Abstract
Orchis patens has previously been considered to consist of three widely disjunct populations in northern Italy, Algeria/Tunisia and the Canary Islands. The last is already commonly treated as O. canariensis, but because the type of O. patens is from the Algerian populations, the name of the Italian taxon has been in doubt. We here review the taxonomic literature and provide a key to the species of O. section Robustocalcare supported by molecular data recently published for these three taxa. We conclude that Orchis patens subsp. brevicornis is the correct name for the Italian taxon.
References
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Aedo, C. & Herrero, A. (2005) <em>Flora Iberica, </em>vol. 21: Smilacaceae - Orchidaceae. Real Jardín Botánico, Madrid, 366 pp.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Bateman, R.M., Hollingworth, P.M., Preston, J., Luo, Y.B., Pridgeon, A.M. & Chase, M.W. (2003) Molecular phylogenetics and evolution of Orchidinae and selected Habenariinae (Orchidaceae). <em>Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</em> 142: 1–40. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.00157.x</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Baumann, H. & Künkele, S. (1994) <em>Orchis prisca</em> Hautzinger – eine gefähralete und endemische Orchidee von Kreta<em>. Journal Europäischer Orchideen</em> 26: 147–167.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Bernardos, S., García-Barriuso, M., León-Arencibia, M.C., Reyes-Betancort, A., González-González, R., Padrón, M. & Amich, F. (2006) A cytotaxonomic study of three endemic orchids of the Canary Islands. <em>Annales Botanici Fennici</em> 43: 161–166.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Buttler, K.P. (1986) <em>Orchideen. Die Wildwachsenden Arten und unterarten Europas, Vorderastens und Nordafrikas</em>. Mosaik, Munich.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Calevo, J., Gargiulo, R., Bersweden, L., Viruel, J., González‑Montelongo, C., Rebbas, K., Boutabia, L. & Fay, M.F. (2021) Molecular evidence of species‑ and subspecies‑level distinctions in the rare <em>Orchis patens s.l.</em> and implications for conservation. <em>Biodiversity and Conservation</em> 30: 1293–1314. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-021-02142-6</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">De Notaris, J. (1844) <em>Repertorium florae Ligusticae</em>. Regio Typographeo, Turin, 385 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.6657</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Desfontaines, R.L. (1799) <em>Flora Atlantica, sive Historia plantarum, quae in Atlante, agro Tunetano et Algeriensi crescunt</em>. Desgranges, Paris. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.6364</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Foelsche, W. & Jakely, D. (2009) <em>Androrchis ×koenighoferae</em>, die Hybride zwischen <em>Androrchis</em> <em>ovalis</em> und <em>Androrchis pauciflora</em> in Istrien. <em>Journal Europäischer Orchideen</em> 41: 319–358. </span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Hautzinger, L. (1978) Genus “<em>Orchis</em>” L. (Orchidaceae): Sectio “<em>Robustocalcare</em>” Hautzinger. <em>Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in</em> <em>Wien</em> 81: 31–73.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Koch, W.D.J. (1837) <em>Synopsis florae Germanicae et Helveticae</em>. Wilmans, Frankfurt, 686 pp.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Kretzchmar, H., Eccarius, W. & Dietrich, H. (2007) <em>The orchid genera </em>Anacamptis<em>, </em>Orchis<em>, </em>Neotinea<em>.</em> EchinoMedia, Bürgel, 544 pp.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Lacaita, C. (1939) Novitia quaedam et notabilia hispanica. <em>Cavanillesia</em> 3: 20–47.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Lamarck, J.B & De Candolle, A.P. (1806) <em>Synopsis plantarum in flora Gallica descriptarum</em>. Agasse, Paris, 169 pp.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Lindley, J. (1834) <em>Orchis foliosa</em>. Leafy-spiked orchis. <em>Edwards’s Botanical Register</em> 20: t. 1701.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Lindley, J. (1835) <em>The genera and species of orchidaceous plants</em>. Ridgways, London, 362 pp.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Linnaeus, C. (1753) <em>Species plantarum,</em> vol. 2. Salvius, Stockholm, 939 pp.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Mrkvička, A. (1992) Liste der Chromosomenzahlen europäischer Orchideen. <em>Mitteilungsblatts des Arbeitskreises Heimische Orchideen Baden-Württemberg</em> 24: 669–678.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Parlatore (1860) <em>Flora italiana</em>, vol. 111, pars 2. Monnier, Florence.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Pridgeon, A.M., Cribb, P.J., Chase, M.W. & Rasmussen, F.N. (eds.) (2001) <em>Genera orchidacearum, </em>vol. 2. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 438 pp.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Rivera NuìnÞez, D. & López Vélez, G. (1987) <em>Orquideas de la Provincia de Albacete</em>. Instituto de Estudios Albacetenses de la Excma, Albacete, 129 pp.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Soó R. (1978) Orchidaceae (295) <em>Orchis</em>. <em>In:</em> Heywood, V. (ed.) Flora Europaea: notulae systematicae ad Floram Europaeam spectantes, No. 20. <em>Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</em> 76: 297–384. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1978.tb01817.x</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Teschner, W.P. (1975) The orchids of Europe - some facts and problems. <em>American Orchid Society Bulletin</em> 44: 288–291.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Viviani, D. (1804) Florae Italicae fragmenta. <em>Annali di Botanica, Genova</em> 1: 135–193.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Viviani, D. (1808) <em>Florae Italicae fragmenta</em>. Giossi, Genoa, 184 pp. </span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Willkomm, M. & Lange, J. (1861) <em>Prodromus florae Hispanicae, </em>vol. 1. Schweizerbart, Stuttgart.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Bateman, R.M., Hollingworth, P.M., Preston, J., Luo, Y.B., Pridgeon, A.M. & Chase, M.W. (2003) Molecular phylogenetics and evolution of Orchidinae and selected Habenariinae (Orchidaceae). <em>Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</em> 142: 1–40. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.00157.x</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Baumann, H. & Künkele, S. (1994) <em>Orchis prisca</em> Hautzinger – eine gefähralete und endemische Orchidee von Kreta<em>. Journal Europäischer Orchideen</em> 26: 147–167.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Bernardos, S., García-Barriuso, M., León-Arencibia, M.C., Reyes-Betancort, A., González-González, R., Padrón, M. & Amich, F. (2006) A cytotaxonomic study of three endemic orchids of the Canary Islands. <em>Annales Botanici Fennici</em> 43: 161–166.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Buttler, K.P. (1986) <em>Orchideen. Die Wildwachsenden Arten und unterarten Europas, Vorderastens und Nordafrikas</em>. Mosaik, Munich.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Calevo, J., Gargiulo, R., Bersweden, L., Viruel, J., González‑Montelongo, C., Rebbas, K., Boutabia, L. & Fay, M.F. (2021) Molecular evidence of species‑ and subspecies‑level distinctions in the rare <em>Orchis patens s.l.</em> and implications for conservation. <em>Biodiversity and Conservation</em> 30: 1293–1314. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-021-02142-6</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">De Notaris, J. (1844) <em>Repertorium florae Ligusticae</em>. Regio Typographeo, Turin, 385 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.6657</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Desfontaines, R.L. (1799) <em>Flora Atlantica, sive Historia plantarum, quae in Atlante, agro Tunetano et Algeriensi crescunt</em>. Desgranges, Paris. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.6364</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Foelsche, W. & Jakely, D. (2009) <em>Androrchis ×koenighoferae</em>, die Hybride zwischen <em>Androrchis</em> <em>ovalis</em> und <em>Androrchis pauciflora</em> in Istrien. <em>Journal Europäischer Orchideen</em> 41: 319–358. </span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Hautzinger, L. (1978) Genus “<em>Orchis</em>” L. (Orchidaceae): Sectio “<em>Robustocalcare</em>” Hautzinger. <em>Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in</em> <em>Wien</em> 81: 31–73.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Koch, W.D.J. (1837) <em>Synopsis florae Germanicae et Helveticae</em>. Wilmans, Frankfurt, 686 pp.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Kretzchmar, H., Eccarius, W. & Dietrich, H. (2007) <em>The orchid genera </em>Anacamptis<em>, </em>Orchis<em>, </em>Neotinea<em>.</em> EchinoMedia, Bürgel, 544 pp.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Lacaita, C. (1939) Novitia quaedam et notabilia hispanica. <em>Cavanillesia</em> 3: 20–47.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Lamarck, J.B & De Candolle, A.P. (1806) <em>Synopsis plantarum in flora Gallica descriptarum</em>. Agasse, Paris, 169 pp.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Lindley, J. (1834) <em>Orchis foliosa</em>. Leafy-spiked orchis. <em>Edwards’s Botanical Register</em> 20: t. 1701.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Lindley, J. (1835) <em>The genera and species of orchidaceous plants</em>. Ridgways, London, 362 pp.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Linnaeus, C. (1753) <em>Species plantarum,</em> vol. 2. Salvius, Stockholm, 939 pp.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Mrkvička, A. (1992) Liste der Chromosomenzahlen europäischer Orchideen. <em>Mitteilungsblatts des Arbeitskreises Heimische Orchideen Baden-Württemberg</em> 24: 669–678.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Parlatore (1860) <em>Flora italiana</em>, vol. 111, pars 2. Monnier, Florence.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Pridgeon, A.M., Cribb, P.J., Chase, M.W. & Rasmussen, F.N. (eds.) (2001) <em>Genera orchidacearum, </em>vol. 2. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 438 pp.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Rivera NuìnÞez, D. & López Vélez, G. (1987) <em>Orquideas de la Provincia de Albacete</em>. Instituto de Estudios Albacetenses de la Excma, Albacete, 129 pp.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Soó R. (1978) Orchidaceae (295) <em>Orchis</em>. <em>In:</em> Heywood, V. (ed.) Flora Europaea: notulae systematicae ad Floram Europaeam spectantes, No. 20. <em>Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</em> 76: 297–384. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1978.tb01817.x</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Teschner, W.P. (1975) The orchids of Europe - some facts and problems. <em>American Orchid Society Bulletin</em> 44: 288–291.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Viviani, D. (1804) Florae Italicae fragmenta. <em>Annali di Botanica, Genova</em> 1: 135–193.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Viviani, D. (1808) <em>Florae Italicae fragmenta</em>. Giossi, Genoa, 184 pp. </span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Willkomm, M. & Lange, J. (1861) <em>Prodromus florae Hispanicae, </em>vol. 1. Schweizerbart, Stuttgart.</span></span></span></p>