Of paddles, soup plates, and clubs: the taxonomy of the southern and south-tropical African Kalanchoe sect. Raveta (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae; Kalanchoe subg. Kalanchoe) and its constituent species

GIDEON F. SMITH

doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.568.1.2

Issue: Vol. 568 No. 1: 11 October 2022

Type: Article

Published: 2022-10-11

DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.568.1.2

Page range: 8-26

Abstract views: 32

PDF downloaded: 1

Of paddles, soup plates, and clubs: the taxonomy of the southern and south-tropical African Kalanchoe sect. Raveta (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae; Kalanchoe subg. Kalanchoe) and its constituent species

GIDEON F. SMITH⁺⁻

Ria Olivier Herbarium, Department of Botany, Nelson Mandela University, P.O. Box 77000, Gqeberha, 6031 South Africa

Kalanchoe subg. Fernandesiae nomenclature subgenus Eudicots

Requires Subscription or Fee PDF (11MB)

Abstract

The taxonomy and nomenclature applicable to Kalanchoe [subg. Kalanchoe] sect. Raveta (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae), at present a group comprised of seven southern and south-tropical African species, are reviewed. At species rank, special reference is made to the names K. aleurodes, K. albiflora, and K. wildii, with the first two names commonly included in the synonymy of K. luciae, and the third one in use for material from Zimbabwe. It is shown that the name K. aleurodes is very likely the earliest name applied to material today widely known as K. wildii. However, use of the name K. aleurodes for the little-known K. wildii is not suggested here, as the name K. aleurodes has been proposed for rejection under Article 56A.1 of the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants. All the kalanchoes with large, obovate to round (soup plate-shaped and -sized) leaves and dense-flowered, club-shaped inflorescences are here included in K. sect. Raveta (in K. subg. Kalanchoe) with this long-overlooked sectional name used in the stead of K. subg. Fernandesiae. A key is provided to the species included in K. sect. Raveta.

References

Adanson, M. (1763 [July–August]) Familles des plantes. Contenant une Préface Historike fur l’état ancien & actuel de la Botanike, & une Téorie de cette Science. II. Partie. Chez Vincent, Imprimeur-Libraire de Mgr le Comte de Provence, rue S, Severin, Paris, 640 pp. Available from: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/6958#page/794/mode/1up (accessed 6 October 2022)
Baker, J.G. (1881 [21 February]) Notes on a collection of flowering plants made by L. Kitching, Esq., in Madagascar in 1879 (Plates VII. & VIII.). Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 18: 264–281. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1881.tb01257.x
Baker, J.G. (1882) Contributions to the flora of central Madagascar (continued from p. 70 and to be continued). Journal of Botany, British and Foreign. London 20: 109–114.Available from: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/35873#page/125/mode/1up (accessed 6 October 2022)
Berger, A. (1903) Kalanchoe elizae sp. nov. Monatsschrift für Kakteenkunde (Berlin) 1903: 69–70. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14068116#page/79/mode/1up]
Berger, A. (1930 [Mai]) Crassulaceae. Unterfam. II. Kalanchoideae [sic, Kalanchooideae]. 6. Kalanchoe Adanson. 7. Kitchingia Baker. 8. Bryophyllum Salisb. In: Engler, A. & Prantl, K. (eds.) Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien, ed. 2, 18a. Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 402–412.
Braun, K.P., Dlamini, S.D., Mdlala, D.R., Methule, N.P., Dlamini, P.W. & Dlamini, M.S. (Comp.) (2004) Swaziland flora checklist. Swaziland National Herbarium & National Botanical Institute, South Africa. Southern African Botanical Diversity Network Report No. 27. Southern African Botanical Diversity Network (SABONET), Pretoria, i–x, 113 pp.
Brown, N.E. (1913) 1436. Kalanchoe sexangularis, N. E. Brown [Crassulaceae]. In: Diagnoses Africanae LIII. Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information, Kew 1913 (3): 118–123. https://doi.org/10.2307/4115096
Compton, R.H. (1967) Plantae novae Africanae. Series XXXII. Journal of South African Botany 33: 293–304.
Compton, R.H. (1976 [6 August]) The Flora of Swaziland. In: Rycroft, H.B. (ed.) Journal of South African Botany Supplementary Volume No. 11. Trustees of the National Botanic Gardens of South Africa, Kirstenbosch, Cape Town, 684 pp.
Crouch, N.R., Smith, G.F., Walters, M. & Figueiredo, E. (2016) Kalanchoe winteri Gideon F.Sm., N.R.Crouch & Mich.Walters (Crassulaceae), a new species from the Wolkberg Centre of Endemism, South Africa. Bradleya 34: 217–224. https://doi.org/10.25223/brad.n34.2016.a9
Descoings, B. (2003) Kalanchoe. In: U. Eggli (ed.) Illustrated handbook of succulent plants: Crassulaceae. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 143–181.
Fernandes, R.B. (1978) Crassulaceae africanae novae vel minus cognitae. Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana (sér. 2.a) 52: 165–220. https://doi.org/10.1080/01463377809369280
Fernandes, R.B. (1980) Notes sur quelques espèces du genre Kalanchoe Adans. Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana (sér. 2.a) LIII: 325–442.
Fernandes, R.[B.] (1983) 67. Crassulaceae. In: E. Launert (ed.) Flora zambesiaca 7 (1). Managing Committee on behalf of the contributors to Flora zambesiaca, London, pp. 3–71.
Ferreira, O.J.O. (2013) Diocleciano Fernandes das Neves (1829–1883): his residence in Mozambique and his visit to the Transvaal. Tormentoso, Gordon’s Bay & Jeffreys Bay, 139 pp.
Figueiredo, E. & Smith, G.F. (2021a) Women in the first three centuries of formal botany in southern Africa. Blumea 66 (3): 275–307. https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2021.66.03.10
Figueiredo, E. & Smith, G.F. (2021b) An overview of plant collecting in Angola from 1690 to 2000. Phytotaxa 523 (1): 32–54. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.523.1.2
Forbes, H. (1941) Kalanchoe albiflora H. Forbes, sp. nov., pp. 37–39. In: Anonymous, Newly described species and new combinations. Bothalia 4: 37–41, + plate on p. 39. https://doi.org/10.4102/abc.v4i1.1709
Gunn, M.[D.] & Codd, L.E.[W.]. (1981) Botanical exploration of southern Africa. An illustrated history of early botanical literature on the Cape flora. Biographical accounts of the leading plant collectors and their activities in southern Africa from the days of the East India Company until modern times. A.A. Balkema, Cape Town, 400 pp.
Hamet, R. (1907) Monographie du genre Kalanchoe. Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier, sér. 2, 7: 869–900. Available from: https://www biodiversitylibrary.org/item/105267#page/939/mode/1up (accessed 6 October 2022)
Hamet, R. (1908a) Kalanchoe luciae sp. nov. Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier, sér. 2, 8: 254–257. Available from: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/104945#page/290/mode/1up (accessed 6 October 2022)
Hamet, R. (1908b) Monographie du genre Kalanchoe (Suite et fin.). Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier, sér. 2, 8: 17–48. Available from: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/104945#page/31/mode/1up (accessed 6 October 2022)
Hamet, R. (1910 [Janvier]) Sur quelques Kalanchoe peu connus. Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France [Tome Cinquante-Septième], Quatrième serie—Tome X) Quatrième series 57: 18–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/00378941.1910.10832158
Harvey, W.H. (1862) Order LIII. Crassulaceae, D.C. VIII. Kalanchoe, Adans. In: W.H. Harvey & O.W. Sonder, Flora capensis [being a systematic description of the plants of the Cape Colony, Caffraria, & Port Natal], Vol. 2. L. Reeve & Co., Ltd, Kent, pp. 378–380.Available from: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/15233#page/386/mode/1up (accessed 6 October 2022)
Hawksworth, D.L. (Comp.) (2010) Terms used in bionomenclature. The naming of organisms (and plant communities). Including terms used in botanical, cultivated plant, phylogenetic, phytosociological, prokaryote (bacteriological), virus, and zoological nomenclature. Global Biodiversity Information Facility, Copenhagen, 215 pp. Available from: https://books.google.com.au/books?id=Qky7_6-UcQQC&pg=PA68&lpg=PA68#v=onepage&q&f=false (accessed 6 October 2022)
IPNI. (2022) [continuously updated] The International Plant Names Index. Available from: https://www.ipni.org/ (accessed 2022).
Kemp, E.S. (1981 [June]) Additions and name changes for The Flora of Swaziland. The Swaziland National Trust Commission, place of publication not stated, 74 pp.
Kemp, E.[S.] (1983) A flora checklist for Swaziland. Occasional Paper No 2. The Swaziland National Trust Commission, Lobamba, 101 pp.
Koorders, S.H. (1919 [Mai] [24 October 1918]) Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Flora von Java No. 18. Beschreibung von Kalanchoë Schumacheri vom Idjen-Plateau und Revision der Crassulaceae von Java. (Mit 2 lithographischen Tafeln.). Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg sér. 3, 1 (3): 169–180, Figures 14 and 15. Available from: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/27173#page/205/mode/1up (text); https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/27173#page/243/mode/1up (figures) (accessed 6 October 2022)
Kuligowska, K., Lütken, H., Christensen, B., Skovgaard, I., Linde, M., Winkelmann, T. & Müller, R. (2015) Evaluation of reproductive barriers contributes to the development of novel interspecific hybrids in the Kalanchoë genus. BMC Plant Biology 15: a15 [15 pp]. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-014-0394-0
Linnaeus, C. (1753) Species plantarum, exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad generarelatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas. Vol. 1. Salvius, Stockholm, 560 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.669
Mapaura, A. & Timberlake, J. (eds.) (2004) A checklist of Zimbabwean vascular plants. Southern African Botanical Diversity Network Report No. 33. Southern African Botanical Diversity Network (SABONET), Pretoria and Harare, 148 pp.
Phillips, E.P. (1929 [July]) Kalanchoe thyrsiflora. Cape Province, Basutoland, Transvaal. Crassulaceae. In: Pole Evans, I.B. (ed.) The Flowering Plants of South Africa 9 (3): t. 341. Available from: https://archive.org/details/floweringplantso09unse/page/n89/mode/2up (accessed 6 October 2022)
Raymond-Hamet. (1916) Sur un groupe de transition reliant le genre Kalanchoe au genre Cotyledon. Revue Générale de Botanique, Paris XXVIII: 80–84. Available from: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/45180#page/83/mode/1up (accessed 6 October 2022)
Raymond-Hamet. (1933) Observations sur le Kalanchoe uniflora (Stapf) Raymond-Hamet. Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 80 (4): 542–548. https://doi.org/10.1080/00378941.1933.10833878
Raymond-Hamet. (1956) Crassulacearum icones selectae. Fascicle 2. Published by the author, Paris, plates 21–40.
Raymond-Hamet & Marnier-Lapostolle, J. (1964) Le genre Kalanchoe au Jardin Botanique “Les Cèdres”. Archives du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle Septième Série, Tome VIII: 1–110; Plates I–XXXVII. Available from: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/280857#page/21/mode/1up (accessed 6 October 2022)
Salisbury, R.A. (1805 [1 June 1805]) The Paradisus Londinensis: or coloured figures of plants cultivated in the vicinity of the metropolis 1. Published by William Hooker, No. 6, Frith Street, city not stated, presumably London, 157 pp. & 117 plates. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.53520
Smith, G.F. (2020a) Kalanchoe Adans. subg. Fernandesiae Gideon F.Sm. (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae), a new subgenus from southern and south-tropical Africa. Haseltonia 27: 2–7. https://doi.org/10.2985/026.027.0101
Smith, G.F. (2020b) Plant smart. The big easy. Gardening with Kalanchoe. Veld & Flora 106 (3): 40–43.
Smith, G.F. (2020c) The kalanchoes (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) of Raymond-Hamet (1890–1972). Bradleya 38: 120–140. https://doi.org/10.25223/brad.n38.2020.a15
Smith, G.F. (2020d) Typification of the infrageneric names published in Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) by Alwin Berger. Phytotaxa 453 (1): 52–54. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.453.1.6
Smith, G.F. (2020e) Kalanchoe ×estrelae (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae): a new nothospecies for the hybrid between K. luciae and K. sexangularis. Phytotaxa 441 (2): 225–228. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.441.2.11
Smith, G.F. (2020f) Character inheritance in Kalanchoe ‘Vivien’ Bischofberger (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae), a cultivar derived from an interspecific hybrid between two southern African species (K. luciae Raym.-Hamet × K. sexangularis N.E.Br.). Bradleya 38: 3–13. https://doi.org/10.25223/brad.n38.2020.a1
Smith, G.F. (2020g) Zwei Neuzugänge im Kalanchoe-Gartenbau: K. ×estrelae and K. ×gunniae. / Two recent additions to Kalanchoe horticulture: K. ×estrelae and K. ×gunniae. Avonia 38 (4): 322–327.
Smith, G.F. (2021a) Reinstatement of Kalanchoe [subg. Bryophyllum] sect. Alatae (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) for K. porphyrocalyx and K. uniflora, two Madagascan endemics. Bradleya 39: 177–181. https://doi.org/10.25223/brad.n39.2021.a17
Smith, G.F. (2021b) Meet the kalanchoe people. New South African kalanchoe hybrids have been named in honour of key figures in our botany and horticulture. Veld & Flora 107 (2): 40–43.
Smith, G.F. (2021c) Kalanchoe ×leistneri (K. sexangularis × K. winteri) (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae), a new southern African nothospecies. Phytotaxa 509 (2): 248–254. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.509.2.8
Smith, G.F. (2022a) Notes on Kalanchoe subg. Bryophyllum (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) and the kalanchoes of Sijfert H. Koorders (1919). Phytotaxa 549 (1): 87–96. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.549.1.7
Smith, G.F. (2022b) Kalanchoe sect. Raveta (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) of Raymond-Hamet (1916): a long-overlooked name in K. subg. Kalanchoe. Phytotaxa 550 (2): 208–212. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.550.2.10
Smith, G.F. & Crouch, N.R. (2021) Kalanchoe benbothae (K. subg. Fernandesiae; Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae), a new southern African species endemic to KwaZulu-Natal in the Maputaland-Pondoland Region of Endemism. Phytotaxa 521 (2): 105–112. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.521.2.4
Smith, G.F., Crouch, N.R. & Figueiredo, E. (2016) Reinstatement of Kalanchoe montana Compton (Crassulaceae), a distinctive species from the Barberton Center of Endemism, eastern southern Africa. Haseltonia 22: 64–72. https://doi.org/10.2985/026.022.0112
Smith, G.F., Crouch, N.R. & Figueiredo, E. (2021c) Kalanchoe crouchii. Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae. Mpumalanga, South Africa. Flowering Plants of Africa 67: 60–68, plate 2366. https://doi.org/10.25223/brad.n39.2021.a16
Smith, G.F. & Figueiredo, E. (2018a) The infrageneric classification and nomenclature of Kalanchoe Adans. (Crassulaceae), with special reference to the southern African species. Bradleya 36: 162–172. https://doi.org/10.25223/brad.n36.2018.a10
Smith, G.F. & Figueiredo, E. (2018b) Kalanchoe crouchii Gideon F.Sm. & Figueiredo (Crassulaceae), a new species from the dolomites of the Wolkberg Centre of Endemism, Mpumalanga Province, South Africa. Haseltonia 25: 84–90. https://doi.org/10.2985/026.025.0107
Smith, G.F. & Figueiredo, E. (2021a) (2852) Proposal to reject the name Kalanchoe aleurodes (Crassulaceae: Kalanchooideae). Taxon 70 (6): 1371–1372. https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.12632
Smith, G.F. & Figueiredo, E. (2021b) Kalanchoe pumila. Crassulaceae: Kalanchooideae. Madagascar. Flowering Plants of Africa 67: 92–102, plate 2369. https://doi.org/10.25223/brad.n39.2021.a22
Smith, G.F. & Figueiredo, E. (2021c) The floristics and phytogeography of Kalanchoe Adans. (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) in the Waterberg Biosphere Reserve, northern South Africa. Bradleya 39: 207–220. https://doi.org/10.25223/brad.n39.2021.a22
Smith, G.F. & Figueiredo, E. (2022a) Lectotypification of the name Kalanchoe wildii (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae). Phytotaxa 538 (2): 157–162. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.538.2.8
Smith, G.F. & Figueiredo, E. (2022b) Clarifying the typification of the name Kalanchoe orgyalis (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae). Phytotaxa 543 (1): 99–102. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.543.1.11
Smith, G.F. & Figueiredo, E. (2022c) Nomenclatural and taxonomic notes on the names published in Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) by Drake del Castillo in 1903. Phytotaxa 547 (2): 158–166. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.547.2.3
Smith, G.F. & Figueiredo, E. (2023a) Kalanchoe luciae. Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae. Southern and south-tropical Africa (South Africa, Eswatini, Mozambique, Zimbabwe). Flowering Plants of Africa 68. [In press]
Smith, G.F. & Figueiredo, E. (2023b) Kalanchoe orgyalis. Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae. Madagascar. Flowering Plants of Africa 68. [In press]
Smith, G.F., Figueiredo, E. & Crouch, N.R. (2019a) Kalanchoe winteri. Crassulaceae. South Africa. Flowering Plants of Africa 66: 62–69, plate 2348. https://doi.org/10.25223/brad.n37.2019.a9
Smith, G.F., Figueiredo, E. & Van Wyk, A.E. (2019b) Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae) in southern Africa. Classification, biology, and cultivation. Academic Press, an imprint of Elsevier, London, San Diego, Cambridge (USA), and Oxford, 328 pp. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814007-9.00003-7
Smith, G.F. & Hahn, N. (2019) Kalanchoe crundallii I.Verd. (Crassulaceae), the chameleon kalanchoe, a little-known South African endemic from the Soutpansberg, Limpopo Province, with notes on its conservation status. Bradleya 37: 112–117. https://doi.org/10.25223/brad.n37.2019.a5
Smith, G.F. & Hankey, A. (2021) Kalanchoe ×forbesiae (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) derived from K. lubangensis × K. sexangularis: towards improved horticultural material. Phytotaxa 528 (5): 290–300. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.528.5.3
Smith, G.F., Klein, D.-P. & Shtein, R. (2021b) A revision of the Malagasy Kalanchoe subg. Kitchingia (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae): history, taxonomy, and nomenclature. Phytotaxa 507 (1): 67–80. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.507.1.3
Smith, G.F. & Monro, A.M. (2022a) The nomenclature and taxonomy of Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae resolved. Phytotaxa 555 (3): 241–251. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.555.3.3
Smith, G.F. & Monro, A.M. (2022b) (2908) Proposal to reject the name Crassulaceae subfam. Cotyledonoideae (Crassulaceae). Taxon 71 (4): 910–911. https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.12778
Smith, G.F., Shtein, R. & Klein, D.-P. (2021a) Kalanchoe subg. Alatae (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae), a new rank for K. sect. Alatae. Phytotaxa 509 (2): 255–258. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.509.2.9
Stearn, W.T. (1931a [15 June]) Notes from the University Herbarium, Cambridge. I. A new Rhodesian Kalanchoe. The Journal of Botany, British and Foreign LXIX [69]: 164–165.
Stearn, W.T. (1931b) Plants new or noteworthy. Kalanchoe aleurodes. Gardeners’ Chronicle[: a weekly illustrated journal of horticulture and allied subjects] 3rd ser., LXXXIX [89]: 464 [fig. 239], 475.
Suessenguth, K. & Merxmueller, H. (1951 ) A contribution to the flora of the Marandellas District, Southern Rhodesia, being an elaboration of the Dehn Collection, with an introduction on the geography and general vegetation of the area, by H. Wild. Transactions of the Rhodesia Scientific Association XLIII [43]: 75–160.
Thiers, B. (2022) [continuously updated] Index herbariorum: a global directory of public herbaria and associated staff. New York Botanical Garden’s Virtual Herbarium. Available from: http://sweetgum.nybg.org/ih/ (accessed 2022).
Tölken, H.R. (1978) Two new species and a new combination in the genus Kalanchoe. Journal of South African Botany 44: 89–91. Available from: https://archive.org/stream/journalofsouthaf44unse#page/90/mode/2up (accessed 6 October 2022)
Tölken, H.R. (1985) Crassulaceae. 3166, 4. Kalanchoe. 3166a, 5. Bryophyllum. In: O.A. Leistner (ed.) Flora of Southern Africa 14. Botanical Research Institute, Department of Agriculture and Water Supply, place of publication not stated, likely Pretoria, pp. 61–74.
Turland, N.J., Wiersema, J.H., Barrie, F.R., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D.L., Herendeen, P.S., Knapp, S., Kusber, W.-H., Li, D.-Z., Marhold, K., May, T.W., McNeill, J., Monro, A.M., Prado, J., Price, M.J. & Smith, G.F. (2018) International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Koeltz Botanical Books, Glashütten. [Regnum Vegetabile 159], 254 pp. https://doi.org/10.12705/Code.2018
Tutin, F. (1931 [4 July]) Kalanchoe aleurodes. Gardeners’ Chronicle[: a weekly illustrated journal of horticulture and allied subjects] 3rd ser., XC [90]: 9.
Uhl, C.H. (1948 ) Cytotaxonomic studies in the subfamilies Crassuloideae, Kalanchoideae [sic, Kalanchooideae], and Cotyledonoideae of the Crassulaceae. American Journal of Botany 35 (10): 695–706. https://doi.org/10.2307/2438149
Verdoorn, I.C. (1946) Kalanchoe crundallii. Transvaal. Crassulaceae. The Flowering Plants of Africa 25: t. 967. Available from: https://archive.org/details/floweringplantso25unse/page/n39/mode/2up (accessed 6 October 2022)