Abstract
Alyssum kaynakiae is an endemic biennial species growing in Southwest Anatolia, Turkey. In this study, the morphology of this taxon was revised, and its anatomical, palynological, and karyological characteristics were analysed for the first time. Alyssum kaynakiae has been considered part of the traditional Alyssum sect. Gamosepalum. Alyssum kaynakiae has diploid chromosome number 2n=16. It has a primary structure in the root and stem, collenchyma located under the epidermis in the root and under the cortex layer in the stem, and vascular bundles varying between 9 to 11. Leaves are isolateral, stomata are at the same level as the epidermis, and both sides of the leaves have lepidote hairs. Its palynological features are compatible with the Brassicaceae family, with its pollen type being tricolpate, its pollen shape being prolate, and its ornamentation being reticulate.
References
<p>Al-Shehbaz, I.A. (1987) The genera of <em>Alysseae</em> (Cruciferae, Brassicaceae) in the southeastern United States. <em>Journal of the Arnold Arboretum</em> 68: 185–240. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.11932</p>
<p>Al-Shehbaz, I.A., Mutlu, B. & Dönmez, A.A. (2007) The Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) of Turkey, Updated. <em>Turkish Journal of Botany</em> 31: 327–336.</p>
<p>Al-Shehbaz, I.A. (2012) A generic and tribal synopsis of the Brassicaceae (Cruciferae). <em>Taxon</em> 61 (5): 931–954. https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.615002</p>
<p>Amina, H., Ahmad, M., Bhatti, G.R., Zafar, M., Sultana, S., Butt, M.A., Bahadur, S., Haq, I.-U., Ghufran, M.A., Lubna, Ahmad, S. & Ashfaq, S. (2020) Microscopic investigation of pollen morphology of Brassicaceae from Central Punjab-Pakistan. <em>Microscopy Research & Technique</em> 83: 446–454. https://doi.org/10.1002/jemt.23432</p>
<p>Anjum, N.A., Gill, Ahmad, I., Pacheco, M., Duarte, A.C., Umar, S., Khan, N.A. & Pereira, M.E. (2012) The Plant Family Brassicaceae: An Introduction.<em> In: </em>Anjum, N., Ahmad, I., Pereira, M., Duarte, A., Umar, S. & Khan, N. (Eds.) The Plant Family Brassicaceae. <em>Environmental Pollution</em>, vol 21. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-3913-0_1</p>
<p>Appel, O. & Al-Shehbaz, I.A. (2003) Cruciferae.<em> In: </em>Kubitzki K, Bayer C (Eds.) <em>The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants,</em> pp. 75-174. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-07255-4_17</p>
<p>Başer, B., Baygeldi, Z. & Şahin, B. (2018) Pollen morphology of some <em>Alyssum</em> L. (Brassicaceae) from Turkey. <em>Bitlis Eren University Journal of Science and Technology</em> 8 (2): 60–68. https://doi.org/10.17678/beuscitech.402885</p>
<p>Bentham, G. & Hooker, J.D. (1862) <em>Genera Plantarum.</em> Vol. 1, Reeve, London.</p>
<p>Boissier, E. (1867) <em>Flora Orientalis.</em> Vol. l. H. Georg, Basel & Genève, XXXIV + 1017 pp.</p>
<p>Bulbul, A.S., Varlik, K., Armagan, M. & Arslan, A. (2019) Fruits, seeds and pollen morphology of <em>Alyssum</em> L. (Brassicaceae) and their taxonomic value. <em>Fresenius Environmental Bulletin</em> 28 (3): 2199–2219.</p>
<p>Cetlová, V., Zozomová-Lihová, J., Melichárková, A., Mártonfiová, L. & Španiel, S. (2021) Multiple drivers of high species diversity and endemism among <em>Alyssum</em> annuals in the Mediterranean: the evolutionary significance of the Aegean hotspot. <em>Frontiers in Plant Science</em> 12: 627909. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.627909</p>
<p>Dudley, T.R. (1964) Synopsis of the genus <em>Alyssum. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum </em>45: 57–100.<em> </em>https://doi.org/10.5962/p.185685</p>
<p>Dudley, T.R. (1965a) <em>Alyssum</em> L. <em>In: </em>Davis, P.H. (Ed.) <em>Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands.</em> Vol. 1. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 362–409.</p>
<p>Dudley, T.R. (1965b) Studies in Alyssum. <em>Journal of the Arnold Arboretum </em>46: 195–196. https://doi.org/10.5962/p.185697</p>
<p>Emberger, M.L. & Maire, R.C.J.E. (1932) <em>Alyssum antiatlanticum</em> Emb. & Maire <em>In: Maire, Bulletin de la Société d’Histoire Naturelle de l’Afrique du Nord </em>23: 165.</p>
<p>Erdtman, G. (1966) <em>Pollen morphology and plant taxonomy.</em> New York and London: Hafner Publishing Company.</p>
<p>Gabr, D.G.I. (2018) Taxonomic Importance of Pollen Morphology for Some Species of Brassicaceae. <em>Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences</em> 21 (5): 215–223. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2018.215.223</p>
<p>Karabacak, O., Duran, A. & Çelik, M. (2016) <em>Alyssum amasianum</em> (Brassicaceae), a new species from North Anatolia, Turkey. <em>Turkish Journal of Botany</em> 40: 402–411. https://doi.org/10.3906/bot-1508-2</p>
<p>Karaismailoğlu, M.C. (2020) Petiole Anatomy of 21 Representatives of Tribe <em>Alysseae</em> (Brassicaceae) from Turkey. <em>KSU Journal of Agriculture and Nature </em>23 (6): 1535–1544. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.722766</p>
<p>Khalik, K.A., Van den Berg, R.G., Van der Maesen, L.J.G., El Hadidi, M.N. (2002) Pollen morphology of some tribes of Brassicaceae from Egypt and its systematic implications. <em>Feddes Repertorium</em> 113 (3–4): 211–223. https://doi.org/10.1002/1522-239X(200208)113:3/4<211::AID-FEDR211>3.0.CO;2-A</p>
<p>Koch, W.D.J. (1836) <em>Synopsis florae germanicae et helveticae.</em> F. Wilmans, Francofurti ad Moenum [Frankfurt am Main], 102 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.6629</p>
<p>Koti, S., Reddy, K.R., Kakani, V.G., Zhao, D. & Reddy, V.R. (2004) Soybean (<em>Glycine max</em>) pollen germination characteristics, flower, and pollen morphology in response to enhanced ultraviolet-B radiation. <em>Annals of Botany</em> 94 (6): 855–864. <em> h</em>ttps://doi.org/10.1093/ab/mch212</p>
<p>Kuprianova, L.A. (1967) Apertures of pollen grains and their evolution in angiosperms. <em>Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology</em> 3: 73–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-6667(67)90041-3</p>
<p>Kürşat, M., Civelek, Ş., Kandil, A. (2008) <em>Alyssum harputicum</em> Dudley’in (Brassicaceae) Morfolojik, Anatomik ve Polen Özellikleri ile Kromozom Sayısı Bakımından Araştırılması. <em>Fırat Üniversitesi Fen ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi</em> 20 (2): 205–215.</p>
<p>Linnaeus, C. (1753) Species plantarum. Impensis Laurentii Salvii, Holmia [Stockholm], 1200 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.669</p>
<p>Marhold, K. & Lihová, J. (2006) Polyploidy, hybridisation and reticulate evolution: lessons from the Brassicaceae. <em>Plant Systematics and Evolution</em> 259: 143–174. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-006-0417-x</p>
<p>Mutlu, B. & Erik, S. (2012) Pollen morphology and its taxonomic significance of the genus <em>Arabis</em> (Brassicaceae) in Turkey. <em>Plant Systematics and Evolution</em> 298: 1931–1946. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-012-0692-7</p>
<p>Nazari, Z., Ejtehadi, H. & Kavousi, K. (2013) Taxonomy of <em>Alyssum</em> sect. <em>Gamosepalum</em> on the basis of anatomical properties. <em>Acta Botanica Hungarica</em> 55: 3–4. https://doi.org/10.1556/ABot.56.2014.1-2.13</p>
<p>Raza, A., Hafeez, M.B., Zahra, N., Shaukat, K., Umbreen, S., Tabassum, J., Charagh, S., Khan, R.S.A. & Hasanuzzaman, M. (2020) The Plant Family Brassicaceae: Introduction, Biology, And Importance.<em> In: </em>Hasanuzzaman, M. (Eds.) <em>The Plant Family Brassicaceae.</em> Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6345-4_1</p>
<p>Rešetnik, I., Satovic, Z., Schneeweiss, GM. & Liber, Z. (2013) Phylogenetic relationships in Brassicaceae tribe Alysseae inferred from nuclear ribosomal and chloroplast DNA sequence data. <em>Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution</em> 69 (3): 772–786. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2013.06.026</p>
<p>Salmerón-Sánchez, E., Fuertes-Aguilar, J., Španiel, S., Pérez-García, F.J., Merlo, E., Garrido-Becerra, J.A. & Mota, J. (2018) Plant evolution in alkaline magnesium-rich soils: A phylogenetic study of the Mediterranean genus <em>Hormathophylla</em> (Cruciferae: Alysseae) based on nuclear and plastid sequences. <em>PLoS ONE</em> 13: e0208307. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0208307</p>
<p>Španiel, S., Kempa, M., Salmerón-Sánchez, E., Fuertes-Aguilar, J., Mota, JF., Al-Shehbaz, IA., German, DA., Olšavská, K., Šingliarová, B., Zozomová-Lihová, J. & Marhold, K. (2015) AlyBase: database of names, chromosome numbers, and ploidy levels of Alysseae (Brassicaceae), with a new generic concept of the tribe. <em>Plant Systematics and Evolution </em>301: 2463–2491. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-015-1257-3</p>
<p>Zhou, T., Lianli, L., Guang, Y. & Al-Shehbaz, I.A. (2001) Brassicaceae (Cruciferae). <em>In:</em> Wu, Z.Y. & Raven, P.H. (Eds.) <em>Flora of China. </em>Vol. 8. Missouri Botanical Garden Press. pp. 1–193.</p>
<p>Uysal, T., Bozkurt, M., Tugay, O., Ertuğrul, K., Şimşek Sezer, E.N. & Köse, Y.B. (2017) Karyomorphology of Turkish species in <em>Centaurea</em> sections <em>Centaurea</em> and <em>Phalolepis</em> (Asteraceae) and implications for taxonomy. <em>Plant Biosystems </em>151 (6): 949–964. https://doi.org/10.1080/11263504.2016.1218967</p>
<p>Walker, J.W. (1974) Aperture evolution in the pollen of primitive angiosperms. <em>American Journal of Botany</em> 61: 1112–1137. https://doi.org/10.2307/2441929</p>
<p>Warwick, S.I., Sauder, C.A. & Al-Shehbaz, I.A. (2008) Phylogenetic relationships in the tribe Alysseae (Brassicaceae) based on nuclear ribosomal ITS DNA sequences. <em>Botany Botanique</em> 86: 315–336. https://doi.org/10.1139/B08-013</p>
<p>Wodehouse, R.P. (1935) <em>Pollen Grains. </em>Mc Grew Hill, New York.</p>
<p>Yeloff, D., Blokker, P., Boelen, P., Rozema, J. (2008) Is Pollen Morphology of Salix Polaris Affected by Enhanced UV-B Irradiation? Results from a Field Experiment in High Arctic Tundra. <em>Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research</em> 40 (4): 770–774. https://doi.org/10.1657/1523-0430(07-045)[YELOFF]2.0.CO;2</p>
<p>Yılmaz, Ö. (2012) <em>Alyssum kaynakiae</em> sp. nov. (sect. <em>Gamosepalum</em>, Brassicaceae) from southwest Anatolia, Turkey. <em>Nordic Journal of Botany</em> 30: 190–194. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-1051.2011.01402.x</p>
<p>Al-Shehbaz, I.A., Mutlu, B. & Dönmez, A.A. (2007) The Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) of Turkey, Updated. <em>Turkish Journal of Botany</em> 31: 327–336.</p>
<p>Al-Shehbaz, I.A. (2012) A generic and tribal synopsis of the Brassicaceae (Cruciferae). <em>Taxon</em> 61 (5): 931–954. https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.615002</p>
<p>Amina, H., Ahmad, M., Bhatti, G.R., Zafar, M., Sultana, S., Butt, M.A., Bahadur, S., Haq, I.-U., Ghufran, M.A., Lubna, Ahmad, S. & Ashfaq, S. (2020) Microscopic investigation of pollen morphology of Brassicaceae from Central Punjab-Pakistan. <em>Microscopy Research & Technique</em> 83: 446–454. https://doi.org/10.1002/jemt.23432</p>
<p>Anjum, N.A., Gill, Ahmad, I., Pacheco, M., Duarte, A.C., Umar, S., Khan, N.A. & Pereira, M.E. (2012) The Plant Family Brassicaceae: An Introduction.<em> In: </em>Anjum, N., Ahmad, I., Pereira, M., Duarte, A., Umar, S. & Khan, N. (Eds.) The Plant Family Brassicaceae. <em>Environmental Pollution</em>, vol 21. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-3913-0_1</p>
<p>Appel, O. & Al-Shehbaz, I.A. (2003) Cruciferae.<em> In: </em>Kubitzki K, Bayer C (Eds.) <em>The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants,</em> pp. 75-174. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-07255-4_17</p>
<p>Başer, B., Baygeldi, Z. & Şahin, B. (2018) Pollen morphology of some <em>Alyssum</em> L. (Brassicaceae) from Turkey. <em>Bitlis Eren University Journal of Science and Technology</em> 8 (2): 60–68. https://doi.org/10.17678/beuscitech.402885</p>
<p>Bentham, G. & Hooker, J.D. (1862) <em>Genera Plantarum.</em> Vol. 1, Reeve, London.</p>
<p>Boissier, E. (1867) <em>Flora Orientalis.</em> Vol. l. H. Georg, Basel & Genève, XXXIV + 1017 pp.</p>
<p>Bulbul, A.S., Varlik, K., Armagan, M. & Arslan, A. (2019) Fruits, seeds and pollen morphology of <em>Alyssum</em> L. (Brassicaceae) and their taxonomic value. <em>Fresenius Environmental Bulletin</em> 28 (3): 2199–2219.</p>
<p>Cetlová, V., Zozomová-Lihová, J., Melichárková, A., Mártonfiová, L. & Španiel, S. (2021) Multiple drivers of high species diversity and endemism among <em>Alyssum</em> annuals in the Mediterranean: the evolutionary significance of the Aegean hotspot. <em>Frontiers in Plant Science</em> 12: 627909. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.627909</p>
<p>Dudley, T.R. (1964) Synopsis of the genus <em>Alyssum. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum </em>45: 57–100.<em> </em>https://doi.org/10.5962/p.185685</p>
<p>Dudley, T.R. (1965a) <em>Alyssum</em> L. <em>In: </em>Davis, P.H. (Ed.) <em>Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands.</em> Vol. 1. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 362–409.</p>
<p>Dudley, T.R. (1965b) Studies in Alyssum. <em>Journal of the Arnold Arboretum </em>46: 195–196. https://doi.org/10.5962/p.185697</p>
<p>Emberger, M.L. & Maire, R.C.J.E. (1932) <em>Alyssum antiatlanticum</em> Emb. & Maire <em>In: Maire, Bulletin de la Société d’Histoire Naturelle de l’Afrique du Nord </em>23: 165.</p>
<p>Erdtman, G. (1966) <em>Pollen morphology and plant taxonomy.</em> New York and London: Hafner Publishing Company.</p>
<p>Gabr, D.G.I. (2018) Taxonomic Importance of Pollen Morphology for Some Species of Brassicaceae. <em>Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences</em> 21 (5): 215–223. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2018.215.223</p>
<p>Karabacak, O., Duran, A. & Çelik, M. (2016) <em>Alyssum amasianum</em> (Brassicaceae), a new species from North Anatolia, Turkey. <em>Turkish Journal of Botany</em> 40: 402–411. https://doi.org/10.3906/bot-1508-2</p>
<p>Karaismailoğlu, M.C. (2020) Petiole Anatomy of 21 Representatives of Tribe <em>Alysseae</em> (Brassicaceae) from Turkey. <em>KSU Journal of Agriculture and Nature </em>23 (6): 1535–1544. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.722766</p>
<p>Khalik, K.A., Van den Berg, R.G., Van der Maesen, L.J.G., El Hadidi, M.N. (2002) Pollen morphology of some tribes of Brassicaceae from Egypt and its systematic implications. <em>Feddes Repertorium</em> 113 (3–4): 211–223. https://doi.org/10.1002/1522-239X(200208)113:3/4<211::AID-FEDR211>3.0.CO;2-A</p>
<p>Koch, W.D.J. (1836) <em>Synopsis florae germanicae et helveticae.</em> F. Wilmans, Francofurti ad Moenum [Frankfurt am Main], 102 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.6629</p>
<p>Koti, S., Reddy, K.R., Kakani, V.G., Zhao, D. & Reddy, V.R. (2004) Soybean (<em>Glycine max</em>) pollen germination characteristics, flower, and pollen morphology in response to enhanced ultraviolet-B radiation. <em>Annals of Botany</em> 94 (6): 855–864. <em> h</em>ttps://doi.org/10.1093/ab/mch212</p>
<p>Kuprianova, L.A. (1967) Apertures of pollen grains and their evolution in angiosperms. <em>Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology</em> 3: 73–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-6667(67)90041-3</p>
<p>Kürşat, M., Civelek, Ş., Kandil, A. (2008) <em>Alyssum harputicum</em> Dudley’in (Brassicaceae) Morfolojik, Anatomik ve Polen Özellikleri ile Kromozom Sayısı Bakımından Araştırılması. <em>Fırat Üniversitesi Fen ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi</em> 20 (2): 205–215.</p>
<p>Linnaeus, C. (1753) Species plantarum. Impensis Laurentii Salvii, Holmia [Stockholm], 1200 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.669</p>
<p>Marhold, K. & Lihová, J. (2006) Polyploidy, hybridisation and reticulate evolution: lessons from the Brassicaceae. <em>Plant Systematics and Evolution</em> 259: 143–174. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-006-0417-x</p>
<p>Mutlu, B. & Erik, S. (2012) Pollen morphology and its taxonomic significance of the genus <em>Arabis</em> (Brassicaceae) in Turkey. <em>Plant Systematics and Evolution</em> 298: 1931–1946. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-012-0692-7</p>
<p>Nazari, Z., Ejtehadi, H. & Kavousi, K. (2013) Taxonomy of <em>Alyssum</em> sect. <em>Gamosepalum</em> on the basis of anatomical properties. <em>Acta Botanica Hungarica</em> 55: 3–4. https://doi.org/10.1556/ABot.56.2014.1-2.13</p>
<p>Raza, A., Hafeez, M.B., Zahra, N., Shaukat, K., Umbreen, S., Tabassum, J., Charagh, S., Khan, R.S.A. & Hasanuzzaman, M. (2020) The Plant Family Brassicaceae: Introduction, Biology, And Importance.<em> In: </em>Hasanuzzaman, M. (Eds.) <em>The Plant Family Brassicaceae.</em> Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6345-4_1</p>
<p>Rešetnik, I., Satovic, Z., Schneeweiss, GM. & Liber, Z. (2013) Phylogenetic relationships in Brassicaceae tribe Alysseae inferred from nuclear ribosomal and chloroplast DNA sequence data. <em>Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution</em> 69 (3): 772–786. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2013.06.026</p>
<p>Salmerón-Sánchez, E., Fuertes-Aguilar, J., Španiel, S., Pérez-García, F.J., Merlo, E., Garrido-Becerra, J.A. & Mota, J. (2018) Plant evolution in alkaline magnesium-rich soils: A phylogenetic study of the Mediterranean genus <em>Hormathophylla</em> (Cruciferae: Alysseae) based on nuclear and plastid sequences. <em>PLoS ONE</em> 13: e0208307. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0208307</p>
<p>Španiel, S., Kempa, M., Salmerón-Sánchez, E., Fuertes-Aguilar, J., Mota, JF., Al-Shehbaz, IA., German, DA., Olšavská, K., Šingliarová, B., Zozomová-Lihová, J. & Marhold, K. (2015) AlyBase: database of names, chromosome numbers, and ploidy levels of Alysseae (Brassicaceae), with a new generic concept of the tribe. <em>Plant Systematics and Evolution </em>301: 2463–2491. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-015-1257-3</p>
<p>Zhou, T., Lianli, L., Guang, Y. & Al-Shehbaz, I.A. (2001) Brassicaceae (Cruciferae). <em>In:</em> Wu, Z.Y. & Raven, P.H. (Eds.) <em>Flora of China. </em>Vol. 8. Missouri Botanical Garden Press. pp. 1–193.</p>
<p>Uysal, T., Bozkurt, M., Tugay, O., Ertuğrul, K., Şimşek Sezer, E.N. & Köse, Y.B. (2017) Karyomorphology of Turkish species in <em>Centaurea</em> sections <em>Centaurea</em> and <em>Phalolepis</em> (Asteraceae) and implications for taxonomy. <em>Plant Biosystems </em>151 (6): 949–964. https://doi.org/10.1080/11263504.2016.1218967</p>
<p>Walker, J.W. (1974) Aperture evolution in the pollen of primitive angiosperms. <em>American Journal of Botany</em> 61: 1112–1137. https://doi.org/10.2307/2441929</p>
<p>Warwick, S.I., Sauder, C.A. & Al-Shehbaz, I.A. (2008) Phylogenetic relationships in the tribe Alysseae (Brassicaceae) based on nuclear ribosomal ITS DNA sequences. <em>Botany Botanique</em> 86: 315–336. https://doi.org/10.1139/B08-013</p>
<p>Wodehouse, R.P. (1935) <em>Pollen Grains. </em>Mc Grew Hill, New York.</p>
<p>Yeloff, D., Blokker, P., Boelen, P., Rozema, J. (2008) Is Pollen Morphology of Salix Polaris Affected by Enhanced UV-B Irradiation? Results from a Field Experiment in High Arctic Tundra. <em>Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research</em> 40 (4): 770–774. https://doi.org/10.1657/1523-0430(07-045)[YELOFF]2.0.CO;2</p>
<p>Yılmaz, Ö. (2012) <em>Alyssum kaynakiae</em> sp. nov. (sect. <em>Gamosepalum</em>, Brassicaceae) from southwest Anatolia, Turkey. <em>Nordic Journal of Botany</em> 30: 190–194. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-1051.2011.01402.x</p>