Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
Type: Article
Published: 2022-11-17
Page range: 70-84
Abstract views: 72
PDF downloaded: 2

Taxonomy and morphology of Phacidiella kunmingensis sp. nov. (Stictidaceae) from southwest China

Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science,Kunming 650201, Yunnan, P.R. China; Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand; School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science,Kunming 650201, Yunnan, P.R. China; Honghe Center for Mountain Futures, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Honghe County 654400 , Yunnan, P.R. China
CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science,Kunming 650201, Yunnan, P.R. China; Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand; Innovative Institute of Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Haizhu District, Guangzhou 510225, P.R. China
Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
1 new species Ostropales Saprobe Yunnan Province Fungi

Abstract

Stictidaceae was formally introduced as a group of saprotrophic discomycetes. The majority of Stictidaceae species are documented and described from Europe, North America and South America. In contrast, knowledge on stictidaceous fungi in African and Asian continents is lacking. In this study, a novel saprophytic species, Phacidiella kunmingensis sp. nov. was discovered from dead woody twigs in Yunnan Province, China. The new species was described based on its sexual morph, which is characterized by apothecial ascomata, yellow disc, white-pruinose margin, crystalline exciple, filiform paraphyses, cylindrical asci and filiform, multiseptate, non-disarticulating ascospores. Its taxonomic position was inferred using phylogenetic analyses of combined LSU, ITS, mtSSU and rpb2 sequence and further confirmed by morphological studies.

References

<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Baloch, E., Gilenstam, G. &amp; Wedin, M. (2009) Phylogeny and classification of<em> Cryptodiscus</em>, with a taxonomic synopsis of the Swedish species. <em>Fungal Diversity </em>38: 51&ndash;68.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Baloch, E., Gilenstam, G. &amp; Wedin, M. (2013) The relationships of<em> Odontotrema</em> (Odontotremataceae) and the resurrected <em>Sphaeropezia</em> (Stictidaceae)&mdash;new combinations and three new <em>Sphaeropezia</em> species. <em>Mycologia</em> 105: 384&ndash;397. https://doi.org/10.3852/12-134</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Baloch, E., L&uuml;cking, R., Lumbsch, H.T. &amp; Wedin, M. (2010) Major clades and phylogenetic relationships between lichenized and non-lichenized lineages in Ostropales (Ascomycota: Lecanoromycetes). <em>Taxon</em> 59: 1483&ndash;1494. https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.595013</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Clewley, J.P. (1995) Macintosh sequence analysis software. <em>Molecular Biotechnology</em> 3: 221&ndash;224. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02789332</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Crous, P.W., Quaedvlieg, W., Hansen, K., Hawksworth, D.L. &amp; Groenewald, J.Z. (2014a) <em>Phacidium</em> and <em>Ceuthospora</em> (Phacidiaceae) are congeneric: taxonomic and nomenclatural implications. <em>IMA Fungus </em>5: 173&ndash;193. https://doi.org/10.5598/imafungus.2014.05.02.02</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Crous, P.W., Wingfield, M.J., Burgess, T.I., Carnegie, A.J., Hardy, G.E.StJ., Smith, D., Summerell, B.A., Cano-Lira, J.F., Guarro, J., Houbraken, J., Lombard, L., Mart&iacute;n, M.P., Sandoval-Denis, M., Alexandrova, A.V., Barnes, C.W., Baseia, I.G., Bezerra, J.D.P., Guarnaccia, V., May, T.W., Hern&aacute;ndez-Restrepo, M., Stchigel, A.M., Miller, A.N., Ordo&ntilde;ez, M..E, Abreu, V.P., Accioly, T., Agnello, C., Agustin Colm&aacute;n, A., Albuquerque, C.C., Alfredo, D.S., Alvarado, P., Ara&uacute;jo-Magalh&atilde;es, G.R., Arauzo, S., Atkinson, Thomas., Barili, A., Barreto, R.W., Bezerra, J.L., Cabral, T.S., Camello Rodr&iacute;guez, F., Cruz, R.H.S.F., Dani&euml;ls, P.P., da Silva, B.D.B., de Almeida, D.A.C., de Carvalho J&uacute;nior, A.A., Decock, C.A., Delgat, L., Denman, S., Dimitrov, R.A., Edwards, J., Fedosova, A.G., Ferreira, R.J., Firmino, A.L., Flores, J.A., Garcia, D., Gen&eacute;, J., Giraldo, A., G&oacute;is, J.S., Gomes, A.A.M., Gon&ccedil;alves, C.M., Gouliamova, D.E., Groenewald, M., Gu&eacute;orguiev, B.V., Guevara-Suarez, M., Gusmao, L.F.P., Hosaka, K., Hubka, V., Huhndorf, S.M., Jadan, M., Jurjević, Ž., Kraak, B., Kučera, V., Kumar, T.K.A., Ku&scaron;an, I., Lacerda, S.R., Lamlertthon, S., Lisboa, W.S., Loizides, M., Luangsa-ard, J.J., Lyskov&aacute;, P., Mac Cormack, W.P., Macedo, D.M., Machado, A.R., Malysheva, E.F., Marinho, P., Matočec, N., Meijer, M., Me&scaron;ić, A., Mongkolsamrit, S., Moreira, K.A., Morozova, O.V., Nair, K.U., Nakamura, N., Noisripoom, W., Olariaga, I., Oliveira, R.J.V., Paiva, L.M., Pawar, P., Pereira, O.L., Peterson, S.W., Prieto, M., Rodr&iacute;guez-Andrade, E., Rojo De Blas, C., Roy, M., Santos, E.S., Sharma, R., Silva, G.A., Souza-Motta, C.M., Takeuchi-Kaneko, Y., Tanaka, C., Thakur, A., Smith, M.T.H., Tkalčec, Z., Valenzuela-Lopez, N., van der Kleij, P., Verbeken, A., Viana, M.G., Wang, X.W. &amp; Groenewald, J.Z. (2017) Fungal Planet description sheets: 625&ndash;715. <em>Persoonia</em> 39: 270&ndash;467. https://doi.org/10.3767/persoonia.2017.39.11</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Crous, P.W., Wingfield, M.J., Chooi, Y.H., Gilchrist, C.L.M., Lacey, E., Pitt, J.I., Roets, F., Swart,W.J., Cano-Lira, J.F., ValenzuelaLopez, N., Hubka, V., Shivas, R.G., Stchigel, A.M., Holdom, D.G., Jurjević, Ž., Kachalkin, A.V., Lebel, T., Lock, C., Mart&iacute;n, M.P., Tan, Y.P., Tomashevskaya, M.A., Vitelli, J.S., Baseia, I.G., Bhatt, V.K., Brandrud, T.E., De Souza, J.T., Dima, B., Lacey, H.J., Lombard, L., Johnston, P.R., Morte, A., Papp, V., Rodr&iacute;guez, A., Rodr&iacute;guez-Andrade, E., Semwal, K.C., Tegart, L., Abad, Z.G., Akulov, A., Alvarado, P., Alves, A., Andrade, J.P., Arenas, F., Asenjo, C., Ballar&agrave;, J., Barrett, M.D., Bern&aacute;, L.M., Berraf-Tebbal, A., Bianchinotti, M.V., Bransgrove, K., Burgess, T.I., Carmo, F.S., Ch&aacute;vez, R., Čmokov&aacute;, A., Dearnaley, J.D.W., Santiago, A.L.C.M. de A., Freitas-Neto, J.F., Denman, S., Douglas, B., Dovana, F., Eichmeier, A., Esteve-Ravent&oacute;s, F., Farid, A., Fedosova, A.G., Ferisin, G., Ferreira, R.J., Ferrer, A., Figueiredo, C.N., Figueiredo, Y.F., Reinoso-Fuentealba, C.G., Garrido-Benavent, I., Ca&ntilde;ete-Gibas, C.F., Gil-Dur&aacute;n, C., Glushakova, A.M., Gon&ccedil;alves, M.F.M., Gonz&aacute;lez, M., Gorczak, M., Gorton, C., Guard, F.E., Guarnizo, A.L., Guarro, J., Guti&eacute;rrez, M., Hamal, P., Hien, L.T., Hocking, A.D., Houbraken, J., Hunter, G.C., In&aacute;cio, C.A., Jourdan, M., Kapitonov, V.I., Kelly, L., Khanh, T.N., Kisło, K., Kiss, L., Kiyashko, A., Kolař&iacute;k, M., Kruse, J., Kub&aacute;tov&aacute;, A., Kučera, V., Kučerov&aacute;, I., Ku&scaron;an, I., Lee, H.B., Levic&aacute;n, G., Lewis, A., Liem, N.V., Liimatainen, K., Lim, H.J., Lyons, M.N., Maci&aacute;-Vicente, J.G., Maga&ntilde;a-Due&ntilde;as, V., Mahiques, R., Malysheva, E.F., Marbach, P.A.S., Marinho, P., Matočec, N., McTaggart, A.R., Me&scaron;ić, A., Morin, L., Mu&ntilde;ozMohedano,J.M., Navarro-R&oacute;denas, A., Nicolli, C.P., Oliveira, R.L., Otsing, E., Ovrebo, C.L., Pankratov, T.A., Pa&ntilde;os, A., Paz-Conde, A., P&eacute;rez-Sierra, A., Phosri, C., Pintos, &Aacute;., Po&scaron;ta, A., Prencipe, S., Rubio, E., Saitta, A., Sales, L.S., Sanhueza, L., Shuttleworth, L.A., Smith, J., Smith, M.E., Spadaro, D., Spetik, M., Sochor, M., Sochorov&aacute;, Z., Sousa, J.O., Suwannasai, N., Tedersoo, L., Thanh, H.M., Thao, L.D., Tkalčec, Z., Vaghefi, N., Venzhik, A.S., Verbeken, A., Vizzini, A., Voyron, S., Wainhouse, M., Whalley, A.J.S., Wrzosek, M., Zapata, M., Zeil-Rolfe, I. &amp; Groenewald, J.Z. (2020) Fungal Planet description sheets: 1042&ndash;1111. <em>Persoonia</em> 44: 301&ndash;459. https://doi.org/10.3767/persoonia.2020.44.11</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Crous, P.W., Wingfield, M.J., Schumacher, R.K., Summerell, B.A., Giraldo, A., Gen&eacute;, J., Guarro, J., Wanasinghe, D.N., Hyde, K.D., Camporesi, E., Gareth Jones, E.B., Thambugala, K.M., Malysheva, E.F., Malysheva, V.F., Acharya, K., &Aacute;lvarez, J., Alvarado, P., Assefa, A., Barnes, C.W., Bartlett, J.S., Blanchette, R.A., Burgess, T.I., Carlavilla, J.R., Coetzee, M.P., Damm, U., Decock, C.A., den Bree&yuml;en, A., de Vries, B., Dutta, A.K., Holdom, D.G., Rooney-Latham, S., Manj&oacute;n, J.L., Marincowitz, S., Mirabolfathy, M., Moreno, G., Nakashima, C., Papizadeh, M., Shahzadeh Fazeli, S.A., Amoozegar, M.A., Romberg, M.K., Shivas, R.G., Stalpers, J.A., Stielow, B., Stukely, M.J., Swart, W.J., Tan, Y.P., van der Bank, M., Wood, A.R., Zhang, Y. &amp; Groenewald, J.Z. (2014b) Fungal Planet description sheets: 281&ndash;319. <em>Persoonia</em> 33: 212&ndash;289 https://doi.org/10.3767/003158514X685680</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Dennis, R.W.G. (1981) <em>British Ascomycetes</em>. Revised edn. J. Cramer, Vaduz.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ertz, D., Sanderson, N. &amp; Lebouvier, M. (2021) <em>Thelopsis</em> challenges the generic circumscription in the Gyalectaceae and brings new insights to the taxonomy of <em>Ramonia</em>. <em>Lichenologist</em> 53: 45&ndash;61. https://doi.org/10.1017/S002428292000050X</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Fern&aacute;ndez-Brime, S., Olariaga, I., Baral, H.O., Friebes, G., Jaklitsch, W., Senn-Irlet, B. &amp; Wedin, M. (2017) <em>Cryptodiscus muriformis </em>and <em>Schizoxylon gilenstamii</em>, two new species of Stictidaceae (Ascomycota). <em>Mycological Progress</em> 17: 295&ndash;305. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-017-1363-4</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Flakus, A., Etayo, J., Miadlikowska, J., Lutzoni, F., Kukwa, M., Matura, N. &amp; Rodriguez-Flakus, P. (2019) Biodiversity assessment of ascomycetes inhabiting <em>Lobariella</em> lichens in Andean cloud forests led to one new family, three new genera and 13 new species of lichenicolous fungi. <em>Plant and Fungal Systematics</em> 64: 283&ndash;344. https://doi.org/10.2478/pfs-2019-0022</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Fuckel, L. (1870) Symbolae mycologicae. Beitr&auml;ge zur Kenntniss der Rheinischen Pilze.<em> Jahrb&uuml;cher des Nassau Vereins f&uuml;r Naturkd</em> 23&ndash;24: 1&ndash;459. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.47117</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Gardes, M. &amp; Bruns, T.D. (1993) ITS primers with enhanced specificity for basidiomycetes-application to the identification of mycorrhizae and rusts. <em>Molecular Ecology</em> 2: 113&ndash;118. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.1993.tb00005.x</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Grube, M., Baloch, E. &amp; Lumbsch, H.T. (2004) The phylogeny of Porinaceae (Ostropomycetidae) suggests a neotenic origin of perithecia in Lecanoromycetes. <em>Mycological Research</em> 108: 1111&ndash;1118. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0953756204000826</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Index fungorum (2022) Available from: http://www.indexfungorum.org/names/Names.asp (accessed 9 March 2022)</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Johnston, P.R., Park, D. &amp; Renner, M.A.M. (2019) <em>Sphaeropezia leucocheila</em> sp. nov. (Stictidaceae): a liverwort pathogen from New Zealand.<em> Phytotaxa</em> 409: 222&ndash;226. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.409.4.4</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Johnston, P.R., Seifert, K.A., Stone, J.K., Rossman, A.Y. &amp; Marvanov&aacute;, L. (2014) Recommendations on generic names competing for use in Leotiomycetes (Ascomycota). <em>IMA Fungus</em> 5: 91&ndash;120. https://doi.org/10.5598/imafungus.2014.05.01.11</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Katoh, K. &amp;Toh, H. (2010) Parallelization of the MAFFT multiple sequence alignment program. <em>Bioinformatics</em> 26: 1899&ndash;1900. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btq224</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Kraichak, E., Huang, J.P., Nelsen, M., Leavitt, S.D. &amp; Lumbsch, H.T. (2018) A revised classification of orders and families in the two major subclasses of Lecanoromycetes (Ascomycota) based on a temporal approach. <em>Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</em> 188: 233&ndash;249. https://doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/boy060</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Li, W.J., McKenzie, E.H., Liu, J.K.J., Bhat, D.J., Dai, D.Q., Camporesi, E., Tian, Q., Maharachchikumbura, S.S., Luo, Z.L., Shang, Q.J. &amp; Zhang, J.F. (2020) Taxonomy and phylogeny of hyaline-spored coelomycetes. <em>Fungal Diversity</em> 100: 279&ndash;801. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-020-00440-y</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Liu, Y.J., Whelen, S. &amp; Hall, B.D. (1999) Phylogenetic relationships among ascomycetes: evidence from an RNA polymerse II subunit. <em>Molecular Biology and Evolution</em> 16: 1799&ndash;1808. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026092</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Lu, L., Tibpromma, S., Karunarathna, S., Thiyagaraja, V., Xu, J., Jayawardena, R.S., Lumyong, S. &amp; Hyde, K.D. (2021) Taxonomic and phylogenic appraisal of a novel species and a new record of Stictidaceae from coffee in Yunnan Province, China. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 528: 111&ndash;124. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.528.2.4</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Lumbsch, H.T. &amp; Huhndorf, S.M. (2007) Outline of <em>Ascomycota</em> - 2007. <em>Myconet </em>13: 1&ndash;58.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Lumbsch, H.T. &amp; Huhndorf, S.M. (2010) Outline of<em> Ascomycota</em> - 2009. <em>Myconet </em>14: 1&ndash;64. https://doi.org/10.3158/1557.1</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Lumbsch, H.T., Schmitt, I., Palice, Z., Wiklund, E., Ekman, S. &amp; Wedin, M. (2004) Supraordinal phylogenetic relationships of Lecanoromycetes based on a Bayesian analysis of combined nuclear and mitochondrial sequences. <em>Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution</em> 31: 822&ndash;832. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2003.11.001</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Miadlikowska, J., Kauff, F., Hofstetter, V., Fraker, E., Grube, M., Hafellner, J., Reeb, V., Hodkinson, B.P., Kukwa, M., Lucking, R. &amp; Hestmark, G. (2006) New insights into classification and evolution of the Lecanoromycetes (Pezizomycotina, Ascomycota) from phylogenetic analyses of three ribosomal RNA-and two protein-coding genes. <em>Mycologia</em> 98: 1088&ndash;1103. https://doi.org/10.1080/15572536.2006.11832636</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Miller, M.A., Pfeiffer, W. &amp; Schwartz, T. (2010) Creating the CIPRES Science Gateway for inference of large phylogenetic trees. <em>In: 2010 gateway computing environments workshop (GCE)</em>. Ieee, New Orleans, LA, pp. 1&ndash;8. https://doi.org/10.1109/GCE.2010.5676129</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Nelsen, M.P., L&uuml;cking, R., Boyce, C.K., Lumbsch, H.T. &amp; Ree, R.H. (2020) The macroevolutionary dynamics of symbiotic and phenotypic diversification in lichens. <em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</em> 117: 21495&ndash;21503. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2001913117</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Nylander, J.A.A. (2004) MrModeltest v2. Progr Distrib by author. Available from: https://github.com/nylander/MrModeltest2 (accessed 12 July 2022).</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Phukhamsakda, C., McKenzie, E.H., Phillips, A.J., Gareth Jones, E.B., Jayarama Bhat, D., Stadler, M., Bhunjun, C.S., Wanasinghe, D.N., Thongbai, B., Camporesi, E. &amp; Ertz, D. (2020) Microfungi associated with Clematis (Ranunculaceae) with an integrated approach to delimiting species boundaries. <em>Fungal diversity</em> 102: 1&ndash;203. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-020-00448-4</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Pino-Bodas, R., Zhurbenko, M.P. &amp; Stenroos, S. (2017) Phylogenetic placement within Lecanoromycetes of lichenicolous fungi associated with <em>Cladonia</em> and some other genera. <em>Persoonia </em>39: 91&ndash;117. https://doi.org/10.3767/persoonia.2017.39.05</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Potebnia, A. &amp; Potebnfa, A. (1912) Ein neuer Krebserreger des Apfelbaumes <em>Phacidiella discolor </em>(Mout. et Sacc.) A. Pot., seine Morphologie und Entwicklungsgeschichte.<em> Zeitschrift f&uuml;r Pflanzenkrankheiten</em> 22: 129&ndash;148.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Purohit, D.K. &amp; Chawla, G.C. (1989) A new species of <em>Phacidiella</em> Karst. from India. <em>Geobios New Reports</em> 8: 79&ndash;80.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ronquist, F., Teslenko, M., Van Der Mark, P., Ayres, D.L., Darling, A., H&ouml;hna, S., Larget, B., Liu, L., Suchard, M.A. &amp; Huelsenbeck, J.P. (2012) MrBayes 3.2: efficient Bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space. <em>Systematic Biology</em> 61: 539&ndash;542. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/sys029</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Roux, C. (2021) <em>Stictis maggiana</em> Cl. Roux et Ertz sp. nov., lichen &agrave; Trentepohlia (Ascomycota, Ostropales, Stictidaceae). <em>Bulletin de la Soci&eacute;t&eacute; linn&eacute;enne de Provence</em> 72: 47&ndash;54</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Rozewicki, J., Li, S., Amada, K.M., Standley, D.M. &amp; Katoh, K. (2019) MAFFT-DASH: integrated protein sequence and structural alignment. <em>Nucleic Acids Research</em> 47: W5&ndash;W10.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkz342</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Sanders, W.B. &amp; Masumoto, H. (2021) Lichen algae: the photosynthetic partners in lichen symbioses. <em>Lichenologist</em> 53: 347&ndash;393. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0024282921000335</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Senanayake, I.C., Rathnayaka, A.R., Marasinghe, D.S., Calabon, M.S., Gentekaki, E., Lee, H.B., Hurdeal, V.G., Pem, D., Dissanayake, L.S., Wijesinghe, S.N. &amp; Bundhun, D. (2020) Morphological approaches in studying fungi: Collection, examination, isolation, sporulation and preservation. <em>Mycosphere</em> 11: 2678&ndash;2754. https://doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/20</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Sherwood, M.A. (1977) The ostropalean fungi. <em>Mycotaxon</em> 5: 1&ndash;277.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Smerlis, E. (1962) Taxonomy and morphology of <em>Potebniamyces balsamicola</em> sp. nov. associated with a twig and branch blight of balsam fir in Quebec. <em>Canadian Journal of Botany </em>40: 351&ndash;359. https://doi.org/10.1139/b62-034</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Stamatakis, A. (2014) RAxML version 8: a tool for phylogenetic analysis and post-analysis of large phylogenies. <em>Bioinformatics</em> 30: 1312&ndash;1313. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btu033</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Stamatakis, A., Hoover, P. &amp; Rougemont, J. (2008) A rapid bootstrap algorithm for the RAxML web servers. <em>Systematic Biology</em> 57: 758&ndash;771. https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150802429642</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Suija, A., Kaasalainen, U.S., Kirika, P. &amp; Rikkinen, J.K. (2018) <em>Taitaia</em>, a novel lichenicolous fungus in tropical montane forests in Kenya (East Africa). <em>Lichenologist</em> 50: 173&ndash;184. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0024282918000026</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Sung, G.H., Sung, J.M., Hywel-Jones, N.L. &amp; Spatafora, J.W. (2007) A multi-gene phylogeny of Clavicipitaceae (Ascomycota, Fungi): Identification of localized incongruence using a combinational bootstrap approach. <em>Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution</em> 44: 1204&ndash;1223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2007.03.011</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Sutton, B.C. (1980) <em>The Coelomycetes: Fungi imperfecti with pycnidia, acervuli and stromata</em>. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, 696 pp. </span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Thiyagaraja, V., L&uuml;cking, R., Ertz, D., Karunarathna, S.C., Wanasinghe, D.N., Lumyong, S. &amp; Hyde, K.D. (2021) The evolution of life modes in Stictidaceae, with three novel taxa. <em>Journal of Fungi</em> 7: 105. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7020105 </span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Vaidya, G., Lohman, D.J. &amp; Meier, R. (2011) SequenceMatrix: concatenation software for the fast assembly of multi-gene datasets with character set and codon information. <em>Cladistics</em> 27: 171&ndash;180. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.2010.00329.x</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Vězda, A. (1977) Flechten systematische Studien X. <em>Conotremopsis weberiana</em> gen. novum et sp. nova, eine neue Flechte aus der Familie Ostropaceae. <em>Folia Geobot Phytotaxon</em> 12: 313&ndash;316. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02855882</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Vilgalys, R. &amp; Hester, M. (1990) Rapid genetic identification and mapping of enzymatically amplified ribosomal DNA from several <em>Cryptococcus</em> species. <em>Journal of bacteriology</em> 172: 4238&ndash;4246. https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.172.8.4238-4246.1990</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Wedin, M., D&ouml;ring, H. &amp; Gilenstam, G. (2006) <em>Stictis</em> s. lat.(Ostropales, Ascomycota) in northern Scandinavia, with a key and notes on morphological variation in relation to lifestyle. <em>Mycological Research</em> 110: 773&ndash;789.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mycres.2006.04.010</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Wedin, M., D&ouml;ring, H. &amp; Gilenstam, G. (2004) Saprotrophy and lichenization as options for the same fungal species on different substrata: environmental plasticity and fungal lifestyles in the <em>Stictis</em>&ndash;<em>Conotrema</em> complex. <em>New Phytologist</em> 164: 459&ndash;465. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01198.x</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Wedin, M., Doring, H., Konberg, K. &amp; Gilenstam, G. (2005) Generic delimitations in the family Stictidaceae (Ostropales, Ascomycota): the <em>Stictis</em>-<em>Conotrema</em> problem. <em>Lichenologist</em> 37: 67&ndash;75. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0024282904014653</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Wei, D.P., Wanasinghe, D.N., Gentekaki, E., Thiyagaraja, V., Lumyong, S. &amp; Hyde, K.D. (2021) Morphological and phylogenetic appraisal of novel and extant taxa of Stictidaceae from Northern Thailand. <em>Journal of Fungi</em> 7 (10) : 880. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7100880</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">White, T.J., Bruns, T., Lee, S.J.W.T. &amp; Taylor, J. (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. <em>PCR protocols: a guide to methods and applications </em>18: 315&ndash;322. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-372180-8.50042-1</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Wijayawardene, N.N., Hyde, K.D., Al-Ani, L.K.T., Tedersoo, L., Haelewaters, D., Becerra, A.G., Schnittler, M., Shchepin, O.N., Novozhilov, Y.K., Silva-Filho, A.G.S., Gentekaki, E., Liu, P., Cavender, J.C., Kang, Y., Mohammad, S., Zhang, L.F., Xu, R.F., Li, Y.M., Dayarathne, M.C., Ekanayaka, A.H., Wen, T.C., Deng, C.Y., Pereira, O.L., Navathe, S., Hawksworth, D.L., Fan, X.L., Dissanayake, L.S., Kuhnert, E., Grossart, H.P. &amp; Thines, M. (2020) Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa. <em>Mycosphere </em>11: 1060&ndash;1456. https://doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Wijayawardene, N.N., Hyde, K.D., Dai, D.Q., S&aacute;nchez-Garc&iacute;a, M., Goto, B.T., Saxena, R.K., Erdo&eth;du, M., Sel&ccedil;uk, F., Rajeshkumar, K.C., Aptroot, A., Błaszkowski, J., Boonyuen, N., da Silva, G.A., de Souza, F.A., Dong, W., Ertz, D., Haelewaters, D., Jones, E.B.G., Karunarathna, S.C., Kirk, P.M., Kukwa, M., Kumla, J., Leontyev, D.V., Lumbsch, H.T., Maharachchikumbura, S.S.N., Marguno, F., Mart&iacute;nez-Rodr&iacute;guez, P., Me&scaron;ić, A., Monteiro, J.S., Oehl, F., Pawłowska, J., Pem, D., Pfliegler, W., Phillips, A.J.L., Po&scaron;ta, A., He, M.Q., Li, J.X., Raza, M., Sruthi, O.P., Suetrong, S., Suwannarach, N., Tedersoo, L., Thiyagaraja, V., Tibpromma, S., Tkalčec, Z., Tokarev, Y.S., Wanasinghe, D.N., Wijesundara, D.S.A., Wimalaseana, S.D.M.K., Madrid, H., Zhang, G.Q., Gao, Y., S&aacute;nchez-Castro, I., Tang, L.Z., Stadler, M., Yurkov, A. &amp; Thines, M. (2022) Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa &ndash; 2021. <em>Mycosphere</em> 13: 53&ndash;453. https://doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/13/1/2</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Wijayawardene, N.N., Hyde, K.D., Lumbsch, H.T., Liu, J.K., Maharachchikumbura, S.S., Ekanayaka, A.H., Tian, Q. &amp; Phookamsak, R. (2018) Outline of Ascomycota: 2017.<em> Fungal Diversity</em> 88: 167&ndash;263. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-018-0394-8</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Zoller, S., Scheidegger, C. &amp; Sperisen, C. (1999) PCR primers for the amplification of mitochondrial small subunit ribosomal DNA of lichen-forming ascomycetes. <em>The Lichenologist</em> 31: 511&ndash;516. https://doi.org/10.1006/lich.1999.0220</span></span></span></p>