A review of growth form and plant duration (life cycle) in Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) in an evolutionary and classificatory framework

GIDEON F. SMITH; BHARTI PARIHAR; ANA M.R. ALMEIDA

doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.592.3.3

Issue: Vol. 592 No. 3: 20 April 2023

Type: Article

Published: 2023-04-20

DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.592.3.3

Page range: 217-254

Abstract views: 110

PDF downloaded: 5

**A review of growth form and plant duration (life cycle) in Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) in an evolutionary and classificatory framework**

GIDEON F. SMITH⁺⁻
BHARTI PARIHAR⁺⁻
ANA M.R. ALMEIDA⁺⁻

Ria Olivier Herbarium, Department of Botany, Nelson Mandela University, P.O. Box 77000, Gqeberha, 6031 South Africa.

Department of Biological Sciences, California State University East Bay (Hayward), 25800 Carlos Bee Blvd. Hayward, California, 94110, U.S.A.

annual arborescent biennial herbaceous multi-annual perennial shrubby woodiness Eudicots

Requires Subscription or Fee PDF (20MB)

Abstract

Representatives of Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) are well-known for having evolved a range of reproductive mechanisms, at least some of which have contributed to certain species and nothospecies having become weeds in places remote from their natural habitats. In addition, kalanchoes have evolved a range of different growth forms in response to a diversity of historical environmental pressures prevalent in the locations where they grow naturally. In terms of growth form, many species are herbaceous, soft- to firm-stemmed perennials that remain small to medium-sized. In some of these same species, variants that are annuals, biennials, or multi-annuals are found. A further group of species are perennial, multi-stemmed shrubs with slightly woody but rather brittle stems and branches. A small group of Malagasy species have woody stems and branches, to the extent that the plants are truly arborescent or nearly so. The distribution of growth form, with special reference to stem and branch morphology, across the four subgenera at present formally recognised in Kalanchoe is reviewed in an evolutionary and classificatory framework, and illustrated.

References

Adanson, M. (1763 [July–August]) Familles des plantes. Contenant une Préface Historike fur l’état ancien & actuel de la Botanike, & une Téorie de cette Science. II. Partie. Chez Vincent, Imprimeur-Libraire de Mgr le Comte de Provence, rue S, Severin, Paris, 640 pp. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/6958#page/794/mode/1up]
Allorge-Boiteau, L. (1995 [Mai]) Les Kalanchoe arborescents du sud de Madagascar. Succulentes 1995 (2) [18ème]: 8–17.
Andrews, H.[C.] (1798 [Jan.–Dec.] [1797–1815]) The botanist’s repository, for new, and rare plants. Containing coloured figures of such plants, as have not hitherto appeared in any similar publication; with all their essential characters, botanically arranged, after the sexual system of the celebrated Linnaeus; in English and Latin. To each description is added, a short history of the plant, as to its time of flowering, culture, native place of growth, when introduced, and by whom. The whole executed by Henry Andrews, author of the coloured engravings of heaths, in folio. [Vereia Andrews treated in Vol. 1: t. 21 (1798).] Printed by T. Bensley, and published by the author, No 5, Knightsbridge. To be had of J. White, Fleet-street, and all the Booksellers, London, 42 plates; pages not numbered. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/111072#page/94/mode/1up]
Ávila-Lovera, E., Zerpa, A.J. & Santiago, L.S. (2017) Stem photosynthesis and hydraulics are coordinated in desert plant species. New Phytologist 216 (4): 1119–1129. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.14737
Baillon, M.H. (1885 [séance du 18 février]) Liste des plantes de Madagascar (suite de la page 464). [Kalanchoe § Kitchingia]. Bulletin Mensuel de la Société Linnéenne de Paris (Paris) 1 (59): 465–472. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/41447#page/60/mode/1up]
Baillon, H.E. (1888) Kalanchoe grandidieri. In: Drake del Castillo, M.E. (ed.) Histoire Naturelle des Plantes XXX. Tome I. 1RE partie. [1902]. Histoire Physique, Naturelle et Politique de Madagascar, Atlas 28 (2): Plate 57. Imprimé par autorisation de M. Le Garde Des Sceaux, À L’Imprimerie Nationale, Paris. [plate: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/41106#page/71/mode/1up]
Baker, J.G. (1881 [21 February]) Notes on a collection of flowering plants made by L. Kitching, Esq., in Madagascar in 1879 (Plates VII. & VIII.). Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 18: 264–281. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/8373#page/271/mode/1up]
Baker, J.G. (1882) Contributions to the flora of central Madagascar (to be continued). Journal of Botany, British and Foreign. London 20: 109–114. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/35873#page/125/mode/1up]
Baker, J.G. (1883 [1884; published 24 March 1883]) Contributions to the flora of Madagascar.—Part I. Polypetalæ [Plates XXII & XXIII]. Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany (London) 20: 87–158. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/8375#page/94/mode/1up]
Baker, J.G. (1884 [1886; published 12 December 1884]) Further contributions to the flora of central Madagascar. Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany (London) 21: 317–353. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/8376#page/325/mode/1up]
Bellorini, C. (2016) The world of plants in Renaissance Tuscany. Medicine and botany. In: A. Cunningham & O.P. Grell (Series Eds), The history of medicine in context. Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, Oxon & New York, 261 pp.
Berger, A. (1930 [Mai]) Crassulaceae. Unterfam. II. Kalanchoideae [sic, Kalanchooideae]. 6. Kalanchoe Adanson. 7. Kitchingia Baker. 8. Bryophyllum Salisb. In: Engler, A. & Prantl, K. (eds.) Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien. edn 2, 18a. Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 378–386, 402–412.
Bleck, J. (1973 [March–April]) Kalanchoe Adans. Cactus & Suculent Journal (U.S.) XLV (2): 59–62.
Boiteau, P. (1947 [novembre-décembre]) Les plantes grasses de Madagascar. [Overview of sections in Kalanchoe.] Cactus (Paris) 1947 (12): 5–10, figures 1–4.
Boiteau, P. & Allorge-Boiteau, L. (1995) Kalanchoe (Crassulacées) de Madagascar. Systématique, écophysiologie et phytochimie. ICSN, CNRS, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, Éditions Karthala, Paris, 252 pp.
Boiteau, P. & Mannoni, O. (1948a [janvier–février]) Les Kalanchoe (suite). Section I. Kitchingia. [§ 1. Sylvaticae and § 2. Campanulatae.] (à suivre). Cactus (Paris) 1948 (13): 7–10, figures 1–6.
Boiteau, P. & Mannoni, O. (1948b [mars–juin]) Les Kalanchoe (suite). Section II. Bryophyllum. [§ 3. Centrales; Kalanchoe pseudocampanulata Mannoni & Boiteau; K. rolandi-bonapartei Raym.-Hamet & H.Perrier; K. pubescens Baker] (à suivre). Cactus (Paris) 1948 (14): 23–28, six unnumbered figures.
Boiteau, P. & Mannoni, O. (1948c [juillet–septembre]) Les Kalanchoe (suite). [§ 3. Centrales (continued); Kalanchoe miniata Hils. & Bojer ex Tul.; Kalanchoe manginii Raym.-Hamet & H.Perrier; Kalanchoe jongmansii Raym.-Hamet & H.Perrier; Kalanchoe bergeri Raym.-Hamet]. Cactus (Paris) 1948 (15–16): 37–42, five unnumbered figures.
Boiteau, P. & Mannoni, O. (1948d [octobre–décembre]) Les Kalanchoe (suite). [§ 4. Epidendrae; Kalanchoe porphyrocalyx (Baker) Baill. and Kalanchoe uniflora Raym.-Hamet (in the key).] (à suivre). Cactus (Paris) 1948 (17–18): 57–58, two unnumbered figures.
Boiteau, P. & Mannoni, O. (1949a [janvier–mars]) Les Kalanchoe (suite). [Kalanchoe uniflora Raym.-Hamet; § 5. Scandentes; § (unnumbered) Bulbilliferae.] (à suivre). Cactus (Paris) 1949 (19): 9–14, seven unnumbered figures.
Boiteau, P. & Mannoni, O. (1949b [avril–juin]) Les Kalanchoe (suite). [Kalanchoe tubiflora (Harv.) Raym.-Hamet (suite); Kalanchoe daigremontiana Raym.-Hamet & H.Perrier.] (à suivre). Cactus (Paris) 1949 (20): 43–46, five unnumbered figures.
Boiteau, P. & Mannoni, O. (1949c [juillet–septembre]) Les Kalanchoe (suite). [§ 7. Suffrutescentes.] (à suivre). Cactus (Paris) 1949 (21): 69–76, six unnumbered figures.
Boiteau, P. & Mannoni, O. (1949d [octobre–décembre]) Les Kalanchoe (suite). [§ 8. Streptanthae.] (à suivre). Cactus (Paris) 1949 (22): 113–114, two unnumbered figures.
Britten, J. (1871) Order L. Crassulaceae. In: Oliver, D. (ed.) Flora of Tropical Africa (Leguminosae to Ficoideae) 2. L. Reeve & Co., London, pp. 385–401. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/60248#page/397/mode/1up]
Brown, N.E. (1904) New or noteworthy plants. [Kalanchoe prasina, N.E. Brown (n. sp.)†]. The Gardeners’ Chronicle Series 3 [No. 901; Saturday, April 02, 1904] 35: 211. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/83823#page/259/mode/1up]
Brown, N.E. (1913) 1436. Kalanchoe sexangularis. In: XVII—Diagnoses Africanae LIII. Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information, Kew 1913 (3): 120–121. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/43726#page/125/mode/1up]
Candolle, A.P. de. (1802 [June–July]) Plantarum historia succulentarum. Histoire des plantes grasses. [Vol. 2] Part 17. A.J. Dugour & Durand, Paris, 121 pp. & 49 plates. [Plantes grasses de P.J. Redouté peintre du Muséum National D’histoire naturelle, Décrites par A.P. Decandolle, Membre de la Société des Sciences Naturelles Genève, etc. Livraison. Prix, 3o francs la Livraison.—Il en paraîtra une aque mois. A. Paris, Chez Garnery, Libraire, rue de Seine, ancien Hôtel Mirabeau, Ant. Aug. Renouard, Libraire, rue S. André-des-Arcs, n°. 42. A Paris et à Strasbourg, chez les frères Levrault, Libraires. AN X. Plate 100. Kalanchoe laciniata. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/9909#page/8/mode/1up]
Chauvet, B. (1972) The forest of Madagascar. In: Battistini, R. & Richard-Vindard, G. (eds.) Biogeography and ecology in Madagascar. Monographiae biologicae, J.I. Schlitz (ed.) Dr. W. Junk B.V., Publishers, The Hague, pp. 191–200. [765 pp.]
Chernetskyy, M.A. (2012) The role of morpho-anatomical traits of the leaves in the taxonomy of Kalanchoideae [sic, Kalanchooideae] Berg. subfamily (Crassulaceae DC.). Modern Phytomorphology 1: 15–18. https://www.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.162711
Compton, R.H. (1975) Plantae novae Africanae. “Ex Africa semper aliquid novi.” —Pliny. Series XXXIII. Journal of South African Botany 41: 47–50. [https://archive.org/stream/journalofsouthaf41unse#page/46/mode/2up]
Cremers, G. & Sell, Y. (1986) Architecture végétative et structure inflorescentielle du genre Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae) à Madagascar. Bulletin du Museum national d’Histoire naturelle Section B, Adansonia, botanique, phytochimie 4e sér., 8 (1): 63–76. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/48797#page/65/mode/1up]
Crouch, N.R. & Figueiredo, E. (2022) Kalanchoe gideonsmithii (K. subg. Kalanchoe; Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae), a further new species endemic to the Maputaland-Pondoland Region of Endemism in KwaZulu-Natal, eastern South Africa. Phytotaxa 566 (2): 233–241. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.566.2.8
Crouch, N.R., Figueiredo, E. & Smith, G.F. (2016a) Occurrence of the little-known Kalanchoe leblanciae Raym.-Hamet (Crassulaceae) confirmed in South Africa. Bradleya 34: 70–76. https://doi.org/10.25223/brad.n34.2016.a22
Crouch, N.R., Smith, G.F., Walters, M. & Figueiredo, E. (2016b) Kalanchoe winteri Gideon F.Sm., N.R.Crouch & Mich.Walters (Crassulaceae), a new species from the Wolkberg Centre of Endemism, South Africa. Bradleya 34: 217–224. https://doi.org/10.25223/brad.n34.2016.a9
De Léon, S.G., Herrera, I. & Guevara, R. (2016) Mating system, population growth, and management scenario for Kalanchoe pinnata in an invaded seasonally dry tropical forest. Ecology and Evolution 6: 4541–4550. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.2219
Demoly, J.-P. (1999 [June]) “Les Cèdres” an exceptional botanical garden. Saint-Jean-Cap-Ferrat. Franklin Picard Editions, Paris, 304 pp.
Descoings, B. (1997) Note sur quelques espèces nouvelles de Kalanchoe de Madagascar. Journal de Botanique de la Société de Botanique de France 4: 79–89, plates 1–5.
Descoings, B. (2003) Kalanchoe. In: Eggli, U. (ed.) Illustrated handbook of succulent plants: Crassulaceae. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 143–181.
Drake del Castillo, E. (1903) Note sur les plantes recueillies par M. Guillaume Grandidier dans le sud de Madagascar, en 1898 et 1901. (A suivre). Bulletin du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle 9: 35–46. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/42893852#page/45/mode/1up]
Eggli, U. & Ford-Werntz, D. (2002) Portulacaceae. In: Eggli, U. (ed.) Illustrated handbook of succulent plants: Dicotyledons. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 370–371.
Eller, B.M. & Willi, P. (1977) Die Bedeutung der Wachsausblühungen auf Blättern von Kalanchoe pumila Baker für die Absorption der Globalstrahlung. Flora 166: 461–474.
Engler, A. (Ed.) (1895) Verzeichniss der bis jetzt aus Ost-Afrika bekannt gewordenen Pflanzen. Die Pflanzenwelt Ost-Afrikas und der Nachbargebiete. Theil C. Geographische Verlagshandlung Dietrich Reimer, Berlin, 433 pp. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/10523#page/193/mode/1up]
Fernandes, R.B. (1982) Fam. 70. Crassulaceae. In: Fernandes, R.B. & Mendes, E.J. (eds.) Conspectus florae angolensis. Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical & Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar, Lisboa, 39 pp.
Fernandes, R.[B.] (1983) 67. Crassulaceae. In: Launert, E. (ed.) Flora zambesiaca 7 (1). Managing Committee on behalf of the contributors to Flora zambesiaca, London, pp. 3–71.
Figueiredo, E. & Smith, G.F. (2017 [June]) (56) Request for a binding decision on the descriptive statement associated with Kalanchoe delagoensis (Crassulaceae). Taxon 66 (3): 771. https://doi.org/10.12705/663.37
Figueiredo, E., Smith, G.F. & Crouch, N.R. (2016) The taxonomy and type of Kalanchoe sexangularis N.E.Br. (Crassulaceae). Bradleya 34: 92–99.
Forsskål, P. (1775) Flora Ægyptiaco-Arabica. Sive descriptiones plantarum, Quas per Ægyptum inferiorem et Arabiam felicem detexit […]. Ex officina Mölleri, aulæ Typographi. Prostat apud Heineck et Faber, Hauniæ, 220 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.6625
Ganzhorn, J.U., Wilmé, L. & Mercier, J.-L. (2014) Chapter 2. Explaining Madagascar’s biodiversity. In: Scales, I.R. (ed.) Conservation and environmental management in Madagascar. Earthscan Conservation and Development series, W.M. Adams (ed.) Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, Oxon & New York, pp. 17–43. [374 pp.]
Garcês, H.M.P., Champagne, C.E.M., Townsley, B.T., Park, S., Malhó, R., Pedroso, M.C., Harada, J.J. & Sinha, N.R. (2007) Evolution of asexual reproduction in leaves of the genus Kalanchoë. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104: 15578–15583. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0704105104
Garcês, H.M.P., Koenig, D., Townsley, B.T., Kim, M. & Sinha, N.R. (2014) Truncation of LEAFY COTYLEDON1 protein is required for asexual reproduction in Kalanchoe diagremontiana. Plant Physiology 165 (1): 196–206. https://www.doi.org/10.1104/pp.114.237222
Garcês, H.M.P. & Sinha, N.R. (2009) The ‘Mother of Thousands’ (Kalanchoë daigremontiana): a plant model for asexual reproduction and CAM studies. Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 10: pdb.emo133. https://www.doi.org/10.1101/pdb.emo133
Gautier, L., Tahinarivony, J.A., Ranirison, P. & Wohlauser, S. (2018) Chapter 7. Végétation / Vegetation. In: S.M. Goodman, M.J. Raherilalao & S. Wohlauser (eds.) Les aires protégées terrestres de Madagascar: Leur Histoire, description et biote. / The terrestrial protected areas of Madagascar: Their history, description and biota. Volumes I–III. Association Vahatra, Antananarivo, pp. 207–242. [424 pp. (Volume I)]
Goodman, S.M. (Ed.) (2022) The new natural history of Madagascar. Volumes 1 and 2. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, U.S.A. and Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom, whole work 2246 pp.
Gehrig, H., Gaußmann, O., Marx, H., Schwarzott, D. & Kluge, M. (2001) Molecular phylogeny of the genus Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae) inferred from nucleotide sequences of the ITS-1 and ITS-2 regions. Plant Science 160: 827–835. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9452(00)00447-7
Guerra-García, A., Golubov, J. & Mandujano, M.C. (2015) Invasion of Kalanchoe by clonal spread. Biological Invasions 17: 1615–1622. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-014-0820-0
Hamet, R. (1908a) Monographie du genre Kalanchoe (Suite et fin.). Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier, sér. 2, 8: 17–48. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/104945#page/31/mode/1up]
Hamet, R. (1908b) Kalanchoe luciae sp. nov. Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier, sér. 2, 8: 254–257. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/104945#page/290/mode/1up]
Hamet, R. (1910 [Janvier]) Sur quelques Kalanchoe peu connus (Suite). Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France [Tome Cinquante-Septième], Quatrième serie—Tome X, 57: 49–54. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/8679#page/87/mode/1up]
Hamet, R. (1912a) Observations sur le Kalanchoe tubiflora nom. nov. Beihefte zum Botanischen Centralblatt 29: 41–44. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4986270#page/523/mode/1up]
Hamet, R. (1912b) Sur un nouveau Kalanchoe de la baie de Delagoa [Kalanchoe leblanciae]. Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 11: 292–294. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/237151#page/307/mode/1up]
Hamet, R. (1913) IX. Zwei neue afrikanische Kalanchoë. Beschrieben von Raymond Hamet. [Kalanchoe usambarensis Engl. & Raym.-Hamet and K. mitejea Leblanc & Raym.-Hamet; paper mostly in French, despite German title.] Notizblatt des Königlichen Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin (-Dahlem). Leipzig, Berlin 5: 302–307. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/91411#page/366/mode/1up]
Hamet, R. & Perrier de la Bâthie, J.M.H.A. (1912) Contribution à l’étude des Crassulacées malgaches. Annales des Sciences Naturelles. Botanique, sér. 9, 16: 361–377. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/24564#page/771/mode/1up]
Harvey, W.H. (1862) Order LIII. Crassulaceae, D.C. VIII. Kalanchoe, Adans. In: W.H. Harvey & O.W. Sonder, Flora capensis [being a systematic description of the plants of the Cape Colony, Caffraria, & Port Natal] 2. L. Reeve & Co., Ltd, Kent, pp. 378–380. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/15233#page/386/mode/1up]
Haworth, A.H. (1812) Synopsis plantarum succulentarum, cum descriptionibus, synonymis, locis; observationibus anglicanis, culturaque. [Kalenchoe, sic. Kalanchoe, on pp. 109–110; Bryophyllum on p. 110.] Typis Richardi Taylor et Socii, Shoe-Lane, Londoni, 334 pp., including ‘Appendix’. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.9462
Haworth, A.H. (1824 [September]) XXXI. Decas novarum Plantarum Succulentarum. (“Mr Haworth’s Decade of new Succulent Plants.”). The Philosophical Magazine and Journal 64: 184–191. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/53102#page/208/mode/1up]
Haworth, A.H. (1825 [06 July]) III. Decas quarta novarum Plantarum Succulentarum (“Mr Haworth’s Fourth Decade of new Succulent Plants.”). The Philosophical Magazine and Journal 66: 27–33. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/53098#page/49/mode/1up]
Herrando-Moraira, S., Vitales, D., Nualart, N., Gómez-Bellver, C., Ibáñez, N., Massó, S., Cachón-Ferrero, P., González-Gutiérrez, P.A., Guillot, D., Herrera, I., Shaw, D., Stinca, A., Wang, Z. & López-Pujol, J. (2020 [21 February]) Global distribution patterns and niche modelling of the invasive Kalanchoe ×houghtonii (Crassulaceae). Scientific Reports [Natureresearch] 10 (1): 3143 [18 pp.]. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-60079-2
Herrera, I., Hernandez, M.-J., Lampo, M. & Nassar, J.M. (2012) Plantlet recruitment is the key demographic transition in invasion by Kalanchoe daigremontiana. Population Ecology 54: 225–237. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10144-011-0282-5
Hooker, J.D. (1901 [March]) Kalanchoe bentii. Native of Southern Arabia. Nat. Ord. Crassulaceæ. Curtis’s Botanical Magazine[, comprising the plants of the Royal Gardens of Kew, and of other botanical establishments in Great Britain; with suitable descriptions;] 3rd ser., LVII (or Vol. CXXVII of the whole work [No. 675 or No. 1369 of the entire work]): t. 7765. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/14255#page/55/mode/1up]
Hooker, W.J. (1859) Bryophyllum proliferum. Proliferous Bryophyllum. Nat. Ord. Crassulaceae.—Octandria Monogynia. Curtis’s Botanical Magazine 85: t. 5147. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/14225#page/175/mode/1up]
Humbert, J-H. (1933) Kalanchoe (Crassulacées) nouveux ou peu connus de Madagascar. Bulletin du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle. Paris sér. 2, 5 (2): 163–170. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/213935#page/175/mode/1up]
IPNI. (2022+) The International Plant Names Index. Available from: https://www.ipni.org/ (continuously updated; accessed 2022).
Kluge, M. & Brulfert, J. (1996) Crassulacean acid metabolism in the genus Kalanchoë: ecological, physiological and biochemical aspects. In: K. Winter & J.A.C. Smith (eds.) Crassulacean acid metabolism: biochemistry, ecophysiology and evolution. (Ecological Studies vol. 114). Springer, Berlin, pp. 324–335.
Kluge, M., Brulfert, J., Ravelomanana, D., Lipp, J. & Ziegler, H. (1991) Crassulacean acid metabolism in Kalanchoë species collected at various climatic zones of Madagascar: a survey by δ13C analysis. Oecologia 88: 407–414. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00317586
Kluge, M., Brulfert, J., Ravelomanana, D., Lipp, J. & Ziegler, H. (1993) A comparative study by δ13C-analysis of crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) in Kalanchoë (Crassulaceae) species of Africa and Madagascar. Botanica Acta 106: 320–324. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1438-8677.1993.tb00755.x
Kluge, M., Razanoelisoa, B., Ravelomanana, D. & Brulfert, J. (1992) In situ studies of Crassulacean Acid Metabolism in Kalanchoë beharensis Drake del Castillo, a plant of the semi-arid southern region of Madagascar. New Phytologist 120: 323–334. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1992.tb01072.x
Kocurek, M., Kornas, A., Wierzchnicki, R., Lüttge, U. & Miszalski, Z. (2020) Importance of stem photosynthesis in plant carbon allocation of Clusia minor. Trees 34: 1009–1020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-020-01977-w
Koechlin, J. (1972) Flora and vegetation of Madagascar. In: R. Battistini & G. Richard-Vindard (eds.) Biogeography and ecology in Madagascar. Monographiae biologicae, J.I. Schlitz (ed.) Dr. W. Junk B.V., Publishers, The Hague, pp. 145–190. [765 pp.]
Kolodziejczyk-Czepas, J. & Stochmal, A. (2017) Bufadienolides of Kalanchoe species: an overview of chemical structure, biological activity and prospects for pharmacological use. Phytochemistry Review 16: 1155–1171. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-017-9525-1
Koorders, S.H. (1919 [Mai] [24 October 1918]) Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Flora von Java No. 18. Beschreibung von Kalanchoë Schumacheri vom Idjen-Plateau und Revision der Crassulaceae von Java. (Mit 2 lithographischen Tafeln.). Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg sér. 3, 1 (3): 169–180, Figures 14 and 15. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/27173#page/205/mode/1up (text); https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/27173#page/243/mode/1up (figures)]
Kotina, E.L., Oskolski, A.A., Tilney, P.M. & Van Wyk, B.-E. (2016 [March]) The structure (and function) of green bark in some African plants. South African Journal of Botany 103: 319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2016.02.061
Kuang, Y., Lu, C.-H. & Hsu, F.-C. (2021) Restoring fertility for novel interspecific hybrids between Kalanchoe garambiensis and K. nyikae using colchicine treatment. Plants 10: Article 209, 16 pp. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10020209
Kuligowska Mackenzie, K., Lütken, H., Lopes Coelho, L., Dibbern Kaaber, M., Nymark Hegelund, J. & Müller, R. (2018) Chapter 19. Kalanchoë. In: van Huylenbroeck, J. (ed.) Handbook of Plant Breeding. Vol. 11. Ornamental crops. [Editors-in-Chief, I. Rajcan & J. Vollman.] Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature, Cham, Switzerland, pp. 453–479.
Lamarck, J. (1786 [16 October]) Encyclopédie méthodique. Botanique 2 (1). Panckoucke, Paris & Plomteux, Liège, 774 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.824
Lauzac-Marchal, M. (1974) TAXONOMIE VÉGÉTALE.—Réhabilitation du genre Bryophyllum Salisb. (Crassulacées Kalanchoïdées). [Note (*) de Mme Marguerite Lauzac-Marchal, présentée par M. André Aubréville.] Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l’Académie des Sciences 278 (20): 2505–2508.
Linnaeus, C. (1753) Species plantarum, exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad generarelatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas. Volume 1. Salvius, Stockholm, 560 pp. https://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.669
Lowry, P.P. II, Phillipson, P.B., Andriamahefarivo, L., Schatz, G.E., Rajaonary, F. & Andriambololonera, S. (2018) Chapter 8. Flore / Flora. In: S.M. Goodman, M.J. Raherilalao & S. Wohlauser (eds.) Les aires protégées terrestres de Madagascar: Leur Histoire, description et biote. / The terrestrial protected areas of Madagascar: Their history, description and biota. Volumes I–III. Association Vahatra, Antananarivo, pp. 243–256. [424 pp. (Volume I)]
Marshall, G.A.K. (1938) XX. New Curculionidae (Col.) from southern Africa. Annals and Magazine of Natural History ser. 11, 1 (2): 178–195. [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00222933808526755]
Messerschmid, T.F.E., Klein, J.T., Kadereit, G. & Kadereit, J.W. (2020) Linnaeus’s folly—phylogeny, evolution and classification of Sedum (Crassulaceae) and Crassulaceae subfamily Sempervivoideae. Taxon 69 (5): 892–926. https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.12316
Mort, M.E., Soltis, D.E, Soltis, P.S., Santos-Guerra, A. & Francisco-Ortega, J. (2007) Physiological evolution and association between physiology and growth form in Aeonium (Crassulaceae). Taxon 56 (2): 453–464. https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.562016
Nilsen, E.T. (1995) Chapter 10. Stem photosynthesis: extent, patterns, and role in plant carbon economy. In: B.L. Gartner (ed.) Physiological Ecology. Plant Stems. Physiology and functional morphology. Academic Press series in Physiological Ecology (series Ed. H.A. Mooney), Academic Press, San Diego, New York, Boston, etc., pp. 223–240. [ 440 pp.] https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012276460-8/50012-6
Perrier de la Bâthie, [J.M.]H.[A.] (1924 [1922–1923]) Les Crassulacées Malgaches. [Observations sur quelques espèces du genre Kalanchoe, pp. 21–24; Crassulacées Malgaches nouvelles, pp. 24–26; Stations et distribution géographique, pp. 26–28; Synopsis des Crassulacées Malgaches pp. 29–36.] Bulletin de l’Académie Malgache [Nouvelle série Tome VI] 6: 21–36. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/50784#page/80/mode/1up]
Perrier de la Bâthie, [J.M.]H.[A.] (1928 [Février]) Observations nouvelles sur le genre Kalanchoe. Archives de Botanique II, Bulletin Mensuel. Caen 2 (2): 17–31.
Persoon, C.H. (1805 [1 April–15 June]) Synopsis plantarum, seu enchiridium botanicum, complectens enumerationem systematicam specierum hucusque cognitorum. Pars prima. Apud Carol. Frid. Cramerum, Parisiis lutetiorum [Paris] et apud J.G. Cottam, Tubingæ [London], 546 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.638
Rauh, W. (1985) Erstbeschreibung. Kalanchoe dinklagei Rauh. Kakteen und andere Sukkulenten 36 (7): 146–150.
Rauh, W. (1995) Quelques espèces intéressantes de Kalanchoe Adanson de Madagascar. Les Kalanchoe grimplants (à suivre). Succulentes 1995 (1): 11–18.
Raymond-Hamet. (1916) Sur un groupe de transition reliant le genre Kalanchoe au genre Cotyledon. Revue Générale de Botanique. Paris XXVIII: 80–84. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/45180#page/83/mode/1up]
Raymond-Hamet. (1933) Observations sur le Kalanchoe uniflora (Stapf) Raymond-Hamet. Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 80 (4): 542–548. https://doi.org/10.1080/00378941.1933.10833878
Raymond-Hamet & Perrier de la Bâthie, J.M.H.A. (1914) Nouvelle contribution à l’étude des Crassulacées malgaches. Annales du Musée Colonial de Marseille, sér. 3, 2: 113–207. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/23004#page/551/mode/1up]
Raymond-Hamet & Perrier de la Bâthie, [J.M.]H.[A.]. (1915) Troisième contribution a l’étude des Crassulacées Malgaches. Annales du Musée Colonial de Marseille, sér. 3, 3: 63–117. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/22992#page/85/mode/1up]
Salisbury, R.A. (1805 [1 June 1805]) The Paradisus Londinensis: or coloured figures of plants cultivated in the vicinity of the metropolis 1. Published by William Hooker, No. 6, Frith Street, city not stated, presumably London, 157 pp. & 117 plates. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.53520
Schweickerdt, H.G.[W.J.]. (1936) Kalanchoë blossfeldiana. Crassulaceae. Curtis’s Botanical Magazine 159: t. 9440.
Scott Elliot, G.F. (1891 [22 August]) New and little known Madagascar plants, collected and enumerated by G.F. Scott Elliot, M.A., B.Sc. F.L.S. The Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany XXIX(197): 1–67, with Plates I–XII. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/8386#page/9/mode/1up]
Shtein, R. & Smith, G.F. (2021a) A revision of the climbing kalanchoes (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) of Madagascar including the description of Kalanchoe sect. Invasores and K. ser. Vilana. Phytotaxa 482 (2): 93–120. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.482.2.1
Shtein, R. & Smith, G.F. (2021b) Kalanchoe torrejacqii (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae), a new species in K. subg. Bryophyllum from the Namorona River valley, Madagascar. Phytotaxa 498 (3): 205–212. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.498.3.6
Shtein, R. & Smith, G.F. (2021c) Taxonomy and nomenclature of the southern Madagascan Kalanchoe peltigera, with reference to K. rosei var. seyrigii (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae). Phytotaxa 490 (1): 47–59. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.490.1.4
Shtein, R., Smith, G.F. & Ikeda, J. (2021) Aspects of the taxonomy of the Kalanchoe daigremontiana species complex (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) and associated interspecific hybrids in southern Madagascar, with the description of a new nothospecies, K. ×descoingsii (=K. laetivirens × K. tubiflora). Phytotaxa 524 (4): 235–260. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.524.4.2
Smith, G.F. (2019) Notes on Kalanchoe ×houghtonii (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae), an early hybrid between two species of K. subg. Bryophyllum. Haseltonia 26: 78–85. https://doi.org/10.2985/026.026.0111
Smith, G.F. (2020a) Kalanchoe Adans. subg. Fernandesiae Gideon F.Sm. (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae), a new subgenus from southern and south-tropical Africa. Haseltonia 27: 2–7. https://doi.org/10.2985/026.027.0101
Smith, G.F. (2020b) Kalanchoe ×estrelae (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae): a new nothospecies for the hybrid between K. luciae and K. sexangularis. Phytotaxa 441 (2): 225–228. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.441.2.11
Smith, G.F. (2020c) Zwei Neuzugänge im Kalanchoe-Gartenbau: K. ×estrelae and K. ×gunniae. / Two recent additions to Kalanchoe horticulture: K. ×estrelae and K. ×gunniae. Avonia 38 (4): 322–327.
Smith, G.F. (2020d) Plant smart. The big easy. Gardening with Kalanchoe. Veld & Flora 106 (3): 40–43.
Smith, G.F. (2020e) Nomenclature of the partial infrageneric classification proposed for Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) by René C.J.E. Maire in 1976. Phytotaxa 468 (2): 231–235. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.468.2.8
Smith, G.F. (2020f) Typification of the infrageneric names published in Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) by Alwin Berger. Phytotaxa 453 (1): 52–54. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.453.1.6
Smith, G.F. (2020g) Taxonomy and nomenclature of Kalanchoe ×laetivirens (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae), a further invasive nothospecies from Madagascar. Phytotaxa 460 (1): 97–109. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.460.1.6
Smith, G.F. (2020h) Kalanchoe ×hankeyi [= K. longiflora × K. sexangularis] (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae), a new nothospecies from South Africa. Phytotaxa 451 (1): 93–96. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.451.1.9
Smith, G.F. (2020i) Character inheritance in Kalanchoe ‘Vivien’ Bischofberger (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae), a cultivar derived from an interspecific hybrid between two southern African species (K. luciae Raym.-Hamet × K. sexangularis N.E.Br.). Bradleya 38: 3–13. https://doi.org/10.25223/brad.n38.2020.a1
Smith, G.F. (2020j) The taxonomy and nomenclature of Kalanchoe humilis, K. prasina, and K. figueiredoi (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae). Phytotaxa 454 (4): 267–276. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.454.4.4
Smith, G.F. (2020k) Kalanchoe ×hummeliae Gideon F.Sm.: the hybrid between K. beharensis Drake and K. millotii Raym.-Hamet & H.Perrier (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae). Bradleya 38: 89–93. https://doi.org/10.25223/brad.n38.2020.a12
Smith, G.F. (2021a) Reinstatement of Kalanchoe [subg. Bryophyllum] sect. Alatae (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) for K. porphyrocalyx and K. uniflora, two Madagascan endemics. Bradleya 39: 177–181. https://doi.org/10.25223/brad.n39.2021.a17
Smith, G.F. (2021b) Kalanchoe ×leistneri (K. sexangularis × K. winteri) (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae), a new southern African nothospecies. Phytotaxa 509 (2): 248–254. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.509.2.8
Smith, G.F. (2022a) Notes on Kalanchoe subg. Bryophyllum (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) and the kalanchoes of Sijfert H. Koorders (1919). Phytotaxa 549 (1): 87–96. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.549.1.7
Smith, G.F. (2022b) Kalanchoe sect. Raveta (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) of Raymond-Hamet (1916): a long-overlooked name in K. subg. Kalanchoe. Phytotaxa 550 (2): 208–212. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.550.2.10
Smith, G.F. (2022c) Date and place of publication and author attribution of the combination Kalanchoe sect. Raveta (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae). Phytotaxa 560 (1): 131–134. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.560.1.12
Smith, G.F. (2022d) Kalanchoe ×trageri, at last a name for K. blossfeldiana × K. pumila (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae), a horticulturally successful nothospecies. Phytotaxa 550 (1): 45–58. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.550.1.3
Smith, G.F. (2022e) Identity of Kalanchoe ‘Fang’ and K. ‘Rose Leaf’, two cultivars derived from K. ×edwardii (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae), with notes on aspects of interspecific hybridisation in the genus. Bradleya 40: 151–160. https://doi.org/10.25223/brad.n40.2022.a14
Smith, G.F. (2022f) A review of the ecology and natural history of Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) in southern Africa. Bradleya 40: 161–184. https://doi.org/10.25223/brad.n40.2022.a15
Smith, G.F. (2022g) Of paddles, soup plates, and clubs: the taxonomy of the southern and south-tropical African Kalanchoe sect. Raveta (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae; Kalanchoe subg. Kalanchoe) and its constituent species. Phytotaxa 568 (1): 8–26. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.568.1.2
Smith, G.F. (2022h) Kalanchoe ×verdoorniae [K. luciae × K. winteri] (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae), a new, large-growing nothospecies from South Africa. Phytotaxa 568 (1): 72–82. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.568.1.5
Smith, G.F. (2022i) A review of the cytotaxonomy of Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) with reference to evolutionary trends in the genus. Phytotaxa 560 (2): 153–185. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.560.2.2
Smith, G.F. (2023) A reassessment of combinations previously proposed or published for Kalanchoe subg. Alatae (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) and its valid publication at the rank of subgenus. Phytotaxa 585 (1): 61–66. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.585.1.7
Smith, G.F., Bernard, S., Thiede, J. & Nickol, M. (2020b) Notes on the natural geographical distribution range of the Madagascan Kalanchoe dinklagei Rauh (Crassulaceae). Haseltonia 27: 21–28. https://doi.org/10.2985/026.027.0104
Smith, G.F., Chesselet, P., Van Jaarsveld, E.J., Hartmann, H., Hammer, S., Van Wyk, B-E., Burgoyne, P., Klak, C. & Kurzweil, H. (1998) Mesembs of the world. Illustrated guide to a remarkable succulent plant group. Briza Publications, Pretoria, 405 pp.
Smith, G.F. & Figueiredo, E. (2017a) The taxonomy of Kalanchoe longiflora Schltr. ex J.M.Wood (Crassulaceae), an endemic of South Africa’s Maputaland-Pondoland Region of Endemism. Bradleya 35: 122–128. https://doi.org/10.25223/brad.n35.2017.a11
Smith, G.F. & Figueiredo, E. (2017b) Kalanchoe fedtschenkoi Raym.-Hamet & H.Perrier (Crassulaceae) is spreading in South Africa’s Klein Karoo. Bradleya 35: 80–86. https://doi.org/10.25223/brad.n35.2017.a7
Smith, G.F. & Figueiredo, E. (2018) The infrageneric classification and nomenclature of Kalanchoe Adans. (Crassulaceae), with special reference to the southern African species. Bradleya 36: 162–172. https://doi.org/10.25223/brad.n36.2018.a10
Smith, G.F. & Figueiredo, E. (2019) Taxonomic and nomenclatural notes on Kalanchoe millotii Raym.-Hamet & H.Perrier and the cultivar Kalanchoe ‘Fern Leaf’ (Crassulaceae). Bradleya 37: 79–86. https://doi.org/10.25223/brad.n37.2019.a30
Smith, G.F. & Figueiredo, E. (2020a). The nomenclature and taxonomy of Kalanchoe nyikae (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae), a little-known species from East Africa. Phytotaxa 454 (2): 153–158. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.454.2.7
Smith, G.F. & Figueiredo, E. (2020b) Kalanchoe ×gildenhuysii (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae), a new nothospecies derived from K. millotii and K. tomentosa. Phytotaxa 442 (1): 43–46. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.442.1.8
Smith, G.F. & Figueiredo, E. (2022a) Nomenclatural and taxonomic notes on the names published in Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) by Drake del Castillo in 1903. Phytotaxa 547 (2): 158–166. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.547.2.3
Smith, G.F. & Figueiredo, E. (2022b) Nomenclatural notes on the economically important Flaming Katy, Kalanchoe blossfeldiana (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae). Phytotaxa 549 (1): 104–110. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.549.1.9
Smith, G.F. & Figueiredo, E. (2022c) Clarifying the typification of the name Kalanchoe orgyalis (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae). Phytotaxa 543 (1): 99–102. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.543.1.11
Smith, G.F. & Figueiredo, E. (2022d) Refining the circumscription of a variable species: epitypification of the name Kalanchoe rotundifolia (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae). Phytotaxa 555 (1): 109–112. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.555.1.9
Smith, G.F. & Figueiredo, E. (2022e) Kalanchoe klopperae (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae), a southern African species newly distinguished from K. rotundifolia. Novon 30: 104–109. https://doi.org/10.3417/2022780
Smith, G.F. & Figueiredo, E. (2023) Kalanchoe orgyalis. Madagascar. Flowering Plants of Africa 68. [in press]
Smith, G.F., Figueiredo, E. & Bernhard, S. (2019c) Notes on the taxonomy and nomenclature of Kalanchoe brevisepala (Humbert) L.Allorge and its basionym, K. millotii Raym.-Hamet & H.Perrier subsp. brevisepala Humbert, and Kalanchoe dinklagei Rauh (Crassulaceae). Bradleya 37: 87–96. https://doi.org/10.25223/brad.n37.2019.a31
Smith, G.F., Figueiredo, E. & Crouch, N.R. (2017) Kalanchoe leblanciae. Crassulaceae. South Africa. Mozambique. Flowering Plants of Africa 65: 56–66, plate 2328.
Smith, G.F., Figueiredo, E. & Crouch, N.R. (2021e) Kalanchoe millotii. Crassulaceae: Kalanchooideae. Madagascar. Flowering Plants of Africa 67: 80–89, plate 2368.
Smith, G.F., Figueiredo, E., Loureiro, J. & Crouch, N.R. (2019b) Kalanchoe ×gunniae Gideon F.Sm & Figueiredo (Crassulaceae), a new South African nothospecies derived from Kalanchoe paniculata Harv. × Kalanchoe sexangularis N.E.Br. Bradleya 37: 141–150.
Smith, G.F., Figueiredo, E. & Silva, V. (2015) Kalanchoe ×houghtonii (Crassulaceae) recorded near Lisbon, Portugal. Bouteloua 20: 97–99.
Smith, G.F., Figueiredo, E. & Van Wyk, A.E. (2019a) Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae) in southern Africa. Classification, biology, and cultivation. Academic Press, an imprint of Elsevier, London, San Diego, Cambridge (USA), and Oxford, 328 pp. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814007-9.00003-7
Smith, G.F., Figueiredo, E. & Walker, C.C. (2021d) Kalanchoe beharensis. Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae. Madagascar. Flowering Plants of Africa 67: 50–59, plate 2365.
Smith, G.F. & Hahn, N. (2019) Kalanchoe crundallii I.Verd. (Crassulaceae), the chameleon kalanchoe, a little-known South African endemic from the Soutpansberg, Limpopo Province, with notes on its conservation status. Bradleya 37: 112–117. https://doi.org/10.25223/brad.n37.2019.a5
Smith, G.F. & Hankey, A. (2021) Kalanchoe ×forbesiae (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) derived from K. lubangensis × K. sexangularis: towards improved horticultural material. Phytotaxa 528 (5): 290–300. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.528.5.3
Smith, G.F., Klein, D.-P. & Shtein, R. (2021b) A revision of the Malagasy Kalanchoe subg. Kitchingia (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae): history, taxonomy, and nomenclature. Phytotaxa 507 (1): 67–80. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.507.1.3
Smith, G.F. & Monro, A.M. (2022a) The nomenclature and taxonomy of Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae resolved. Phytotaxa 555 (3): 241–251. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.555.3.3
Smith, G.F. & Monro, A.M. (2022b) (2908) Proposal to reject the name Crassulaceae subfam. Cotyledonoideae (Crassulaceae). Taxon 71 (4): 910–911. https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.12778
Smith, G.F. & Shtein, R. (2020) Kalanchoe ×edwardii (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae), a nothospecies derived from K. beharensis and K. tomentosa. Phytotaxa 475 (2): 117–124. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.475.2.6
Smith, G.F. & Shtein, R. (2021a) A review of horticulturally desirable characters in Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae): variable and deviating vegetative and reproductive morphologies useful in breeding programmes. Haseltonia 28: 106–119. https://doi.org/10.2985/026.028.0110
Smith, G.F. & Shtein, R. (2021b) Typification of the name Kalanchoe daigremontiana (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae). Phytotaxa 494 (2): 244–249. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.494.2.8
Smith, G.F. & Shtein, R. (2022) Nomenclature and taxonomy of the partial infrageneric classification systems proposed for Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) by Boiteau and Boiteau & Mannoni in the mid-20th century. Phytotaxa 536 (2): 141–153. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.536.2.3
Smith, G.F., Shtein, R. & Klein, D.-P. (2021a) Kalanchoe subg. Alatae (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae), a new rank for K. sect. Alatae. Phytotaxa 509 (2): 255–258. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.509.2.9
Smith, G.F., Shtein, R., Klein, D.-P., Parihar, B., Almeida, A., Rodewald, S. & Kadereit, G. (2021c) Sexual and asexual reproduction in Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae): a review of known and newly recorded strategies. Haseltonia 28: 2–22. https://doi.org/10.2985/026.028.0101
Smith, G.F., Wolff, E. & Thoumin, L. (2020a) The taxonomy and nomenclature of Kalanchoe gastonis-bonnieri Raym.-Hamet & H.Perrier (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae), with biographical notes on Gaston Eugène Marie Bonnier (1853–1922). Bradleya 38: 94–103. https://doi.org/10.25223/brad.n38.2020.a13
Springate, L.S. (1995) Crassulaceae. 3. Kalanchöe Adanson. In: J. Cullen, J.C.M. Alexander, A. Brady, C.D. Brickell, P.S. Green, V.H. Heywood, P.-M. Jörgensen, S.L. Jury, S.G. Knees, A.C. Leslie, V.A. Matthews, N.K.B. Robson, S.M. Walters, D.O. Wijnands & P.F. Yeo (eds.) The European Garden Flora. A manual for the identification of plants cultivated in Europe, both out-of-doors and under glass. Vol. IV. Dicotyledons (Part II). Press Syndicate of the Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York and Melbourne, pp. 178–185.
Stapf, O. (1908) 943. Kitchingia uniflora Stapf [Crassulaceae]. In: XXXIV. Diagnoses africanae: XXIII, pp. 257–262. Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information, Royal Gardens, Kew 1908 (6): 258–259. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/11624747#page/266/mode/1up]
Swingle, C.F. (1934 [1 February]) The easiest plant in the world to propagate. [Kalanchoe daigremontiana.] Journal of Heredity 25 (2): 73–74. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a103886
Tillson, A.H. (1940) The floral anatomy of the Kalanchoideae [sic, Kalanchooideae]. American Journal of Botany 27 (8): 595–600. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1940.tb10920.x
Tölken, H.R. (1977) A revision of the genus Crassula in southern Africa. Part 1. Contributions from the Bolus Herbarium 8 (1): 1–331.
Tölken, H.R. (1978) Two new species and a new combination in the genus Kalanchoe. Journal of South African Botany 44: 89–91. [https://archive.org/stream/journalofsouthaf44unse#page/90/mode/2up]
Tölken, H.R. (1985) Crassulaceae. 3166, 4. Kalanchoe. 3166a, 5. Bryophyllum. In: Leistner, O.A. (ed.) Flora of Southern Africa 14. Botanical Research Institute, Department of Agriculture and Water Supply, place of publication not stated, likely Pretoria, pp. 61–74.
Turland, N.J., Wiersema, J.H., Barrie, F.R., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D.L., Herendeen, P.S., Knapp, S., Kusber, W.-H., Li, D.-Z., Marhold, K., May, T.W., McNeill, J., Monro, A.M., Prado, J., Price, M.J. & Smith, G.F. (2018) International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Koeltz Botanical Books, Glashütten. [Regnum Vegetabile 159], 254 pp. https://doi.org/10.12705/Code.2018
Van Wyk, B., Van den Berg, E., Coates Palgrave, M. & Jordaan, M. (2011) Dictionary of names for southern African trees. Scientific names of indigenous trees, shrubs and climbers with common names from 30 languages. Briza Publications, Queenswood, Pretoria, 957 pp.
Vargas, A., Herrera, I., Nualart, N., Guézou, A., Gómez-Bellver, C., Freire, E., Jaramillo Díaz, P. & López-Pujol, J. (2022) The genus Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae) in Ecuador: from gardens to the wild. Plants 11: a1746. [22 pp.] https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11131746
Verdoorn, I.C. (1946) Kalanchoe crundallii. Transvaal. Crassulaceae. The Flowering Plants of Africa 25: plate 967.
Von Poellnitz, [J.]K.[L.A.]. (1934) XV. Kalanchoe Blossfeldiana. Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis. Centralblatt für Sammlung und Veröffentlichung von Einzeldiagnosen neuer Pflanzen 35: 159–160. [http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/ing/Libro.php?Libro=6015]
Ward, D.B. (2006) A name for a hybrid Kalanchoe now naturalized in Florida [Kalanchoe ×houghtonii D.B.Ward]. Cactus & Succulent Journal (US) 78 (2): 92–95. https://doi.org/10.2985/0007-9367(2006)78[92:ANFAHK]2.0.CO;2
Webb, P.B. & Berthelot, S. (1840) Histoire Naturelle des Iles Canaries, [...]. Phytographia canariensis. Tome troisième. Deuxième partie. Sectio I. Imprimerie de Béthune et Plon, Rue de Vaugirard, 36, Paris, 220 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.60795
Welwitsch, F.M.J. (1871 [August]) Order L. Crassulaceae. [5. Kalanchoe brachyloba Welw., in J. Britten, 4. Kalanchoe Linn.], In: D. Oliver (ed.) Flora of Tropical Africa (Leguminosae to Ficoideae) 2. L. Reeve & Co., London, pp. 392. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/124#page/391/mode/1up]
Weryzko-Chmielewska, E. & Chernetskyy, M. (2005) Structure of trichomes from the surface of leaves of some species of Kalanchoë Adans. Acta Biologica Cracoviensia Series Botanica 47 (2): 15–22.
Wickens, G.E. (1987) Crassulaceae. In: Polhill, R.M. (ed.) Flora of Tropical East Africa: Crassulaceae. Published on behalf of the East African Governments by A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 1–66.
Witt, A.B.R., McConnachie, A.J. & Stals, R. (2004) Alcidodes sedi (Col.: Curculionidae), a natural enemy of Bryophyllum delagoense (Crassulaceae) in South Africa and a possible candidate agent for the biological control of this weed in Australia. Biological Control 31 (3): 380–387. http:/www.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2004.07.008
Woo, H.R., Kim, H.J., Lim, P.O. & Nam, H.G. (2019 [April]) Leaf senescence: systems and dynamics aspects. Annual Review of Plant Biology 70: 347–376. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-arplant-050718-095859
Wood, J. Medley. (1903) Kalanchoe longiflora, Schlechter, MSS. Natural Order, Crassulaceae. In: Natal Plants, vol. 4, part I. Bennet & Davis, Durban, Plate 320 [lacking page numbers]. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.54527