A review of the cytotaxonomy of Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) with reference to evolutionary trends in the genus

GIDEON F. SMITH

doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.560.2.2

Issue: Vol. 560 No. 2: 1 September 2022

Type: Article

Published: 2022-09-01

DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.560.2.2

Page range: 153-185

Abstract views: 106

PDF downloaded: 2

**A review of the cytotaxonomy of Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) with reference to evolutionary trends in the genus**

GIDEON F. SMITH⁺⁻

Ria Olivier Herbarium, Department of Botany, Nelson Mandela University, P.O. Box 77000, Gqeberha, 6031 South Africa

Africa chromosome numbers classification evolutionary trends geographical distribution Madagascar Eudicots

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Abstract

Over a 60-year period in the mid-20^th century (ca. mid-1930s to mid-1990s), chromosome numbers, reflected as either x, n, or 2n, or a combination of these, were published for just more than 80 species, infraspecific taxa, and nothospecies of Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae), so representing counts for about ⅓ of the taxa at present recognised in the genus. All published chromosome numbers that could be traced for Kalanchoe taxa are here catalogued and discussed in a classificatory framework, as well as from a horticultural breeding perspective, given the persisting—indeed expanding—global popularity of kalanchooid selections, cultivars, and hybrids, especially as indoor plants, as outdoor plants in mild climates, and even as cutflowers. With the exception of very few of the chromosome numbers previously reported for Kalanchoe, they are all divisible by 17, 18, or 20; of these basic numbers (x), 17 is often presented as primary. In this survey, haploid numbers (n) were most often recorded as 17, 18, 20, and 51; and 2n as 34, 36, and 40 (all diploid); or as 68 or 72 (both tetraploid), but with 51 (triploid), 102 (hexaploid), 140 (octoploid), and 176 (decaploid) also documented. The analysis of available cytogenetic information presented here for Kalanchoe provides support for the recognition of K. subg. Alatae and, in the autonymic K. subg. Kalanchoe, for a ‘woody clade’, and in the woody clade, for K. sect. Stellatopilosae.

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Smith, G.F. (2020a) Kalanchoe Adans. subg. Fernandesiae Gideon F.Sm. (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae), a new subgenus from southern and south-tropical Africa. Haseltonia 27: 2–7. https://doi.org/10.2985/026.027.0101
Smith, G.F. (2020b) Nomenclature of the partial infrageneric classification proposed for Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) by René C.J.E. Maire in 1976. Phytotaxa 468 (2): 231–235. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.468.2.8
Smith, G.F. (2020c) Taxonomy and nomenclature of Kalanchoe ×laetivirens (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae), a further invasive nothospecies from Madagascar. Phytotaxa 460 (1): 97–109. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.460.1.6
Smith, G.F. (2020d) Typification of the infrageneric names published in Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) by Alwin Berger. Phytotaxa 453 (1): 52–54. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.453.1.6
Smith, G.F. (2020e) Kalanchoe ×hummeliae Gideon F.Sm.: the hybrid between K. beharensis Drake and K. millotii Raym.-Hamet & H.Perrier (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae). Bradleya 38: 89–93. https://doi.org/10.25223/brad.n38.2020.a12
Smith, G.F. (2020f) The kalanchoes (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) of Raymond-Hamet (1890–1972). Bradleya 38: 120–140. https://doi.org/10.25223/brad.n38.2020.a15
Smith, G.F. (2021a) Reinstatement of Kalanchoe [subg. Bryophyllum] sect. Alatae (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) for K. porphyrocalyx and K. uniflora, two Madagascan endemics. Bradleya 39: 177–181. https://doi.org/10.25223/brad.n39.2021.a17
Smith, G.F. (2021b) How Kalanchoe marmorata (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae), a distinctive central and east African species, received its name, and the later, valid publication of K. macrantha by Maire. Phytotaxa 502 (1): 93–100. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.502.1.7
Smith, G.F. (2022a) Identity of Kalanchoe ‘Fang’ and K. ‘Rose Leaf’, two cultivars derived from K. ×edwardii (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae), with notes on aspects of interspecific hybridisation in the genus. Bradleya 40: 151–160. https://doi.org/10.25223/brad.n40.2022.a14
Smith, G.F. (2022b) The taxonomy of Kalanchoe marmorata Baker (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae), a distinctive African species, revisited. Phytotaxa 538 (2): 100–112. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.538.2.2
Smith, G.F. (2022c) Notes on Kalanchoe subg. Bryophyllum (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) and the kalanchoes of Sijfert H. Koorders (1919). Phytotaxa 549 (1): 87–96. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.549.1.7
Smith, G.F. (2022d) Kalanchoe sect. Raveta (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) of Raymond-Hamet (1916): a long-overlooked name in K. subg. Kalanchoe. Phytotaxa 550 (2): 208–212. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.550.2.10
Smith, G.F. (2022e) A review of the ecology and natural history of Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) in southern Africa. Bradleya 40: 161–184. https://doi.org/10.25223/brad.n40.2022.a15
Smith, G.F. (2022f) The taxonomy and nomenclature of Kalanchoe ×vadensis [K. blossfeldiana × K. marmorata var. somaliensis] (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae), an early nothospecies produced in The Netherlands. Phytotaxa. [In press]
Smith, G.F. (2022g) Kalanchoe ×trageri, at last a name for K. blossfeldiana × K. pumila (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae), a horticulturally successful nothospecies. Phytotaxa 550 (1): 45–58. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.550.1.3
Smith, G.F. & Crouch, N.R. (2021) Kalanchoe benbothae (K. subg. Fernandesiae; Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae), a new southern African species endemic to KwaZulu-Natal in the Maputaland-Pondoland Region of Endemism. Phytotaxa 521 (2): 105–112. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.521.2.4
Smith, G.F. & Figueiredo, E. (2018) The infrageneric classification and nomenclature of Kalanchoe Adans. (Crassulaceae), with special reference to the southern African species. Bradleya 36: 162–172. https://doi.org/10.25223/brad.n36.2018.a10
Smith, G.F. & Figueiredo, E. (2019a) Kalanchoe porphyrocalyx var. sambiranensis, a new variety in a Madagascan Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae). Phytotaxa 422 (2): 206–208. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.422.2.8
Smith, G.F. & Figueiredo, E. (2019b) Nothospecies status for Kalanchoe auriculata, as K. ×auriculata (Crassulaceae). Phytotaxa 416 (3): 221–222. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.416.3.3
Smith, G.F. & Figueiredo, E. (2020) Kalanchoe ×gildenhuysii (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae), a new nothospecies derived from K. millotii and K. tomentosa. Phytotaxa 442 (1): 43–46. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.442.1.8
Smith, G.F. & Figueiredo, E. (2021a) (2852) Proposal to reject the name Kalanchoe aleurodes (Crassulaceae: Kalanchooideae). Taxon 70 (6): 1371–1372. https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.12632
Smith, G.F. & Figueiredo, E. (2021b) Kalanchoe pumila. Crassulaceae subfamily Kalanchooideae. Madagascar. Flowering Plants of Africa 67: 92–102, plate 2369.
Smith, G.F. & Figueiredo, E. (2021c) The floristics and phytogeography of Kalanchoe Adans. (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) in the Waterberg Biosphere Reserve, northern South Africa. Bradleya 39: 207–220. https://doi.org/10.25223/brad.n39.2021.a22
Smith, G.F., Figueiredo, E. & Crouch, N.R. (2021e) Kalanchoe millotii. Crassulaceae subfamily Kalanchooideae. Madagascar. Flowering Plants of Africa 67: 80–89, plate 2368.
Smith, G.F., Figueiredo, E., Loureiro, J. & Crouch, N.R. (2019b) Kalanchoe ×gunniae Gideon F.Sm & Figueiredo (Crassulaceae), a new South African nothospecies derived from Kalanchoe paniculata Harv. × Kalanchoe sexangularis N.E.Br. Bradleya 37: 141–150. https://doi.org/10.25223/brad.n37.2019.a9
Smith, G.F., Figueiredo, E. & Mottram, R. (2018) Kalanchoe ‘Margrit’s Magic’ (Crassulaceae), a new cultivar from South Africa. Bradleya 36: 227–232. https://doi.org/10.25223/brad.n36.2018.a20
Smith, G.F., Figueiredo, E. & Oberlander, K. (2022) A review and update of the conservation status of Kalanchoe species (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) in the Flora of Southern Africa region. Bradleya 2022 (sp40): 181–193. https://doi.org/10.25223/brad.sp40.2022.a18
Smith, G.F., Figueiredo, E. & Shtein, R. (2021d) Kalanchoe manginii. Crassulaceae subfamily Kalanchooideae. Madagascar. Flowering Plants of Africa 67: 70–79, plate 2367.
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Smith, G.F., Figueiredo, E. & Van Wyk, A.E. (2019a) Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae) in southern Africa. Classification, biology, and cultivation. Academic Press, an imprint of Elsevier, London, San Diego, Cambridge (U.S.A.), and Oxford, 328 pp. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2017-0-00602-X
Smith, G.F. & Hankey, A. (2021) Kalanchoe ×forbesiae (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) derived from K. lubangensis × K. sexangularis: towards improved horticultural material. Phytotaxa 528 (5): 290–300. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.528.5.3
Smith, G.F., Klein, D.-P. & Shtein, R. (2021a) A revision of the Malagasy Kalanchoe subg. Kitchingia (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae): history, taxonomy, and nomenclature. Phytotaxa 507 (1): 67–80. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.507.1.3
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Smith, G.F. & Shtein, R. (2020) Kalanchoe ×edwardii (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae), a nothospecies derived from K. beharensis and K. tomentosa. Phytotaxa 475 (2): 117–124. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.475.2.6
Smith, G.F. & Shtein, R. (2021a) A review of horticulturally desirable characters in Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae): variable and deviating vegetative and reproductive morphologies useful in breeding programmes. Haseltonia 28: 106–119. https://doi.org/10.2985/026.028.0110
Smith, G.F. & Shtein, R. (2021b) Taxonomic notes on Kalanchoe porphyrocalyx (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) and its horticultural derivatives. Phytotaxa 478 (2): 225–238. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.478.2.4
Smith, G.F. & Shtein, R. (2021c) Typification of the name Kalanchoe daigremontiana (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae). Phytotaxa 494 (2): 244–249. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.494.2.8
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