Abstract
Terminalia kangeanensis (Combretaceae) is an endemic and threatened species (IUCN Redlist - Vulnerable) known only from several small islands of Kangean archipelago, Indonesia. The latest collections were made in 1919 and the first description was formally published in 1924. Since then, there was no additional information that indicates their existence. This paper has reported the rediscovery and a new record for its natural distribution for more than 100 years since its last known collections. This paper provides additional description, ecological information, insight on its conservation challenges, and also the first photos of living T. kangeanensis ever published.
References
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB"><em>Aiton, W.T. (1811) </em></span><em>Hortus Kewensis, or a Catalogue of the Plants Cultivated in the Royal Botanic Garden at Kew. Volume II</em>. Printed for Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, Paternoster Row, London. 432 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.105339</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Anozie, V.C. (1995) A new species of <em>Terminalia</em> from Nigeria. <em>Edinburgh Journal of Botany</em> 52: 347–349. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0960428600002031</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Benning, T.L., LaPointe, D., Atkinson, C.T. & Vitousek, P.M. (2002) Interactions of climate change with biological invasions and land use in the Hawaiian Islands: modeling the fate of endemic birds using a geographic information systems. <em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</em> 99: 14246–14249. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.162372399</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Brown, R. (1810) <em>On the Asclepiadeae. A Natural Order of Plants Separated from the Apocineae of Jussieu</em>. Preprint of Memoir of the Wernerian Natural History Society, Edinburgh. 66 pp.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Chakrabarty, T., Krishna, G. & Rasingam, L. (2019) Taxonomic notes on Indian <em>Terminalia</em> (Combretaceae). <em>Plant Science Today</em> 6: 281–286. https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.2019.6.3.539</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Decaisne, J. (1834) Herbarii Timorensis, Descriptio. <em>Nouvelles Annales du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris</em> 3: 457.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Duncan, R.P. & Blackburn, T.M. (2007) Causes of extinction in island birds. <em>Animal Conservation</em> 10: 149–150. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-1795.2007.00110.x</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Elmer, A.D.E. (1913) Four score of new plants. <em>Leaflets of Philippine Botany</em> 5: 1751–1854. </span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Escobar, J.S., Nicot, A. & David, P. (2008) The different sources of variation in inbreeding depression, heterosis and outbreeding depression in a metapopulation of <em>Physa acuta</em>. <em>Genetics </em>180: 1593–1608. https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.108.092718</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Exell, A.W. (1953) Florae Malesianae Precursores. IV: New species of <em>Terminalia</em> from Malaysia. <em>Blumea </em>7: 322–328.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Exell, A.W. (1954) <em>Combretaceae. Flora Malesiana Series 1, Volume 4</em>. P. Noordhoff Ltd., Groningen, pp. 533–589.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Gangopadhyay, M. & Chakrabarty, T. (1992) Two new species of <em>Terminalia</em> L. (Combretaceae) from Andaman islands. <em>Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany</em> 16: 237–240.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Gillespie, R.G., Claridge, E.M. & Roderick, G.K. (2008) Biodiversity dynamics in isolated island communities: interaction between natural and human-mediated processes. <em>Molecular Ecology</em> 17: 45–57. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03466.x</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">González-Mancebo, J.M., Dirkse, G.M., Patino, J., Romaguera, F., Werner, O. & Ros, R.M. (2012) Applying the IUCN Red List criteria to small-sized plants on oceanic islands: conservation implications for threatened bryophytes in Canary Islands. <em>Biodiversity and Conservation </em>21: 3613–3636. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-012-0385-0</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Goode, M.J.E. (1969) Four new species of <em>Terminalia </em>L. (Combretaceae) from Melanesia. <em>Kew Bulletin</em> 23: 299–310. https://doi.org/10.2307/4108979</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Harris, J.G. & Harris, M.W. (2001) <em>Plant Identification Terminology, An Illustrated Glossary (2nd edition)</em>. Spring Lake Publication, Utah: 216 pp.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">IUCN (2022) The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. <em>Version 2021-3</em>. IUCN Red List Unit, Cambridge U.K. Available from: https://www.iucnredlist.org (accessed 5 March 2022).</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Jussieu, A. (1830) <em>Mémoires du Museum d’Histoire Naturelle</em>. G. Dufour, Paris. 469 pp.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Linnaeus, C. (1753) <em>Species Plantarum</em>, v. 1. Stockholm, 560 pp.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Linnaeus, C. (1759) <em>Amoenitates academicae seu dissertationes variae, physicae, medicae, botanicae, antehac seorsim editae, Nunc collectae et auctae, cum tabulis aeneis.</em> Volumen vartum. Holmiae et Lipsiae, Apud Godofredum Kiesewetter, Germany. 600 pp.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Linnaeus, C. (1767) Mantissa Plantarum. Generum Editionis VI et Specierum Editionis II. Holmiae, Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm. 142 pp.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Linnaeus, C. (1767) <em>Mantissa plantarum.: Generum editionis VI et specierum editionis II</em>. Holmiae, Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii. 144 pp.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Metusala, D., Supriatna, J., Nisyawati. & Sopandie, D. (2017) Comparative leaf and root anatomy of two <em>Dendrobium</em> species (Orchidaceae) from different habitat in relation to their potential adaptation to drought. <em>AIP Conference Proceedings</em> 1862: 030118. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4991222</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Nanakorn, W. (1985) The genus <em>Terminalia</em> (Combretaceae) in Thailand. <em>Thai Forest Bulletin</em> 15: 59–107.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">POWO (2022) Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Available from: https://powo.science.kew.org/ (accessed 28 April 2022).</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Roxburgh, W. (1811) <em>Plants of the Coast of Coromandel (Volume 3)</em>. Bulmer and Co., London: 96 pp.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Sari, R., Ruspandi & Ariati, S.R. (eds.) 2010. <em>An alphabetical list of plant species cultivated in the Bogor Botanic Gardens</em>. LIPI Press, Jakarta: 320 pp.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Sedana, A. (2020) Pulau Tabuhan disewakan, tapi tenang masyarakat Banyuwangi masih bisa bertandang. Available from: https://www.timesindonesia.co.id/ [Online news]. (accessed 19 April 2022).</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Simberloff, D. (2000) Extinction-proneness of island species-causes and management implications. <em>The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology</em> 48: 1–9.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Slooten, D.F. (1919) <em>Bijdrage tot de kennis der Combretaceeen en Flacourtiaceeen van Nederlandsch-Indie.</em> Oosthoek, Utrecht, 170 pp.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Slooten, D.F. (1924) The Combretaceae of the Dutch East Indies. <em>Bulletin du Jardin Botanique De Buitenzorg</em> 3: 35–38.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Stace, C.A. (2007) Combretaceae. <em>In</em>: Kubitzki, K. (ed.) <em>The families and genera of vascular plants</em>, vol. 9. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 67–82.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Thiers, B. (2022) <em>Index Herbariorum. A global directory of public herbaria and associated staff.</em> New York Botanical Garden’s Virtual Herbarium. Available from: http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/ (accessed 25 October 2022).</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Wood, J.R., Alcover, J.A, Blackburn, T.M., Bover, P., Duncan, R.P., Hume, J.P., Louys, J., Meijer, H.J.M., Rando, J.C. & Wilmshurst, J.M. (2017) Island extinction: processes, patterns, and potential for ecosystem restoration. <em>Environmental Conservation</em> 44: 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1017/S037689291700039X</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Anozie, V.C. (1995) A new species of <em>Terminalia</em> from Nigeria. <em>Edinburgh Journal of Botany</em> 52: 347–349. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0960428600002031</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Benning, T.L., LaPointe, D., Atkinson, C.T. & Vitousek, P.M. (2002) Interactions of climate change with biological invasions and land use in the Hawaiian Islands: modeling the fate of endemic birds using a geographic information systems. <em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</em> 99: 14246–14249. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.162372399</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Brown, R. (1810) <em>On the Asclepiadeae. A Natural Order of Plants Separated from the Apocineae of Jussieu</em>. Preprint of Memoir of the Wernerian Natural History Society, Edinburgh. 66 pp.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Chakrabarty, T., Krishna, G. & Rasingam, L. (2019) Taxonomic notes on Indian <em>Terminalia</em> (Combretaceae). <em>Plant Science Today</em> 6: 281–286. https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.2019.6.3.539</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Decaisne, J. (1834) Herbarii Timorensis, Descriptio. <em>Nouvelles Annales du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris</em> 3: 457.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Duncan, R.P. & Blackburn, T.M. (2007) Causes of extinction in island birds. <em>Animal Conservation</em> 10: 149–150. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-1795.2007.00110.x</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Elmer, A.D.E. (1913) Four score of new plants. <em>Leaflets of Philippine Botany</em> 5: 1751–1854. </span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Escobar, J.S., Nicot, A. & David, P. (2008) The different sources of variation in inbreeding depression, heterosis and outbreeding depression in a metapopulation of <em>Physa acuta</em>. <em>Genetics </em>180: 1593–1608. https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.108.092718</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Exell, A.W. (1953) Florae Malesianae Precursores. IV: New species of <em>Terminalia</em> from Malaysia. <em>Blumea </em>7: 322–328.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Exell, A.W. (1954) <em>Combretaceae. Flora Malesiana Series 1, Volume 4</em>. P. Noordhoff Ltd., Groningen, pp. 533–589.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Gangopadhyay, M. & Chakrabarty, T. (1992) Two new species of <em>Terminalia</em> L. (Combretaceae) from Andaman islands. <em>Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany</em> 16: 237–240.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Gillespie, R.G., Claridge, E.M. & Roderick, G.K. (2008) Biodiversity dynamics in isolated island communities: interaction between natural and human-mediated processes. <em>Molecular Ecology</em> 17: 45–57. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03466.x</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">González-Mancebo, J.M., Dirkse, G.M., Patino, J., Romaguera, F., Werner, O. & Ros, R.M. (2012) Applying the IUCN Red List criteria to small-sized plants on oceanic islands: conservation implications for threatened bryophytes in Canary Islands. <em>Biodiversity and Conservation </em>21: 3613–3636. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-012-0385-0</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Goode, M.J.E. (1969) Four new species of <em>Terminalia </em>L. (Combretaceae) from Melanesia. <em>Kew Bulletin</em> 23: 299–310. https://doi.org/10.2307/4108979</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Harris, J.G. & Harris, M.W. (2001) <em>Plant Identification Terminology, An Illustrated Glossary (2nd edition)</em>. Spring Lake Publication, Utah: 216 pp.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">IUCN (2022) The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. <em>Version 2021-3</em>. IUCN Red List Unit, Cambridge U.K. Available from: https://www.iucnredlist.org (accessed 5 March 2022).</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Jussieu, A. (1830) <em>Mémoires du Museum d’Histoire Naturelle</em>. G. Dufour, Paris. 469 pp.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Linnaeus, C. (1753) <em>Species Plantarum</em>, v. 1. Stockholm, 560 pp.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Linnaeus, C. (1759) <em>Amoenitates academicae seu dissertationes variae, physicae, medicae, botanicae, antehac seorsim editae, Nunc collectae et auctae, cum tabulis aeneis.</em> Volumen vartum. Holmiae et Lipsiae, Apud Godofredum Kiesewetter, Germany. 600 pp.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Linnaeus, C. (1767) Mantissa Plantarum. Generum Editionis VI et Specierum Editionis II. Holmiae, Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm. 142 pp.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Linnaeus, C. (1767) <em>Mantissa plantarum.: Generum editionis VI et specierum editionis II</em>. Holmiae, Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii. 144 pp.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Metusala, D., Supriatna, J., Nisyawati. & Sopandie, D. (2017) Comparative leaf and root anatomy of two <em>Dendrobium</em> species (Orchidaceae) from different habitat in relation to their potential adaptation to drought. <em>AIP Conference Proceedings</em> 1862: 030118. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4991222</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Nanakorn, W. (1985) The genus <em>Terminalia</em> (Combretaceae) in Thailand. <em>Thai Forest Bulletin</em> 15: 59–107.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">POWO (2022) Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Available from: https://powo.science.kew.org/ (accessed 28 April 2022).</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Roxburgh, W. (1811) <em>Plants of the Coast of Coromandel (Volume 3)</em>. Bulmer and Co., London: 96 pp.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Sari, R., Ruspandi & Ariati, S.R. (eds.) 2010. <em>An alphabetical list of plant species cultivated in the Bogor Botanic Gardens</em>. LIPI Press, Jakarta: 320 pp.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Sedana, A. (2020) Pulau Tabuhan disewakan, tapi tenang masyarakat Banyuwangi masih bisa bertandang. Available from: https://www.timesindonesia.co.id/ [Online news]. (accessed 19 April 2022).</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Simberloff, D. (2000) Extinction-proneness of island species-causes and management implications. <em>The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology</em> 48: 1–9.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Slooten, D.F. (1919) <em>Bijdrage tot de kennis der Combretaceeen en Flacourtiaceeen van Nederlandsch-Indie.</em> Oosthoek, Utrecht, 170 pp.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Slooten, D.F. (1924) The Combretaceae of the Dutch East Indies. <em>Bulletin du Jardin Botanique De Buitenzorg</em> 3: 35–38.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Stace, C.A. (2007) Combretaceae. <em>In</em>: Kubitzki, K. (ed.) <em>The families and genera of vascular plants</em>, vol. 9. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 67–82.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Thiers, B. (2022) <em>Index Herbariorum. A global directory of public herbaria and associated staff.</em> New York Botanical Garden’s Virtual Herbarium. Available from: http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/ (accessed 25 October 2022).</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Wood, J.R., Alcover, J.A, Blackburn, T.M., Bover, P., Duncan, R.P., Hume, J.P., Louys, J., Meijer, H.J.M., Rando, J.C. & Wilmshurst, J.M. (2017) Island extinction: processes, patterns, and potential for ecosystem restoration. <em>Environmental Conservation</em> 44: 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1017/S037689291700039X</span></span></span></p>