Abstract
During an investigation of fungal pathogens associated with Citrus sinensis in Zigui county of Yichang city, China, a new species, Fusarium citri-sinensis sp. nov. was isolated from fruit of C. sinensis. The species is described using morphology and molecular multi-locus analyses based on a combined data of internal transcribed spacer region of the rDNA (ITS), translation-elongation factor 1 alpha (EF-1α), and RNA polymerase second largest subunit (RPB2) genes. It is one of the species in Fusarium lateritium species complex (FLSC).
References
<p>Aoki, T., O’Donnell, K., Geiser, D.M. (2014) Systematics of key phytopathogenic <em>Fusarium</em> species: current status and future challenges. <em>Journal of General Plant Pathology</em> 80: 189–201. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10327-014-0509-3</p>
<p>Aoki, T., Smith, J.A., Mount, L.L., Geiser, D.M. & O’Donnell, K. (2017) <em>Fusarium torreyae</em> sp. nov., a pathogen causing canker disease of Florida torreya (<em>Torreya taxifolia</em>), a critically endangered conifer restricted to northern Florida and southwestern Georgia. <em>Mycologia</em> 105: 312–319. https://doi.org/10.3852/12-262</p>
<p>Bhat, R., Ravishankar, R.V. & Karim, A.A. (2010) Mycotoxins in food and feed: present status and future concerns. <em>Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety</em> 9: 57–81. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-4337.2009.00094.x</p>
<p>Cavalcanti, A.D., Santos, A.C.D.S., Ferro, L.D.O., Bezerra, J.D.P., Souza-Motta, C.M. & Magalhães, O.M.C. (2020) <em>Fusarium massalimae</em> sp. nov. (<em>F. lateritium</em> species complex) occurs endophytically in leaves of <em>Handroanthus chrysotrichus</em>. <em>Mycological Progress</em> 19: 1133–1142. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-020-01622-3</p>
<p>Cui, M.J., Wei, X., Xia, P.L., Yi, J.P., Yu, Z.H., Deng, J.X. & Li, Q.L. (2021) <em>Diaporthe taoicola</em> and <em>D. siamensis</em>, Two New Records on <em>Citrus sinensis</em> in China. <em>Mycobiology</em> 49: 267–274. http://doi.org/10.1080/12298093.2021.1912254</p>
<p>FAO (2016) Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Rome. Citrus fruits fresh and processed: annual statistics.</p>
<p>Gadgil, P.D. (2005) Fungi of New Zealand. Fungi on Trees and Shrubs in New Zealand.</p>
<p>Geiser, D.M., Lewis Ivey, M.L., Hakiza, G., Juba, J.H. & Miller, S.A. (2005) <em>Gibberella xylarioides</em> (anamorph: <em>Fusarium xylarioides</em>), a causative agent of coffee wilt disease in Africa, is a previously unrecognised member of the <em>G. fujikuroi</em> species complex. <em>Mycologia</em> 97: 191–201. http://doi.org/10.1080/15572536.2006.11832853</p>
<p>Gerlach, W. & Nirenberg, H.I. (1982) The genus <em>Fusarium</em>—a pictorial atlas. <em>Mitteilungen aus der Biologischen Bundesanstalt für Land- und Forstwirtschaft Berlin-Dahlem</em> 209: 1–406. https://doi.org/10.2307/3792677</p>
<p>Guo, L.D., Hyde, K.D. & Liew, E.C.Y. (2000) Identification of endophytic fungi from <em>Livistona chinensis</em> based on morphology and rDNA sequences. <em>New Phytologist</em> 147: 617–630. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2000.00716.x</p>
<p>Hall, T.A. (1999) Bioedit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. <em>Nucleic Acids Symposium Series</em> 41: 95–98. https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-1999-0734.ch008</p>
<p>Joffe, A.Z. (1972) Fusaria isolated from avocado, banana and citrus fruit in Israel and their pathogenicity. <em>Plant Disease Reporter</em> 56: 963–966.</p>
<p>Joffe, A.Z. & Schiffmann-Nadel, M. (1972) Les especes de <em>Fusarium</em> isolees des fruit d’agrumes d’Israel. <em>Fruits</em> 27: 117–119.</p>
<p>Kumar, S., Stecher, G. & Tamura, K. (2016) MEGA7: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 7.0 for bigger datasets. <em>Molecular Biology and Evolution</em> 33: 1870–1874. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msw054</p>
<p>Laurence, M.H., Summerell, B.A., Burgess, L.W. & Liew, E.C.Y. (2011) <em>Fusarium burgessii</em> sp. nov. representing a novel lineage in the genus <em>Fusarium</em>. <em>Fungal Diversity</em> 49: 101–112. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-011-0093-1</p>
<p>Leslie, J.F. & Summerell, B.A. (2006) The <em>Fusarium</em> laboratory manual. Blackwell Publishing, Ames.</p>
<p>Link, H.F. (1809) Observationes in ordines plantarum naturals, Dissetatio I. Mag. Ges. Naturf. Freunde, Berlin 3: 3–42.</p>
<p>Liu, H.F., Zhou, J., Liao, J., Yi, J.P., Ma, D.F. & Deng, J.X. (2019) Grafted twig rot on <em>Citrus sinensis</em> caused by a member of the <em>Fusarium solani</em> species complex. <em>Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology</em> 42: 133–139. https://doi.org/10.1080/07060661.2019.1633412</p>
<p>Najafzadeh, M.J., Dolatabadi, S., Hoog, S.D., Esfahani, M.K., Haghani, I., Aghili, S.R., Ghazvini, R.D., Rezaei-Matehkolaei, A., Abastabar, M. & Al-Hatmi, A.M.S. (2020) Phylogenetic Analysis of Clinically Relevant <em>Fusarium</em> Species in Iran. <em>Mycopathologia</em> 185: 515–525. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11046-020-00460-x</p>
<p>O’Donnell, K., Kistler, H.C., Cigelnik, E. & Ploetz, R.C. (1998) Multiple evolutionary origins of the fungus causing Panama disease of banana: concordant evidence from nuclear and mitochondrial gene genealogies. <em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</em> 95: 2044–2049. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.95.5.2044</p>
<p>O’Donnell, K., Nirenberg, H.I., Aoki, T. & Cigelnik, E. (2000) A multigene phylogeny of the <em>Gibberella fujikuroi</em> species complex: Detection of additional phylogenetically distinct species. <em>Mycoscience</em> 41: 61–78. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02464387</p>
<p>O’Donnell, K., Rooney, A.P., Proctor, R.H., Brown, D.W., McCormick, S.P., Ward, T.J., Frandsen, R.J., Lysøe, E., Rehner, S.A., Aoki, T., Robert, V.A., Crous, P.W., Groenewald, J.Z., Kang, S. & Geiser, D.M. (2013) Phylogenetic analyses of <em>RPB1</em> and <em>RPB2</em> support a middle Cretaceous origin for a clade comprising all agriculturally and medically important fusaria. <em>Fungal Genetics and Biology</em> 52: 20–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fgb.2012.12.004</p>
<p>Perera, R.H., Hyde, K.D., Maharachchikumbura, S.S.N., Jones, E.B.G., McKenzie, E.H.C., Stadler, M., Lee, H.B., Samarakoon, M.C., Ekanayaka, A.H., Camporesi, E., Liu, J.K. & Liu, Z.Y. (2020) Fungi on wild seeds and fruits. <em>Mycosphere</em> 11: 2108–2480. https://doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/14</p>
<p>Posada, D. & Crandall, K.A. (1998) Model test: Testing the model of DNA substitution. <em>Bioinformatics</em> 14: 817–818. [https://bioag.byu.edu/zoology/crandall_lab/modeltest.html]</p>
<p>Reeb, V., Lutzoni, F. & Roux, C. (2004) Contribution of <em>RPB2</em> to multilocus phylogenetic studies of the euascomycetes (Pezizomycotina, Fungi) with special emphasis on the lichen-forming Acarosporaceae and evolution of polyspory. <em>Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution</em> 32: 1036–1060. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.YMPEV.2004.04.012</p>
<p>Ronquist, F., Teslenko, M., Van Der Mark, P., Ayres, D.L., Darling, A., Höhna, S., Larget, B., Liu, L., Suchard, M.A. & Huelsenbeck, J.P. (2012) MrBayes 3.2: efficient Bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space. <em>Systematic Biology</em> 61: 539–542. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/sys029</p>
<p>Sandoval-Denis, M., Guarnaccia, V., Polizzi, G. & Crous, P.W. (2018) Symptomatic Citrus trees reveal a new pathogenic lineage in <em>Fusarium</em> and two new <em>Neocosmospora</em> species. <em>Persoonia</em> 40: 1–25. https://doi.org/10.3767/persoonia.2018.40.01</p>
<p>Stamatakis, A. (2006) RAxML-VI-HPC: maximum likelihood-based phylogenetic analyses with thousands of taxa and mixed models. <em>Bioinformatics</em> 22: 2688–2690. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btl446</p>
<p>Swofford, D.L. (2002) PAUP, Phylogenetic analysis using parsimony (and other methods). Version 4.0b10. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland.</p>
<p>Torbati, M., Arzanlou, M., Sandoval-Denis, M. & Crous, P.W. (2018) Multigene phylogeny reveals new fungicolous species in the <em>Fusarium tricinctum</em> species complex and novel hosts in the genus <em>Fusarium</em> from Iran. <em>Mycological Progress</em> 18: 119–133. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-018-1422-5</p>
<p>Vitale, S., Santori, A., Wajnberg, E., Castagnone-Sereno, P., Luongo, L. & Belisario, A. (2011) Morphological and Molecular Analysis of <em>Fusarium lateritium</em>, the Cause of Gray Necrosis of Hazelnut Fruit in Italy. <em>Phytopathology</em> 101: 679–686. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-04-10-0120</p>
<p>Wehlburg, C., Langdon, K.R., Alfieri, S.A., Kimbrough, J.W. & Gainesville, U.S.A. (1975) <em>Index of Plant Diseases in Florida.</em></p>
<p>White, T.J., Bruns, T. & Lee, S. (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. <em>PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications</em> 18: 315–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-372180-8.50042-1</p>
<p>Wollenweber, H.W. & Reinking, O.A. (1935) <em>Die Fusarien</em>, <em>ihre Beschreibung, Schadwirkung und Bekampfung</em>. Verlag Paul Parey, Berlin, Germany.</p>
<p>Zhou, X., O’Donnell, K., Aoki, T., Smith, J.A., Kasson, M.T. & Cao, Z.M. (2016) Two novel <em>Fusarium</em> species that cause canker disease of prickly ash (<em>Zanthoxylum bungeanum</em>) in northern China form a novel clade with <em>Fusarium torreyae</em>. <em>Mycologia</em> 108: 668–681. https://doi.org/10.3852/15-189</p>
<p>Aoki, T., Smith, J.A., Mount, L.L., Geiser, D.M. & O’Donnell, K. (2017) <em>Fusarium torreyae</em> sp. nov., a pathogen causing canker disease of Florida torreya (<em>Torreya taxifolia</em>), a critically endangered conifer restricted to northern Florida and southwestern Georgia. <em>Mycologia</em> 105: 312–319. https://doi.org/10.3852/12-262</p>
<p>Bhat, R., Ravishankar, R.V. & Karim, A.A. (2010) Mycotoxins in food and feed: present status and future concerns. <em>Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety</em> 9: 57–81. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-4337.2009.00094.x</p>
<p>Cavalcanti, A.D., Santos, A.C.D.S., Ferro, L.D.O., Bezerra, J.D.P., Souza-Motta, C.M. & Magalhães, O.M.C. (2020) <em>Fusarium massalimae</em> sp. nov. (<em>F. lateritium</em> species complex) occurs endophytically in leaves of <em>Handroanthus chrysotrichus</em>. <em>Mycological Progress</em> 19: 1133–1142. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-020-01622-3</p>
<p>Cui, M.J., Wei, X., Xia, P.L., Yi, J.P., Yu, Z.H., Deng, J.X. & Li, Q.L. (2021) <em>Diaporthe taoicola</em> and <em>D. siamensis</em>, Two New Records on <em>Citrus sinensis</em> in China. <em>Mycobiology</em> 49: 267–274. http://doi.org/10.1080/12298093.2021.1912254</p>
<p>FAO (2016) Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Rome. Citrus fruits fresh and processed: annual statistics.</p>
<p>Gadgil, P.D. (2005) Fungi of New Zealand. Fungi on Trees and Shrubs in New Zealand.</p>
<p>Geiser, D.M., Lewis Ivey, M.L., Hakiza, G., Juba, J.H. & Miller, S.A. (2005) <em>Gibberella xylarioides</em> (anamorph: <em>Fusarium xylarioides</em>), a causative agent of coffee wilt disease in Africa, is a previously unrecognised member of the <em>G. fujikuroi</em> species complex. <em>Mycologia</em> 97: 191–201. http://doi.org/10.1080/15572536.2006.11832853</p>
<p>Gerlach, W. & Nirenberg, H.I. (1982) The genus <em>Fusarium</em>—a pictorial atlas. <em>Mitteilungen aus der Biologischen Bundesanstalt für Land- und Forstwirtschaft Berlin-Dahlem</em> 209: 1–406. https://doi.org/10.2307/3792677</p>
<p>Guo, L.D., Hyde, K.D. & Liew, E.C.Y. (2000) Identification of endophytic fungi from <em>Livistona chinensis</em> based on morphology and rDNA sequences. <em>New Phytologist</em> 147: 617–630. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2000.00716.x</p>
<p>Hall, T.A. (1999) Bioedit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. <em>Nucleic Acids Symposium Series</em> 41: 95–98. https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-1999-0734.ch008</p>
<p>Joffe, A.Z. (1972) Fusaria isolated from avocado, banana and citrus fruit in Israel and their pathogenicity. <em>Plant Disease Reporter</em> 56: 963–966.</p>
<p>Joffe, A.Z. & Schiffmann-Nadel, M. (1972) Les especes de <em>Fusarium</em> isolees des fruit d’agrumes d’Israel. <em>Fruits</em> 27: 117–119.</p>
<p>Kumar, S., Stecher, G. & Tamura, K. (2016) MEGA7: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 7.0 for bigger datasets. <em>Molecular Biology and Evolution</em> 33: 1870–1874. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msw054</p>
<p>Laurence, M.H., Summerell, B.A., Burgess, L.W. & Liew, E.C.Y. (2011) <em>Fusarium burgessii</em> sp. nov. representing a novel lineage in the genus <em>Fusarium</em>. <em>Fungal Diversity</em> 49: 101–112. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-011-0093-1</p>
<p>Leslie, J.F. & Summerell, B.A. (2006) The <em>Fusarium</em> laboratory manual. Blackwell Publishing, Ames.</p>
<p>Link, H.F. (1809) Observationes in ordines plantarum naturals, Dissetatio I. Mag. Ges. Naturf. Freunde, Berlin 3: 3–42.</p>
<p>Liu, H.F., Zhou, J., Liao, J., Yi, J.P., Ma, D.F. & Deng, J.X. (2019) Grafted twig rot on <em>Citrus sinensis</em> caused by a member of the <em>Fusarium solani</em> species complex. <em>Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology</em> 42: 133–139. https://doi.org/10.1080/07060661.2019.1633412</p>
<p>Najafzadeh, M.J., Dolatabadi, S., Hoog, S.D., Esfahani, M.K., Haghani, I., Aghili, S.R., Ghazvini, R.D., Rezaei-Matehkolaei, A., Abastabar, M. & Al-Hatmi, A.M.S. (2020) Phylogenetic Analysis of Clinically Relevant <em>Fusarium</em> Species in Iran. <em>Mycopathologia</em> 185: 515–525. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11046-020-00460-x</p>
<p>O’Donnell, K., Kistler, H.C., Cigelnik, E. & Ploetz, R.C. (1998) Multiple evolutionary origins of the fungus causing Panama disease of banana: concordant evidence from nuclear and mitochondrial gene genealogies. <em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</em> 95: 2044–2049. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.95.5.2044</p>
<p>O’Donnell, K., Nirenberg, H.I., Aoki, T. & Cigelnik, E. (2000) A multigene phylogeny of the <em>Gibberella fujikuroi</em> species complex: Detection of additional phylogenetically distinct species. <em>Mycoscience</em> 41: 61–78. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02464387</p>
<p>O’Donnell, K., Rooney, A.P., Proctor, R.H., Brown, D.W., McCormick, S.P., Ward, T.J., Frandsen, R.J., Lysøe, E., Rehner, S.A., Aoki, T., Robert, V.A., Crous, P.W., Groenewald, J.Z., Kang, S. & Geiser, D.M. (2013) Phylogenetic analyses of <em>RPB1</em> and <em>RPB2</em> support a middle Cretaceous origin for a clade comprising all agriculturally and medically important fusaria. <em>Fungal Genetics and Biology</em> 52: 20–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fgb.2012.12.004</p>
<p>Perera, R.H., Hyde, K.D., Maharachchikumbura, S.S.N., Jones, E.B.G., McKenzie, E.H.C., Stadler, M., Lee, H.B., Samarakoon, M.C., Ekanayaka, A.H., Camporesi, E., Liu, J.K. & Liu, Z.Y. (2020) Fungi on wild seeds and fruits. <em>Mycosphere</em> 11: 2108–2480. https://doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/14</p>
<p>Posada, D. & Crandall, K.A. (1998) Model test: Testing the model of DNA substitution. <em>Bioinformatics</em> 14: 817–818. [https://bioag.byu.edu/zoology/crandall_lab/modeltest.html]</p>
<p>Reeb, V., Lutzoni, F. & Roux, C. (2004) Contribution of <em>RPB2</em> to multilocus phylogenetic studies of the euascomycetes (Pezizomycotina, Fungi) with special emphasis on the lichen-forming Acarosporaceae and evolution of polyspory. <em>Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution</em> 32: 1036–1060. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.YMPEV.2004.04.012</p>
<p>Ronquist, F., Teslenko, M., Van Der Mark, P., Ayres, D.L., Darling, A., Höhna, S., Larget, B., Liu, L., Suchard, M.A. & Huelsenbeck, J.P. (2012) MrBayes 3.2: efficient Bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space. <em>Systematic Biology</em> 61: 539–542. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/sys029</p>
<p>Sandoval-Denis, M., Guarnaccia, V., Polizzi, G. & Crous, P.W. (2018) Symptomatic Citrus trees reveal a new pathogenic lineage in <em>Fusarium</em> and two new <em>Neocosmospora</em> species. <em>Persoonia</em> 40: 1–25. https://doi.org/10.3767/persoonia.2018.40.01</p>
<p>Stamatakis, A. (2006) RAxML-VI-HPC: maximum likelihood-based phylogenetic analyses with thousands of taxa and mixed models. <em>Bioinformatics</em> 22: 2688–2690. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btl446</p>
<p>Swofford, D.L. (2002) PAUP, Phylogenetic analysis using parsimony (and other methods). Version 4.0b10. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland.</p>
<p>Torbati, M., Arzanlou, M., Sandoval-Denis, M. & Crous, P.W. (2018) Multigene phylogeny reveals new fungicolous species in the <em>Fusarium tricinctum</em> species complex and novel hosts in the genus <em>Fusarium</em> from Iran. <em>Mycological Progress</em> 18: 119–133. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-018-1422-5</p>
<p>Vitale, S., Santori, A., Wajnberg, E., Castagnone-Sereno, P., Luongo, L. & Belisario, A. (2011) Morphological and Molecular Analysis of <em>Fusarium lateritium</em>, the Cause of Gray Necrosis of Hazelnut Fruit in Italy. <em>Phytopathology</em> 101: 679–686. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-04-10-0120</p>
<p>Wehlburg, C., Langdon, K.R., Alfieri, S.A., Kimbrough, J.W. & Gainesville, U.S.A. (1975) <em>Index of Plant Diseases in Florida.</em></p>
<p>White, T.J., Bruns, T. & Lee, S. (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. <em>PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications</em> 18: 315–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-372180-8.50042-1</p>
<p>Wollenweber, H.W. & Reinking, O.A. (1935) <em>Die Fusarien</em>, <em>ihre Beschreibung, Schadwirkung und Bekampfung</em>. Verlag Paul Parey, Berlin, Germany.</p>
<p>Zhou, X., O’Donnell, K., Aoki, T., Smith, J.A., Kasson, M.T. & Cao, Z.M. (2016) Two novel <em>Fusarium</em> species that cause canker disease of prickly ash (<em>Zanthoxylum bungeanum</em>) in northern China form a novel clade with <em>Fusarium torreyae</em>. <em>Mycologia</em> 108: 668–681. https://doi.org/10.3852/15-189</p>