The genus Clerodendrum (Lamiaceae) in the flora of Central Africa (D.R. Congo, Rwanda, Burundi)

PIERRE MEERTS

doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.594.1.1

Issue: Vol. 594 No. 1: 24 April 2023

Type: Article

Published: 2023-04-24

DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.594.1.1

Page range: 1-42

Abstract views: 97

PDF downloaded: 70

**The genus Clerodendrum (Lamiaceae) in the flora of Central Africa (D.R. Congo, Rwanda, Burundi)**

PIERRE MEERTS⁺⁻

Meise Botanic Garden, Nieuwelaan 38, 1860 Meise, Belgium. Herbarium et bibliothèque de botanique africaine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Avenue F.D. Roosevelt 50, CP 244, 1050 Brussels, Belgium. Fédération Wallonie-Bruxelles. Service général de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche scientifique, Brussels, Belgium.

Angola Central Africa Clerodendrum capitatum var. pubitubum Meerts Clerodendrum johnstonii var. rubropunctatum Meerts endemic liana neotype rainforest Rotheca taxonomy Verbenaceae Volkameria Eudicots

PDF (9MB)

Abstract

The revision of the genus Clerodendrum in D.R. Congo, Rwanda and Burundi is presented. Thirty-three taxa are accepted (28 species, 4 varieties, 1 form). Two new varieties are described (Clerodendrum capitatum var. pubitubum, Clerodendrum johnstonii var. rubropunctatum). Two new synonyms are proposed. A neotype is designated for C. buchneri, C. buettneri, C. fuscum, C. melanocrater, C. poggei. A lectotype is designated for C. bipindense, C. cavum, C. conglobatum, C. consors, C. excavatum, C. goossensii, C. lupakense, C. tanganyikense var. microcalyx, C. triplinerve, C. welwitschii. A second-step lectotype is designated for C. silvanum. A new combination is made (Clerodendrum johnstonii var. marsabitense). Two species are new to D.R. Congo and 2 species are new to Burundi. Four taxa are endemic to D.R. Congo (C. capitatum var. vanderystii, C. capitatum var. pubitubum, C. dewittei, C. pynaertii) and one taxon is endemic to Burundi (C. fasciculatum).

References

Adam, J.-G. (1975) Flore descriptive des Monts Nimba (4ème partie). Mémoires du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, sér. B, Botanique 25: 1381–1586.
Aiton, W.T. (1811) Hortus kewensis, or, a catalogue of the plants cultivated in the Royal Botanic Garden at Kew. 2nd ed., vol. III. Longman & al., London, 432 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.105339
Akoègninou, A., van der Burg, W.J. & van der Maesen, L.J.G. (eds.) (2006) Flore Analytique du Bénin. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, 1034 pp.
Albuquerque, S., Brummitt, R.K. & Figueiredo, E. (2009) Typification of names based on the Angolan collections of Friedrich Welwitsch. Taxon 58: 641–646. https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.582028
Baker, E.G. (1892) Clerodendrum congense Baker. Decades Kewenses. II. Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information, Kew 1892 (65–66): 127.
Baker, E.G. (1895a) Clerodendrum tanganyikense. Diagnoses africanae. IV. Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information, Kew 1895 (99): 71. https://doi.org/10.2307/4118481
Baker, E.G. (1895b) Clerodendrum polycephalum. Decades Kewenses XV–XIX. Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information, Kew 1895 (100–101): 116. https://doi.org/10.2307/4118319
Baker, E.G. (1900) Clerodendrum. In: Thiselton-Dyer, W.T. (Ed.) Flora of Tropical Africa 5. Lovell Reeve & Co, London, pp. 292–314.
Baker, E.G., Moore, S.M. & Rendle, A.B. (1905) The botany of the Anglo-German Uganda boundary commission. Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 37: 116–227. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1905.tb00827.x
Balfour, J.H. f. (April 1862) Description of a new species of Clerodendron from Old Calabar. Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal n.s. 15: 232–235.
Bloesch, U., Troupin, G. & Derungs, N. (2009) Les plantes ligneuses du Rwanda. Flore, écologie, usages. Shaker Verlag, Aachen, 755 pp.
Briquet, J. (1895) Viticoideae. Clerodendreae. In: Engler, A. & Prantl, K. (Eds.) Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien IV (3a). W. Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 173–177. 
Bruce, E.A. (1934) Clerodendrum grandicalyx E.A. Bruce. Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information, Kew 1934 (7): 306. https://doi.org/10.2307/4118226
Bull, W. (1869) Clerodendrum speciosum. Retail List of New, Beautiful and Rare Plants 44: 4.
Burrows, J., Burrows, S., Lötter, M. & Schmidt, E. (2018) Trees and shrubs of Mozambique. Publishing Print Matters (Pty) Ltd, Noordhoek, Capetown, 1114 pp.
César, J. & Chatelain, C. (2019) Flore illustrée du Tchad. Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de Genève, Coopération Suisse & Univ. N’Djaména, 767 pp.
Chiovenda, E. (1922) Le piante raccolte dal Dott. Ettore Bovone al Catanga nel 1918–1921. Nuovo Giornale Botanico Italiano n. S. 29: 105–119. 
Coates Palgrave, M.C. (2005) Keith Coates Palgrave Trees of Southern Africa. Struik Publishers, Cape Town, 1210 pp.
Cufodontis, G. (1962) Enumeratio Plantarum Aethiopiae Spermatophyta (Sequentia). Bulletin du Jardin botanique de l’État à Bruxelles 32 (2): 773–827. https://doi.org/10.2307/3667231
De Wildeman, E. (1903) Études sur la Flore du Katanga. Annales du Muséum du Congo, sér. 4, 1 (3): 81–241. 
De Wildeman, E. (1905) Etudes sur la flore du Bas- et du Moyen-Congo. Annales du Musée du Congo, Botanique, sér. 5, 1: 1–344. 
De Wildeman, E. (1909) Etudes sur la flore du Bas- et du Moyen-Congo. Annales du Musée du Congo, Botanique, série 5, 3 (1): 1–147. 
De Wildeman, E. (1910a) Compagnie du Kasaï. Mission permanente d’études scientifiques. Résultats de ses recherches botaniques et agronomiques. Lesigne. Bruxelles, 463 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.147877
De Wildeman, E. (1910b) Etudes sur la flore du Bas- et du Moyen-Congo. Annales du Musée du Congo, Botanique, sér. 5, 3: 149–316. 
De Wildeman, E. (1911a) Decades Novarum specierum Florae Congolensis. I. Bulletin du Jardin botanique de l’État à Bruxelles 3 (2): 255–280. https://doi.org/10.2307/3666486
De Wildeman, E. (1911b) Etudes sur la flore des districts des Bangala et de l’Ubangui (Congo belge). Plantae Thonnerianae Congolenses ser. II. Misch & Tron, Bruxelles, 265 pp.
De Wildeman, E. (1912a) Etudes sur la flore du Bas- et du Moyen-Congo. Annales du Musée du Congo, Botanique, sér. 5, 3 (3): 317–533.
De Wildeman, E. (1912b) Documents pour l’étude de la géo-botanique congolaise. Bulletin de la Société Royale de Botanique de Belgique 51 (3): 1–406.
De Wildeman, E. (1920a) Clerodendron à tiges fistuleuses. Comptes-rendus hebdomadaires des séances et mémoires de la société de Biologie: 582–584.
De Wildeman, E. (1920b) Notes sur quelques espèces africaines du genre Clerodendron (Verbenaceae). Bulletin du Jardin botanique de l’État à Bruxelles 7: 161–187. https://doi.org/10.2307/3666464
De Wildeman, E. (1921) Contribution à la flore du Katanga. Comité spécial du Katanga, Bruxelles, 264 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11020
De Wildeman, E. (1922) Plantae Bequaertianae. I (2). Hoste, Gand, pp. 167–298.
De Wildeman, E. (1914) Decades novarum specierum florae katangensis. XIX–XXI. Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 13: 137–147. https://doi.org/10.1002/fedr.19140130904
De Wildeman, E. & Durand, T. (1898) Reliquiae Dewevrianae. Enumération systématique des plantes récoltées par Alfr. Dewèvre en 1895–96 dans l’Etat indépendant du Congo. Annales du musée du Congo, sér 3. I (1): 1–291.
Deuse, P. (1960) Etude écologique et phytosociologique de la végétation des Esobe de la région est du lac Tumba. Académie royale des sciences d’outre-mer, Mémoires, n.s. 11 (3).
Don, G. (1824) Account of several new species of Combretum, Chailletea, Clerodendrum, Gomphia, Modecia, Mussaenda, Justicia, Brillantaisia, Parinarium, and Anthocleista, from Sierra Leone. Edinburgh Philosophical Journal 11: 342–350.
Durand, T. & De Wildeman, E. (1899a) Matériaux pour la flore du Congo. IV. Bulletin de la Société Royale de Botanique de Belgique 38 (2): 78–116.
Durand, T. & De Wildeman, E. (1899b) Matériaux pour la flore du Congo. VI. Bulletin de la Société Royale de Botanique de Belgique 38 (2): 171–220.
Durand, T. & De Wildeman, E. (1900) Matériaux pour la flore du Congo. VIII. Bulletin de la Société Royale de Botanique de Belgique 39 (2): 53–82.
Durand, T. & Durand, H. (1909) Sylloge florae congolanae [Phanerogamae]. De Boeck, Bruxelles, 716 pp. https://doi.org/10.2307/3666516
Durand, T. & Schinz, H. (1896) Etudes sur la flore du Congo. I. Bruxelles, Hayez. Société Royale de Botanique de Belgique 39 (2): 53–82.
Engler, A. (1886) Beitrage zur Flora des Congogebietes. Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 8: 59–68.
Engler, A. (1901) Beiträge zur Flora von Afrika. XXII. Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 30: 289–445.
Exell, A. (1930) Verbenaceae. Mr. John Gossweiler’s Portuguese west African plants. Journal of Botany 68 (Suppl. 2): 137–146.
Fernandes, R. (1998) Notes sur les Verbenaceae. XI. Remarques sur quelques taxa africains du genre Clerodendrum L. Memorias da Sociedade Broteriana 30: 5–109.
Fernandes, R. (2005) Verbenaceae. In: Pope, G.V. & Martins, E.S. (Eds.) Flora Zambesiaca. 8 (7). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, pp 6–61.
Fischer, E. & Killmann, D. (2008) Illustrated field guide to the plants of Nyungwe National Park, Rwanda. Koblenz Geographical Colloquia, Series Biogeographical Monographs 1. University of Koblenz-Landau, Koblenz, 772 pp.
Geerling, G. (1982) Guide de terrain des ligneux sahéliens et soudano-guinéens. Mededelingen Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82 (3): 1–340.
Good, R. d’O. (1930) Mr. Gossweiler’s plants from Angola and Portuguese Congo. Dicotyledones. Part II. Gamopetalae. Verbenaceae. Journal of Botany 68 (Suppl. 2): 139–146.
Goyder, D.J. & Gonçalves, F.M.P. (2019) The Flora of Angola: Collectors, Richness and Endemism. In: Huntley, B.J., Russo, V., Lages, F. & Ferrand, N. (Eds.) Biodiversity of Angola Science & Conservation: A Modern Synthesis. Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03083-4_1
Gürke, M. (1893) Verbenaceae africanae. Botanische Jahrbücher fur Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 18: 165–183.
Gürke, M. (1900) Verbenaceae africanae II. Botanische Jahrbücher fur Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 28 (3): 291–305.
Harley, R.M., Atkins, S., Budantsev, A., Cantino, P.D., Conn, B., Grayer, R.J., Harley, M.M., Kok, R. de, Krestovskaja, T., Morales, A., Paton, A.J., Ryding, O. & Upson, T. (2004) Labiatae. In: Kadereit, J.W. (Ed.) The families and genera of vascular plants (Lamiales), VII. Springer Verlag, Berlin, pp. 167–275. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-18617-2_11
Hawthorne, W. & Jongkind, C. (2006) Woody plants of western African forests: a guide to the forest trees, shrubs and lianas from Senegal to Ghana. Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 1023 pp.
Henriques, J.A. (1892) Contribuiçao para o estudio da flora d’Africa. Boletim Sociedade Broteriana 10: 97–165.
Hiern, W.P. (1900) Catalogue of African plants collected by Dr Friedrich Welwitsch in 1853–1861. Dicotyledons, vol. IV. Longmans, London, pp. 785–1035.
Hochstetter, C.F. (1842) Nova genera plantarum africae tum australis tum tropicae borealis. Flora 25 (1): 225–240.
Hooker, W.H. (1848) Clerodendron capitatum. Curtis’s Botanical Magazine 74, ser. 3 (4): tab. 4355.
Hooker, W.H. (1862) Clerodendron thomsonae. Curtis’s Botanical Magazine 88, ser 3 (18): tab. 5313.
Hornemann, J.W. (1819) De Indole Plantarum Guineensium. Typis Schultzianis, Copenhagen, 27 pp.
Huber, H. (1963) Clerodendrum. In: Hepper, F.N. (Ed.) Flora of West Tropical Africa, 2nd Ed., vol. 2. Crown Agents for Oversea Governments and Administrations, London, pp. 439–445.
Lam, H.J. (1919) The Verbenaceae of the Malayan archipelago. Ph.D. thesis Univ. Utrecht. De Waal, Groningen, 382 pp.
Lam, H.J. & Bakhuizen van den Brink, R.C. (1921) Revision of the Verbenaceae of the Dutch East-Indies and surrounding countries. Bulletin du Jardin botanique de Buitenzorg ser. III (III): 1–120.
Lamarck, J.-B. & Poiret, J. (1804) Encyclopédie méthodique. Botanique. 5. Agasse, Paris, 748 pp.
Latham, P. & Konda ku Mbuta, A. (2010) Plantes utiles du Bas-Congo, République démocratique du Congo. Mystole, Canterbury (UK), 372 pp.
Lebrun, J. (1969) La végétation psammophile du littoral congolais. Académie Royale des Sciences d’Outre-mer. Bruxelles, 166 pp.
Lebrun, J., Taton, A., Toussaint, L. (1948) Exploration du Parc National de la Kagera, Mission J. Lebrun (1937–1938). Institut des Parcs nationaux du Congo belge, Bruxelles, 160 pp.
Lebrun, J.-P. & Stork, A. (1997) Enumération des plantes à fleurs d’Afrique. IV. Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la ville de Genève, Genève, 712 pp.
Lejoly, J., Ndjele, M.-B. & Geerinck, D. (2010) Catalogue-Flore des plantes vasculaires des districts de Kisangani et de la Tshopo (RD Congo), éd. 4. Taxonomania 30: 1–307.
Lewalle, J. (1972) Les étages de végétation du Burundi occidental. Bulletin du Jardin botanique national de Belgique 42: 1–247. https://doi.org/10.2307/3667406
Li, B., Cantino, P.D., Olmstead, R.G., Bramley, G.L.C., Xiang, C.-L., Ma, Z.-H., Tan, Y.-H. & Zhang, D.-X. (2016) A large-scale chloroplast phylogeny of the Lamiaceae sheds new light on its subfamilial classification. Scientific Reports 6: 34343. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep34343
Lindley, J. (1844) Clerodendron fallax. Edwards’s Botanical Register 30: sub t. 19.
Linnaeus, C. (1753) Species plantarum, vol. 2. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, pp. 561–1200.
Lisowski, S. (2009) Flore (Angiospermes) de la République de Guinée. Première partie (Texte). Jardin botanique national de Belgique, Meise, 1095 pp.
Mabberley, D.J. (1989) The plant-book. A portable dictionary of the higher plants. [Reprint with corrections]. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 707 pp.
Malaise, P. (1985) Verbenaceae. In: Troupin, G. (Ed.) Flore du Rwanda, Spermatophytes. 3. Musée royal de l’Afrique centrale, Tervueren, pp. 267–291.
Meerts, P. & Sosef, M.S.M. (2022) Proposal to conserve the name Clerodendrum umbellatum (Labiatae) with a conserved type. Taxon 71 (4): 914–915. https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.12781
Meyer, H. (1984) Les Barundi. Une étude ethnologique en Afrique orientale. Edition critique. Société francaise d’histoire d’outre-mer, Paris, 276 pp.
Moldenke, H.N. (1951) Notes on new and noteworthy plants XII. Phytologia 3 (8): 406–447. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.10094
Moldenke, H.N. (1953a) Notes on new and noteworthy plants. XV. Phytologia 4 (3): 173–183. 
Moldenke, H.N. (1953b) Notes on new and noteworthy plants. XVI. Phytologia 4 (4): 285–294.
Moldenke, H.N. (1980) A sixth summary of the Verbenaceae, Avicenniaceae, Stilbaceae, Chloanthaceae, Symphoremaceae, Nyctanthaceae and Eriocaulaceae of the world as to valid taxa, geographic distribution and synonymy. Phytologia Memoirs, vol. 2. 629 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.12983
Moldenke, H.N. (1983) Notes on new and noteworthy plants. CLXIII. Phytologia 52 (5): 330. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.10521
Moldenke, H.N. (1985a) Notes on the genus Clerodendrum (Verbenaceae). IV. Phytologia 57 (5): 334–365. 
Moldenke, H.N. (1985b) Notes on the genus Clerodendrum (Verbenaceae). VI. Phytologia 57 (7): 456–491. 
Moldenke, H.N. (1985c) Notes on the genus Clerodendrum (Verbenaceae). VII. Phytologia 58 (3): 178–218. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.21034
Moldenke, H.N. (1985d) Notes on the genus Clerodendrum (Verbenaceae). VIII. Phytologia 58 (4): 279–303. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.21034
Moldenke, H.N. (1985e) Notes on the genus Clerodendrum (Verbenaceae). IX. Phytologia 58 (5): 329–359. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.21034
Moldenke, H.N. (1985f) Notes on the genus Clerodendrum (Verbenaceae). XI. Phytologia 58 (7): 432–462. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.21034
Moldenke, H.N. (1986a) Notes on the genus Clerodendrum (Verbenaceae). XIV. Phytologia 59 (5): 324–359. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.2777
Moldenke, H.N. (1986b) Notes on the genus Clerodendrum (Verbenaceae). XV. Phytologia 59 (6): 406–428. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.2777
Moldenke, H.N. (1986c) Notes on the genus Clerodendrum (Verbenaceae). XVI. Phytologia 59 (7): 462–499. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.2777
Moldenke, H.N. (1986d) Notes on the genus Clerodendrum (Verbenaceae). XX. Phytologia 60 (4): 266–285.
Moore, S.M. (1919) Alabastra diversa – Part XXXI. Journal of Botany, London 57: 244–251.
Morren, C. (1836) Plantes Nouvelles et d’agrément. Horticulteur Belge 3: 319–323.
Oliver, D. (1875) The botany of the Speke and Grant Expedition, Dicotyledons (concluded). Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 29 (3): 104–151. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1875.tb00234.x
Oliver, D. (1887) Enumeration of the plants collected by Mr. H.H. Johnston on the Kilima-njaro expedition, 1884. Transactions of the Linnean Society, ser. 2, Botany 2: 327–355. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1887.tb01008h.x
Osbeck, P. (1757) Dagbok öfwer en ostindsk resa. Stockholm, 376 pp.
Palisot de Beauvois, A.M.F.J. (1805) Flore d’Oware et de Benin, en Afrique, vol. 1. Fain Jeune et Compagnie, Paris, 100 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.101798
Palisot de Beauvois, A.M.F.J. (1808) Flore d’Oware et de Benin, en Afrique, vol. 2. Fain Jeune et Compagnie, Paris, 95 pp.
Pollard, B. (2022) Clerodendrum. In: Sosef, M.S.M., Florence, J., Bourobou Bourobou, H.P., Bissiengou, P. (eds.) Flore du Gabon, vol. 58. Labiatae. Margraf Publishers, Weikersheim, pp. 17–40. 
Prain, D. (1913) Clerodendron bakeri. Curtis’s Botanical Magazine, ser. 4 (9), tab. 8473.
Rendle, A.B., Baker, E.G., Warnham, H.F. & Moore, S. (1913) Catalogue of the plants collected by Mr. and Mrs. P.A. Talbot in the Oban District, South Nigeria. Trustees of the British Museum, London, 157 pp.
Richard, A. (1850) Tentamen Florae Abyssinicae seu Enumeratio Plantarum hucusque in plerisque Abyssiniae. 2. Bertrand, Paris, 518 pp.
Robyns, W. (1947) Flore des Spermatophytes du Parc national Albert, vol. II. Sympétales. Institut des Parcs Nationaux du Congo belge, Bruxelles, 627 pp.
Robyns, W. (1948) Les territoires phytogéographiques du Congo belge et du Ruanda-Urundi. In: Atlas Géneral du Congo belge. Institut Royal Colonial Belge, Bruxelles, 10 pp., 1 map. https://doi.org/10.2307/3666705
Roxburgh, W. (1832) Flora Indica or Descriptions of Indian Plants. III. Serampore, Calcutta & London, 875 pp.
Salisbury, R.A. (1796) Prodromus Stirpium in Horto ad Chapel Allerton vigentium. London. 422 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.427
Schmitz, A. (1963) Les muhulus du Haut-Katanga méridional. Bulletin du Jardin botanique de l’État 32: 221–299. https://doi.org/10.2307/3667284
Schumann, K., Baker, J.G., Rolfe, R. & Cogniaux, A. (1893) Plantae africanae novae. Boletim Sociedade Broteriana 11: 83–90.
Smith, A.C. (1991) Flora Vitiensis nova. A new flora of Fiji. 5. The national tropical botanical garden, Lauai, Kauai, Hawaii, 626 pp.
Steane, D.A., de Kok, R.P.J. & Olmstead, R.G. (2004) Phylogenetic relationships between Clerodendrum (Lamiaceae) and other Ajugoid genera inferred from nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequence data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 32 (1): 39–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2003.11.011
Steane, D.A., Scotland, R.W. & Mabberley, D.J. (1997) Phylogenetic Relationships of Clerodendrum s.l. (Lamiaceae) Inferred from Chloroplast DNA. Systematic Botany 22 (2): 229–243. https://doi.org/10.2307/2419455
Steane, D.A., Scotland, R.W., Mabberley, D.J. & Olmstead, R.G. (1999) Molecular systematics of Clerodendrum (Lamiaceae): ITS sequences and total evidence. American Journal of Botany 86 (1): 98–107. https://doi.org/10.2307/2656958
Thomas, B. (1936) Die Gattung Clerodendrum in Afrika. Botanische Jahrbücher fur Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 68: 1–106.
Thonner, F. (1915) The flowering plants of Africa. Dulau, London, 647 pp.
Thunberg, C.P. (1784) Flora Japonica. Lipsiae, 419 pp.
Vande weghe, J.P., Bidault, E. & Stevart, T. (2016) Plantes à fleurs du Gabon. ANPN, Libreville, 792 pp.
Vatke, W. (1882) Plantas in itinere Africano ab J.M. Hildebrandt collectas determinare pergit. Linnaea 43: 507–542.
Verdcourt, B. (1992) Clerodendrum. In: Polhill, R.M. (Ed.) Flora of tropical East Africa. Verbenaceae. Balkema. Rotterdam, pp. 84–144.
Vollesen, K. & Merrett, L. (2020) A photo rich field guide of the (wetter) Zambian miombo, part 2. Zambia, Mike Merrett & Lari Merrett, pp. 447–1020.
Walpers, G.G. (1845) Synopsis Verbenacearum, Myoporinearum, Selaginearum, Stilbinearum, Globulariearum, Plantaginearum omnium ad annum 1844 cognitarum. repertorium botanices systematicae. IV. Repertorium Botanices Systematicae (Walpers) 4 (1): 108.
Warburg, O. (Ed.) (1903) Kunene-Sambesi-Expedition H. Baum 1903. Kolonial-Wirtschaftliches Komitee. Berlin, 593 pp.
White, F. [coll. Angus, A.] (1962) Forest flora of Northern Rhodesia. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 454 pp.
Willdenow, C.L. (1800) Species Plantarum. Editio Quarta. III. Nauk, Berolini [Berlin]. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.60078
Yuan, Y.-W., Mabberley, D.J., Steane, D.A. & Olmstead, R.G. (2010) Further disintegration and redefinition of Clerodendrum (Lamiaceae): Implications for the understanding of the evolution of an intriguing breeding strategy. Taxon 59 (1): 125–133. https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.591013
Zhao, F., Chen, Y.P., Salmaki, Y., Drew, B.T., Wilson, T.C., Scheen, A.C. & Xiang, C.L. (2021) An updated tribal classification of Lamiaceae based on plastome phylogenomics. BMC Biology 19 (1): 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-020-00931-z