Abstract
Two new species, Coprinopsis minuta and C. squamulosa, are described from Kerala State, India, on the basis of both morphology and molecular data. Comprehensive descriptions, photographs of both the basidiocarps and the microscopic structures, and discussions are provided. Sequences of both the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region (nrITS) and the nuclear ribosomal large subunit (nrLSU) region of the two new species were obtained and used in the BLASTn searches. Phylogenetic analysis of the nrITS sequences revealed the novelty of the species as well as their placement in the section Coprinopsis.
References
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<p>Nagy, L.G., Desjardin, D.E., Vágvölgyi, C., Kemp, R. & Papp, T. (2013) Phylogenetic analyses of <em>Coprinopsis</em> sections <em>Lanatuli</em> and <em>Atramentarii</em> identify multiple species within morphologically defined taxa. <em>Mycologia</em> 105 (1): 112–124. https://doi.org/10.3852/12-136</p>
<p>Natarajan, K. & Raman, N. (1983) <em>South Indian Agaricales</em>. J. Cramer, Vaduz, Germany, 203 pp.</p>
<p>Örstadius, L., Ryberg, M. & Larsson, E. (2015) Molecular phylogenetics and taxonomy in Psathyrellaceae (Agaricales) with focus on psathyrelloid species: introduction of three new genera and 18 new species. <em>Mycological Progress</em> 14 (5): 1–42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-015-1047-x</p>
<p>Pegler, D.N. (1977) A preliminary Agaric flora of East Africa. <em>Kew Bulletin Additional Series</em> 6: 1–615.</p>
<p>Pegler, D.N. (1986) Agaric flora of Sri Lanka. <em>Kew Bulletin Additional Series</em> 12: 1–519.</p>
<p>Redhead, S.A., Vilgalys, R., Moncalvo, J.M., Johnson, J. & Hopple, J.S. Jr. (2001) <em>Coprinus</em> Pers. and the disposition of <em>Coprinus</em> species sensu lato. <em>Taxon</em> 50: 203–241. https://doi.org/10.2307/1224525</p>
<p>Rambaut, A. (2014) FigTree 1.4.4 software. Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Univ. Edinburgh. Available from: http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/figtree/ (accessed 27 July 2022)</p>
<p>Rao, G., Dai, D., Zhao, H.N., Liang. Y., Li, Y. & Zhang, B. (2021) Two new psathyrelloid species of <em>Coprinopsis</em> (Agaricales, Psathyrellaceae) from China. <em>MycoKeys</em> 83: 85–103. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.83.71405</p>
<p>Stamatakis, A. (2014) RAxML Version 8: A tool for Phylogenetic Analysis and Post-Analysis of Large Phylogenies. <em>Bioinformatics</em> 30 (9): 1312–1313. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btu033</p>
<p>Uljé, C.B. (2005) <em>Coprinus</em> Pers. <em>In</em>: Noordeloos, M.E., Kuyper, T.W. & Vellinga, E.C. (Eds.) <em>Flora Agaricina Neerlandica 6: Critical monographs on families of agarics and boleti occurring in the Netherlands</em>. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 22–109.</p>
<p>Vilgalys, R. & Hester, M. (1990) Rapid genetic identification and mapping of enzymatically amplified ribosomal DNA from several Cryptococcus species. <em>Journal of Bacteriology</em> 172: 4238–4246. https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.172.8.4238-4246.1990</p>
<p>Wächter, D. & Melzer, A. (2020) Proposal for a subdivision of the family Psathyrellaceae based on a taxon-rich phylogenetic analysis with iterative multigene guide tree. <em>Mycological Progress</em> 19 (11): 1151–1265. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-020-01606-3</p>
<p>White, T.J., Bruns, T., Lee, S. & Taylor, J. (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. <em>In</em>: Innis, M.A., Gelfand, D.H., Sninsky, J.J. & White, T.J. (Eds.) <em>PCR Protocols:</em> <em>a guide to methods and applications</em>. Academic Press, San Diego, California, pp. 315–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-372180-8.50042-1</p>
<p>Anonymous (2004) <em>The online auction color chart</em>. Online Auction Color Co, Palo Alto, USA.</p>
<p>Asef, M.R., Khosravi, V. & Naeimi, S. (2015) First report of <em>Coprinopsis urticicola</em> from Iran. <em>Mycologia Iranica</em> 2 (2): 141–141.</p>
<p>Devadatha, B., Kumaresan, V. & Sarma, V.V. (2021) <em>Coprinopsis natarajanii</em> sp. nov., a new marine basidiomycete from Puducherry mangroves, East coast of India. <em>Kavaka</em> 57: 23–27. https://doi.org/10.36460/Kavaka/57/2021/23-27</p>
<p>Farook, V.A, Khan, S.S. & Manimohan, P. (2013) A checklist of agarics (gilled mushrooms) of Kerala State, India. <em>Mycosphere</em> 4: 144–163. https://doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/4/1/6</p>
<p>Ganga, K.G.G. & Manimohan, P. (2018) A new species and a new record of <em>Parasola</em> from Kerala State, India. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 369 (4): 260–268. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.369.4.3</p>
<p>Gierczyk, B., Rodriguez-Flakus, P., Pietras, M., Gryc, M., Czerniawski, W. & PIątek, M. (2017) <em>Coprinopsis rugosomagnispora</em>: a distinct new coprinoid species from Poland (Central Europe). <em>Plant Systematics and Evolution</em> 303: 915–925. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-017-1418-7</p>
<p>Izumitsu, K., Hatoh, K., Sumita, T., Kitade, Y., Morita, A., Gafur, A., Ohta, A., Kawai, M., Yamanaka, T., Neda, H., Ota, Y. & Tanaka, C. (2012) Rapid and simple preparation of mushroom DNA directly from colonies and fruiting bodies for PCR. <em>Mycoscience</em> 53: 396–401. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10267-012-0182-3</p>
<p>Keirle, M.R., Hemmes, D.E. & Desjardin, D.E. (2004) Agaricales of the Hawaiian Islands. 8. Agaricaceae: <em>Coprinus</em> and <em>Podaxis</em>; Psathyrellaceae: <em>Coprinopsis</em>, <em>Coprinellus</em> and <em>Parasola</em>. <em>Fungal Diversity</em> 15 (3): 33–124.</p>
<p>Kirk, P.M., Cannon, P.F., Minter, D.W. & Stalpers, J.A. (2008) <em>Dictionary of the Fungi</em>, 10th Edition<em>. </em>CABI, Wallingford, 771 pp.</p>
<p>Kornerup, A. & Wanscher, J.H. (1978) <em>Methuen handbook of colour</em>, 3rd Edition. Methuen, London, 252 pp.</p>
<p>Largent, D.L. (1973) <em>How to Identify Mushrooms to Genus I: Macroscopic Features</em>. Mad River Press Inc., Eureka, 86 pp.</p>
<p>Largent, D.L., Johnson, D. & Watling, R. (1977) <em>How to Identify Mushrooms to Genus III. Microscopic features.</em> Mad River Press, Eureka, 148 pp.</p>
<p>Larsson, A. (2014) AliView: a fast and lightweight alignment viewer and editor for large data sets. <em>Bioinformatics</em> 30: 3276–3278. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btu531</p>
<p>Latha, K.P.D. & Manimohan, P. (2018) A new species of <em>Hygrocybe</em> from Kerala State, India. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 385 (1): 13–22. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.385.1.2</p>
<p>Lebel, T., Davoodian, N., Bloomfield, M., Syme, K., May, T., Hosaka, K. & Castellano, M. (2022) A mixed bag of sequestrate fungi from five different families: Boletaceae, Russulaceae, Psathyrellaceae, Strophariaceae, and Hysterangiaceae. <em>Swainsona</em> 36: 33–65.</p>
<p>Manjula, B. (1983) A revised list of the agaricoid and boletoid basidiomycetes from India and Nepal. <em>Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences (Plant Sciences)</em> 92: 81–213. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03052975</p>
<p>Miller, M.A., Pfeiffer, W. & Schwartz, T. (2010) <em>Creating the CIPRES Science Gateway for inference of large phylogenetic trees. Proceedings of the Gateway Computing Environments Workshop</em> (GCE) 14 Nov. 2010. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, New Orleans, LA, pp. 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1109/GCE.2010.5676129</p>
<p>Nagy, L.G., Desjardin, D.E., Vágvölgyi, C., Kemp, R. & Papp, T. (2013) Phylogenetic analyses of <em>Coprinopsis</em> sections <em>Lanatuli</em> and <em>Atramentarii</em> identify multiple species within morphologically defined taxa. <em>Mycologia</em> 105 (1): 112–124. https://doi.org/10.3852/12-136</p>
<p>Natarajan, K. & Raman, N. (1983) <em>South Indian Agaricales</em>. J. Cramer, Vaduz, Germany, 203 pp.</p>
<p>Örstadius, L., Ryberg, M. & Larsson, E. (2015) Molecular phylogenetics and taxonomy in Psathyrellaceae (Agaricales) with focus on psathyrelloid species: introduction of three new genera and 18 new species. <em>Mycological Progress</em> 14 (5): 1–42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-015-1047-x</p>
<p>Pegler, D.N. (1977) A preliminary Agaric flora of East Africa. <em>Kew Bulletin Additional Series</em> 6: 1–615.</p>
<p>Pegler, D.N. (1986) Agaric flora of Sri Lanka. <em>Kew Bulletin Additional Series</em> 12: 1–519.</p>
<p>Redhead, S.A., Vilgalys, R., Moncalvo, J.M., Johnson, J. & Hopple, J.S. Jr. (2001) <em>Coprinus</em> Pers. and the disposition of <em>Coprinus</em> species sensu lato. <em>Taxon</em> 50: 203–241. https://doi.org/10.2307/1224525</p>
<p>Rambaut, A. (2014) FigTree 1.4.4 software. Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Univ. Edinburgh. Available from: http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/figtree/ (accessed 27 July 2022)</p>
<p>Rao, G., Dai, D., Zhao, H.N., Liang. Y., Li, Y. & Zhang, B. (2021) Two new psathyrelloid species of <em>Coprinopsis</em> (Agaricales, Psathyrellaceae) from China. <em>MycoKeys</em> 83: 85–103. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.83.71405</p>
<p>Stamatakis, A. (2014) RAxML Version 8: A tool for Phylogenetic Analysis and Post-Analysis of Large Phylogenies. <em>Bioinformatics</em> 30 (9): 1312–1313. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btu033</p>
<p>Uljé, C.B. (2005) <em>Coprinus</em> Pers. <em>In</em>: Noordeloos, M.E., Kuyper, T.W. & Vellinga, E.C. (Eds.) <em>Flora Agaricina Neerlandica 6: Critical monographs on families of agarics and boleti occurring in the Netherlands</em>. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 22–109.</p>
<p>Vilgalys, R. & Hester, M. (1990) Rapid genetic identification and mapping of enzymatically amplified ribosomal DNA from several Cryptococcus species. <em>Journal of Bacteriology</em> 172: 4238–4246. https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.172.8.4238-4246.1990</p>
<p>Wächter, D. & Melzer, A. (2020) Proposal for a subdivision of the family Psathyrellaceae based on a taxon-rich phylogenetic analysis with iterative multigene guide tree. <em>Mycological Progress</em> 19 (11): 1151–1265. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-020-01606-3</p>
<p>White, T.J., Bruns, T., Lee, S. & Taylor, J. (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. <em>In</em>: Innis, M.A., Gelfand, D.H., Sninsky, J.J. & White, T.J. (Eds.) <em>PCR Protocols:</em> <em>a guide to methods and applications</em>. Academic Press, San Diego, California, pp. 315–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-372180-8.50042-1</p>