Abstract
Sorocea (Moraceae) includes approximately 25 species with a Neotropical distribution and can be recognized by being shrubs to dioecious trees with paired or solitary racemose inflorescences in the leaf axils. The number of species and the phylogenetic position of this genus are divergent according to different studies. In this work, we performed a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of Sorocea including species after Berg’s study of the genus for the Flora Neotropica. We analysed 42 accessions of Moraceae (34 taxa), including all tribes, being 21 accessions of Sorocea (13 taxa). The phylogenetic analyses were based on plastid (trnL-F) and nuclear (ITS 4-5 and FA16180b) markers using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference. The analyses of the combined data strongly supported the monophyly of Sorocea and its position in the Moreae tribe. The genus can be divided into three major well-supported clades, for which we described novel morphological characteristics. Morphological and phylogenetic analyses suggest the ressurection of S. jureiana, S. klotzschiana, S. racemosa and S. uaupensis as species.
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<p>Berg, C.C. (2005) Flora Malesiana precursor for the treatment of Moraceae 8: other genera than <em>Ficus. Blumea </em>50: 535<em>–</em>550. https://doi.org/10.3767/000651905X622815</p>
<p>BFG. (2015) Growing knowledge: an overview of Seed Plant diversity in Brazil. <em>Rodriguesia </em>66: 1085<em>–</em>1113. https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-7860201566411</p>
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<p>Burger, W.G., Lanjouw, J. & Boer, J.G.W. (1962) The genus <em>Sorocea </em>St. Hil. (Morac.). <em>Acta Botanica Neerlandica </em>11: 428–477. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1438-8677.1962.tb00098.x</p>
<p>Clement, W.L. (2008) <em>Phylogeny and Pollination Ecology of Castilleae (Moraceae): Investigating the Evolutionary History of the Figs’ Closest Relatives</em>. Doctoral thesis, University of Minnesota, Minnesota, 296 pp.</p>
<p>Clement, W.L. & Weiblen, G.D. (2009) Morphological Evolution in the Mulberry Family (Moraceae). <em>Systematic Botany</em> 34: 530–552. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364409789271155</p>
<p>Corner, E.J.H. (1962) The Classification of Moraceae. <em>The Gardens’ bulletin, Singapore</em> 19: 187<em>–</em>252.</p>
<p>Cunningam, C.W. (1997) Can three incongruence tests predict when data should be combined? <em>Molecular Biology and Evolution </em>14: 733–740. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025813</p>
<p>Darriba, D., Taboada, G.L., Doallo, R. & Posada, D. (2012) jModelTest 2: more models, new heuristics and parallel computing. <em>Nature Methods</em> 9: 772. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.2109</p>
<p>Datwyler, S.L. & Weiblen, G.D. (2004) On the origin of fig: phylogenetic relationships of Moraceae from <em>ndhF </em>sequences. <em>American Journal of Botany</em> 91: 767–777. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.91.5.767</p>
<p>Engler, G.H.A. (1889) Moraceae. <em>In</em>: Engler, G.H.A. & Prantl, K. (Eds.) <em>Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien</em>. Vol. 3. Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 66–98.</p>
<p>Erixon, P., Svennblad, B., Britton, T. & Oxelman, B. (2003) Reliability of Bayesian Posterior Probabilities and Bootstrap Frequencies in Phylogenetics. <em>Systematic Biology</em> 52: 665–673. https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150390235485</p>
<p>Farris, J.S. (1989) The retention index and the rescaled consistency index. <em>Cladistics</em> 5: 417–419. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.1989.tb00573.x</p>
<p>Farris, J.S., Kallersjo, M., Kluge, A.G. & Bult, C.T. (1995) Testing significance in incongruence. <em>Cladistics</em> 10: 315–319. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.1994.tb00181.x</p>
<p>Felsenstein, J. (1985) Confidence limits on phylogenies: an approach using the bootstrap. <em>Evolution</em> 39: 783–791. https://doi.org/10.2307/2408678</p>
<p>Gaudichaud, C. (1844) Voyage autour de Monde éxécuté pendant les Années 136 et 1837 sur la Corvette la Bonite. <em>Botanique</em> 3 (Atlas): 1–150.</p>
<p>Hassler, E. (1907) Plantae paraguarienses, novae vel minus cognitae. <em>Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier</em>, sér. 2, v. 7: 1–80.</p>
<p>Hemsley, W.B. (1883) Enumeration of incompletae, Monocotyledons, and Cryptogamic vasculares, with description of new species. <em>Biologia Centrali-Americana</em>, Botany 3: 1–711.</p>
<p>Karsten, G.K.W.H. (1863) <em>Batocarpus orinocensis</em> Krst. <em>Florae Columbiae</em> 2: 67–68.</p>
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