Abstract
During floral biology studies in Northeastern Brazil, populations of Harpochilus from central-southern Bahia have been found to differ from H. neesianus. Following extensive fieldwork and floral visitor observations, studies of all available specimens, coupled with micromorphology of indumentum and pollen, we have gathered sufficient evidence to recognize these populations as distinct and a new species. H. corrugatus is hereby described and illustrated. Harpochilus corrugatus differs from its closest ally, H. neesianus, by having sessile, corrugate, deltoid leaves and yellow flowers with a brownish-purple hue. A distribution map and identification key to distinguish the three species of the genus are presented, and the IUCN category of threat for the new species was assessed as Endangered. Glossophaginae bats were observed to be the floral visitor, suggesting that this is another bat-pollinated species of that genus from the Caatinga biome.
References
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<p>Monteiro, F.K.S., Fernando, E.M.P., Lucena, M.F.A. & Melo, J.I.M. (2018) A new species of northeastern Brazilian endemic genus <em>Harpochilus</em> (Acanthaceae). <em>Phytotaxa</em> 358: 289–294. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.358.3.6</p>
<p>Moricand, S. (1847) <em>Plantes nouvelles d’Amerique 9</em>. Jules G. Fick, Genève, pp. 141–176.</p>
<p>Nees von Esenbeck, C.G. (1832) Acanthaceae Indiae Orientalis. <em>In</em>: Wallich, N. (Ed.) <em>Plantae Asiaticae rariores 3</em>. Treuttel and Würtz, London, pp. 70–117. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.468</p>
<p>Nees von Esenbeck, C.G. (1847) Acanthaceae. <em>In</em>: von Martius, K.P., Eichler, A.G. & Urban, I. (Eds.) <em>Flora Brasiliensis 9</em>. Typographia Regia, Monachii, pp. 1–164, t. 1–31.</p>
<p>Profice, S. & Leitman, P. (2013) <em>Clistax bahiensis</em> (Acanthaceae), a new epiphytic species from Bahia, Brazil. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 132 (1): 48–51. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.132.1.4</p>
<p>Radford, E., Dickison, W.C., Massey, J.R. & Bell, C.R. (1974) <em>Vascular plant systematics</em>. 2nd ed. Harper and Row, New York. 891 pp.</p>
<p>REFLORA 2020 (2021) Reflora - Virtual Herbarium. Available from: http://reflora.jbrj.gov.br/reflora/herbarioVirtual/ (accessed 1 November 2021)</p>
<p>Rizzini, C.T. (1948) Disquisito Circa Acanthacearum Aliquot Genera Brasiliensia. <em>Archivos do Jardim Botanico do Rio de Janeiro</em> 8: 295–372.</p>
<p>Robards, A.W. (1978) An introduction to techniques for scanning electron microscopy of plant cells. <em>Electron Microscopy and Cytochemistry of Plant Cells, ed. J. L. Hall.</em> Elsevier, New York, pp. 343–403.</p>
<p>Silva, R.M. & Consolaro, H.N. (2015) Polinização e sistema reprodutivo de Acanthaceae Juss. no Brasil: uma revisão. <em>Bioscience Journal</em> 31: 890–907. https://doi.org/10.14393/BJ-v31n3a2015-23979</p>
<p>Thiers, B. (2020 [continuously updated]) Index Herbariorum: a global directory of public herbaria and associated staff. Available from: http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/ (accessed 1 January 2020)</p>
<p>Vogel, S. (1969) Chiropterophilie in der neotropischen Flora Neue Mitteilungen II. <em>Flora oder Allgemeine botanische Zeitung. Abt. B, Morphologie und Geobotanik</em> 158: 185–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0367-1801(17)30208-9</p>
<p>Vogel, S., Machado, I.C. & Lopes, A.V. (2004) <em>Harpochilus neesianus</em> and other novel cases of chiropterophily in neotropical Acanthaceae. <em>Taxon</em> 53: 55–60. https://doi.org/10.2307/4135488</p>
<p>Wasshausen, D.C. (1973) New combinations in cultivated <em>Justicia</em> (Acanthaceae). <em>Baileya</em> 19 (1): 1–3.</p>
<p>Bentham, G. (1876) Acanthaceae. <em>In</em>: Bentham, G. & Hooker, J.D. (Eds.) <em>Genera plantarum </em>2 (2). Reeve & Co. and Williams & Norgate, Londini [London], pp. 1060–1122.</p>
<p>Côrtes, A.L.A., Borges, R.L.B. & Rapini, A. (2010) Reinstatement of <em>Thyrsacanthus</em> Moric. (Acanthaceae) and taxonomic novelties in the genus. <em>Taxon</em> 59: 965–972. https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.593025</p>
<p>Côrtes, A.L.A. & Rapini, A. (2013) Justicieae (Acanthaceae) do Semiárido do Estado da Bahia, Brasil. <em>Hoehnea</em> 40: 253–292. https://doi.org/10.1590/S2236-89062013000200003</p>
<p>Costa-Lima, J.L.D. & Chagas, E.C.D.O. (2019) A revision of <em>Harpochilus</em> sheds light on new combinations under <em>Justicia</em> (Acanthaceae). <em>Phytotaxa</em> 393: 119–130. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.393.2.3</p>
<p>Diniz, U.M., Domingos-Melo, A. & Machado, I.C. (2019) Flowers up! The effect of floral height along the shoot axis on the fitness of bat-pollinated species. <em>Annals of Botany</em> 124: 809–818. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcz116</p>
<p>Dobat, K. & Peikert-Holle, T. (1985) <em>Blüten und Fledermäuse</em>. Waldemar Kramer, Frankfurt.</p>
<p>Dumortier, B.C.J. (1829) <em>Analyse des familles des plantes, avec l’indication des principaux genres qui s’y rattachent</em>. J. Casterman, Ainé, Tournay, 104 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.443</p>
<p>Fleming, T.H., Geiselman, C. & Kress, W.J. (2009) The evolution of bat pollination: a phylogenetic perspective. <em>Annals of Botany</em> 104: 1017–1043. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcp197</p>
<p>INCT (2021) <em>Herbário Virtual da Flora e dos Fungos</em>. Available from: https://specieslink.net/ (accessed 1 January 2022)</p>
<p>IUCN (2014) <em>IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1. Second edition. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN.</em> 2nd ed. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland & Cambridge, UK. pp. 1–32.</p>
<p>Kiel, C.A., Daniel, T.F., Darbyshire, I. & McDade, L.A. (2017) Unraveling relationships in the morphologically diverse and taxonomically challenging “justicioid” lineage (Acanthaceae: Justicieae). <em>Taxon</em> 66: 645–674. https://doi.org/10.12705/663.8</p>
<p>Kiel, C.A., Daniel, T.F. & McDade, L.A. (2018) Phylogenetics of New World “justicioids” (Justicieae: Acanthaceae): Major Lineages, Morphological Patterns, and Widespread Incongruence with Classification. <em>Systematic Botany</em> 43: 459–484. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364418X697201</p>
<p>Lindau, G.B. (1895) Acanthaceae. <em>In</em>: Engler, A. & Prantl, K. (Eds.) <em>Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien nebst ihren Gattungen und wichtigeren Arten, insbesondere den Nutzpflanzen, unter Mitwirkung zahlreicher hervorragender Fachgelehrten begründet, IV Teil, 3 Abteilun b.</em> Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 274–354.</p>
<p>Lindau, G. (1914) Acanthaceae. <em>In</em>: Pilger, R. (1914) Plantae Uleanae novae vel minus cognitae. <em>Notizblatt des Königlichen Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin</em> 6: 192–200. https://doi.org/10.2307/3994404</p>
<p>Linnaeus, C. (1753) <em>Species Plantarum</em> 1. Impensis Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm, 560 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.669</p>
<p>Martius, C.F.P. (1829) <em>Nova genera et species plantarum: quas in itinere per Brasiliam MDCCCXVII-MDCCCXX jussu et auspiciis Maximiliani Josephi I., Bavariae regis augustissimi instituto, vol. III</em>. Caroli Wolf, Monachii [Munich], 198 pp.</p>
<p>McDade, L.A., Daniel, T.F. & Kiel, C.A. (2018) The Tetramerium Lineage (Acanthaceae, Justicieae) Revisited: Phylogenetic Relationships Reveal Polyphyly of Many New World Genera Accompanied by Rampant Evolution of Floral Morphology. <em>Systematic Botany</em> 43: 97–116. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364418X697003</p>
<p>Monteiro, F.K.S., Fernando, E.M.P., Lucena, M.F.A. & Melo, J.I.M. (2018) A new species of northeastern Brazilian endemic genus <em>Harpochilus</em> (Acanthaceae). <em>Phytotaxa</em> 358: 289–294. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.358.3.6</p>
<p>Moricand, S. (1847) <em>Plantes nouvelles d’Amerique 9</em>. Jules G. Fick, Genève, pp. 141–176.</p>
<p>Nees von Esenbeck, C.G. (1832) Acanthaceae Indiae Orientalis. <em>In</em>: Wallich, N. (Ed.) <em>Plantae Asiaticae rariores 3</em>. Treuttel and Würtz, London, pp. 70–117. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.468</p>
<p>Nees von Esenbeck, C.G. (1847) Acanthaceae. <em>In</em>: von Martius, K.P., Eichler, A.G. & Urban, I. (Eds.) <em>Flora Brasiliensis 9</em>. Typographia Regia, Monachii, pp. 1–164, t. 1–31.</p>
<p>Profice, S. & Leitman, P. (2013) <em>Clistax bahiensis</em> (Acanthaceae), a new epiphytic species from Bahia, Brazil. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 132 (1): 48–51. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.132.1.4</p>
<p>Radford, E., Dickison, W.C., Massey, J.R. & Bell, C.R. (1974) <em>Vascular plant systematics</em>. 2nd ed. Harper and Row, New York. 891 pp.</p>
<p>REFLORA 2020 (2021) Reflora - Virtual Herbarium. Available from: http://reflora.jbrj.gov.br/reflora/herbarioVirtual/ (accessed 1 November 2021)</p>
<p>Rizzini, C.T. (1948) Disquisito Circa Acanthacearum Aliquot Genera Brasiliensia. <em>Archivos do Jardim Botanico do Rio de Janeiro</em> 8: 295–372.</p>
<p>Robards, A.W. (1978) An introduction to techniques for scanning electron microscopy of plant cells. <em>Electron Microscopy and Cytochemistry of Plant Cells, ed. J. L. Hall.</em> Elsevier, New York, pp. 343–403.</p>
<p>Silva, R.M. & Consolaro, H.N. (2015) Polinização e sistema reprodutivo de Acanthaceae Juss. no Brasil: uma revisão. <em>Bioscience Journal</em> 31: 890–907. https://doi.org/10.14393/BJ-v31n3a2015-23979</p>
<p>Thiers, B. (2020 [continuously updated]) Index Herbariorum: a global directory of public herbaria and associated staff. Available from: http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/ (accessed 1 January 2020)</p>
<p>Vogel, S. (1969) Chiropterophilie in der neotropischen Flora Neue Mitteilungen II. <em>Flora oder Allgemeine botanische Zeitung. Abt. B, Morphologie und Geobotanik</em> 158: 185–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0367-1801(17)30208-9</p>
<p>Vogel, S., Machado, I.C. & Lopes, A.V. (2004) <em>Harpochilus neesianus</em> and other novel cases of chiropterophily in neotropical Acanthaceae. <em>Taxon</em> 53: 55–60. https://doi.org/10.2307/4135488</p>
<p>Wasshausen, D.C. (1973) New combinations in cultivated <em>Justicia</em> (Acanthaceae). <em>Baileya</em> 19 (1): 1–3.</p>