardene, N.N., Cui, B.K., Schoutteten, N., Liu, X.Z., Li, T.H., Yao, Y.J., Zhu, X.Y., Liu, A.Q., Li, G.J., Zhang, M.Z., Ling, Z.L., Cao, B., Antonín, V., Boekhout, T., da-Silva, B.D.B., De, C.E., Decock, C., Dima, B., Dutta, A.K., Fell, J.W., Geml, J., Ghobad-Nejhad, M., Giachini, A.J., Gibertoni, T.B., Gorjón, S.P., Haelewaters, D., He, S.H., Hodkinson, B.P., Horak, E., Hoshino, T., Justo, A., Lim, Y.W., Menolli, N., Mešić, A., Moncalvo, J.M., Mueller, G.M., Nagy, L.G., Nilsson, R.H., Noordeloos, M., Nuytinck, J., Orihara, T., Ratchadawan, C., Rajchenberg, M., Silva-Filho, A.G.S., Sulzbacher, M.A, Tkalčec, Z., Valenzuela, R., Verbeken, A., Vizzini, A., Wartchow, F., Wei, T.Z, Weiß, M., Zhao, C.L., Kirk, P.M. (2019) Notes, outline and divergence times of Basidiomycota. Fungal Diversity 99 (1): 105–367. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-019-00435-4
Jagadeesh Ram, T.A.M. & Singh, K.P. (2014) Dictyonema irrigatum (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Lucking, an interesting Basidiolichen from Great Nicobar Island, India. Indian Journal of Forestry 37 (3): 361–364. https://doi.org/10.54207/bsmps1000-2014-XEB66K
Jørgensen, P.M. (1998) Acantholichen pannarioides a new basidiolichen from South America. The Bryologist 101 (3): 444–447. https://doi.org/10.2307/3244185
Kunth, C.S. (1822) Synopsis plantarum, quas in itinere circa plagas Orbis Novi colleg. Humboldt et Bonpland. Paris, 491 pp.
Larsson, A. (2014) AliView: a fast and lightweight alignment viewer and editor for large data sets. Bioinformatics 30 (22): 3276–3278. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btu531
Lawrey, J.D., Lücking, R., Sipman, H.J.M., Chaves, J.L., Redhead, S.A., Bungartz, F., Sikaroodi, M. & Gillevet, P.M. (2009) High concentration of basidiolichens in a single family of agaricoid mushrooms (Basidiomycota: Agaricales: Hygrophoraceae). Mycological Research 113: 1154–1171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mycres.2009.07.016
Lücking, R. & Timdal, E. (2016) New species of Dictyonema and Cyphellostereum (lichenized Basidiomycota: Hygrophoraceae) from tropical Africa and the Indian Ocean, dedicated to the late Hildur Krog. Willdenowia - Annals of the Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem 46 (1): 191–199. https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.46.46115
Lücking, R., Barrie, F.R. & Genney, D. (2014) Dictyonema coppinsii, a new name for the European species known as Dictyonema interruptum (Basidiomycota: Agaricales: Hygrophoraceae), with a validation of its photobiont Rhizonema (Cyanoprokaryota: Nostocales: Rhizonemataceae). Lichenologist 46 (3): 261–267. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0024282913000352
Lücking, R., Dal Forno, M., Lawrey, J.D., Bungartz, F., Rojas, M.E.H., Hernández M., J.E., Marcelli, M.P., Moncada, B., Morales, E.A., Nelsen, M.P., Paz, E., Salcedo, L., Spielmann, A.A., WilK, K., Will-Wolf, S. & Yánez-Ayabaca, A. (2013) Ten new species of lichenized Basidiomycota in the genera Dictyonema and Cora (Agaricales: Hygrophoraceae), with a key to all accepted genera and species in the Dictyonema clade. Phytotaxa 139: 1–38. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.139.1.1
Lücking, R., Dal-Forno, M., Moncada, B., Coca, L.F., Vargas-Mendoza, L.Y., Aptroot, A., Arias, L.J., Besal, B., Bungartz, F., Cabrera-Amaya, D.M., Cáceres, M.E.S., Chaves, J.L., Eliasaro, S., Gutiérrez, M.C., Hernández Marin, J.E., de los Ángeles Herrera-Campos, M., Holgado-Rojas, M.E., Jonitz, H., Kukwa, M., Lucheta, F., Madriñán, S., Marcelli, M.P., Martins, S.M.A., Mercado, D.J.A., Molina, J.A., Morales, E.A., Nelson, P.R., Nugra, F., Ortega, F., Paredes, T., Patiño, A.L., Peláez-Pulido, R.N., Pérez-Pérez, R.E., Perlmutter, G.B., Rivas-Plata, E., Robayo, J., Rodríguez, C., Simijaca, D.F., Soto-Medina, E., Spielmann, A.A., Suárez-Corredor, A., Torres, J.M., Vargas, C.A., Yánez-Ayabaca, A., Weerakoon, G., Wilk, K., Celis, P.M., Diazgranados, M., Brokamp, G., Borsch, T., Gillevet, P.M., Sikaroodi, M. & Lawrey, J.D. (2017a) Turbo-taxonomy to assemble a megadiverse lichen genus: seventy new species of Cora (Basidiomycota: Agaricales: Hygrophoraceae), honouring David Leslie Hawksworth’s seventieth birthday. Fungal Diversity 84 (1): 1–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-016-0374-9
Lücking, R., Hodkinson, B.P. & Leavitt, S.D. (2017b) The 2016 classification of lichenized fungi in the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota-Approaching one thousand genera. Bryologist 119 (4): 361–416. https://doi.org/10.1639/0007-2745-119.4.361
Lücking, R., Lawrey, J.D., Sikaroodi, M., Gillevet, P.M., Chaves, J.L., Sipman, H.J.M. & Bungartz, F. (2009) Do lichens domesticate photobionts like farmers domesticate crops? Evidence from a previously unrecognized lineage of filamentous cyanobacteria. American Journal of Botany 96 (8): 1409–1418. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.0800258
Marcano, V. (2022) Eight new species of lichenized Basidiomycota in the genera Acantholichen, Cyphellostereum and Dictyonema s.str. (Agaricales, Hygrophoraceae) from northern South America. Phytotaxa 574 (3): 199–225. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.574.3.1
Masumoto, H. & Degawa, Y. (2022) Cyphellostereum ushimanum sp. nov. (Hygrophoraceae, Agaricales) described from Amami-Oshima Island (Kagoshima Prefecture, Ryukyu Islands), Japan, with ultrastructural observations of its Rhizonema photobiont filaments penetrated longitudinally by a central haustorium. Mycological Progress 21: 167–179. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-021-01766-w
Miller, M.A., Schwartz, T., Pickett, B.E., He, S., Klem, E.B., Scheuermann, R.H., Passarotti, M., Kaufman, S. & O’Leary, M.A. (2015) A RESTful API for access to phylogenetic tools via the CIPRES Science Gateway. Evolutionary Bioinformatics Online 11: 43–48. https://doi.org/10.4137/EBO.S21501
Mishra, G.K., Nayaka, S. & Upreti, D.K. (2019) Floristic diversity status assessment of lichens from Dima Hasao district, North-East, India. International Journal of Plant and Environment 5 (2): 84–91. https://doi.org/10.18811/ijpen.v5i02.3
Nash, T.H. (2008) Lichen Biology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, 486 pp. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511790478
Oberwinkler, F. (1970) Die Gattungen der Basidiolichenen. Neue Folge Berichte der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft 4: 139–169.
Oberwinkler, F. (2001) Basidiolichens. In: Esser, K. (Ed.) The mycota. A comprehensive treatise on fungi as experimental systems for basic and applied research. Springer, Berlin, pp. 211–225. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-07334-6_12
Orange, A., James, P.W. & White, F.J. (2001) Microchemical methods for the identification of lichens. British Lichen Society, London, pp. 101.
Parmasto, E. (1978) The genus Dictyonema (Thelephorolichenes). Nova Hedwigia 29: 99–144.
Petersen, R.H. (1967) Notes on clavarioid fungi. VII. Redefinition of the Clavaria vernalis ‒ C. mucida complex. The American Midland Naturalist 77: 205–221. https://doi.org/10.2307/2423440
Quélet, L. (1886) Enchiridion Fungorum in Europa media et praesertim in Gallia Vigentium. Octave Doin, Paris 352 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.47025
Reid, D.A. (1965) A monograph of the stipitate stereoid fungi. Beihäfte Nova Hedwigia 18: 1–382.
Ryvarden, L. (2010) Stereoid fungi of America. Fungiflora, Norway, 206 pp.
Stamatakis, A. (2006) RAxML-VI-HPC: maximum likelihood-based phylogenetic analyses with thousands of taxa and mixed models. Bioinformatics 22: 2688–2690. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btl446
Vainio, E.A. (1890) Etude sur la classification et la morphologie des lichens du Brésil, I. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica 7: V–XXIX, 1–247. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.2741
Welden, A.L. (2010) Stereum s.l. Flora Neotropica 106: 1–80.
White, T.J., Bruns, T., Lee, S. & Taylor, J. (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In: Innis, M.A., Gelfand, D.H., Sninsky, J.J. & White, T.J. (Eds.) PCR protocols: a guide to methods and applications. Academic Press, New York, pp. 315–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-372180-8.50042-1
Yánez, A., Dal-Forno, M., Bungartz, F., Lücking, R. & Lawrey, J.D. (2012) A first assessment of Galapagos basidiolichens. Fungal Diversity 52 (1): 225–244. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-011-0133-x