Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
Type: Monograph
Published: 2022-03-01
Page range: 1-62
Abstract views: 85
PDF downloaded: 3

Floristic diversity in Cold Desert regions of Uttarakhand Himalaya, India

Centre for Biodiversity Conservation and Management, G.B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment, Kosi - Katarmal, Almora - 263643, Uttarakhand, India
Centre for Biodiversity Conservation and Management, G.B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment, Kosi - Katarmal, Almora - 263643, Uttarakhand, India
Centre for Biodiversity Conservation and Management, G.B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment, Kosi - Katarmal, Almora - 263643, Uttarakhand, India
Centre for Biodiversity Conservation and Management, G.B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment, Kosi - Katarmal, Almora - 263643, Uttarakhand, India
Centre for Biodiversity Conservation and Management, G.B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment, Kosi - Katarmal, Almora - 263643, Uttarakhand, India
Centre for Biodiversity Conservation and Management, G.B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment, Kosi - Katarmal, Almora - 263643, Uttarakhand, India
Centre for Biodiversity Conservation and Management, G.B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment, Kosi - Katarmal, Almora - 263643, Uttarakhand, India
Centre for Biodiversity Conservation and Management, G.B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment, Kosi - Katarmal, Almora - 263643, Uttarakhand, India
Centre for Biodiversity Conservation and Management, G.B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment, Kosi - Katarmal, Almora - 263643, Uttarakhand, India
Centre for Biodiversity Conservation and Management, G.B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment, Kosi - Katarmal, Almora - 263643, Uttarakhand, India
Centre for Biodiversity Conservation and Management, G.B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment, Kosi - Katarmal, Almora - 263643, Uttarakhand, India
Centre for Biodiversity Conservation and Management, G.B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment, Kosi - Katarmal, Almora - 263643, Uttarakhand, India
Floristic diversity Cold desert regions Uttarakhand Indian Himalaya General

Abstract

Cold desert regions of Uttarakhand are one of the least explored remote ecosystems in the Himalaya with fragmented database. To address the issue, the task of documenting the floristic diversity of cold deserts of Uttarakhand was taken up in the present study. A total of 932 taxa (908 species, 05 subspecies and 19 varieties) belonging to 371 genera and 76 families of angiosperms and gymnosperms were recorded. In view of conservation of plant diversity, methods such as in-situ conservation, popularizing cultivation of endemic, threatened and high value medicinal plants and controlling the livestock grazing can be adopted.

References

<p>Akhani, H. (2014a)&nbsp;<em>Alopecurus arundinaceus</em>.&nbsp;The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species&nbsp;2014. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.20141.RLTS.T163969A42315869.en (accessed 3 May 2019).</p>
<p>Akhani, H. (2014b)&nbsp;<em>Calamagrostis pseudophragmites</em> The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species&nbsp;2014. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.20141.RLTS.T168800A1233453.en (accessed 3 May 2019).</p>
<p>Akhani, H. (2014c)&nbsp;<em>Caltha palustris</em>.&nbsp;The IUCN Red List of Threatened<em> Species</em>&nbsp;2014. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T167915A42321925.en (accessed 3 May 2019).</p>
<p>Akhani, H. (2014d)&nbsp;<em>Catabrosa aquatica</em>.&nbsp;The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species&nbsp;2014. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T164512A1056668.en (accessed 3 May 2019).</p>
<p>APG (2016) An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV. <em>Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</em> 181 (1): 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12385</p>
<p>Aswal, B.S. &amp; Mehrotra, B.N. (1994) <em>Flora of Lahaul – Spiti (A cold desert in North West Himalaya</em>). Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehradun.</p>
<p>Baker, J.G. (1874) <em>Allium loratum. Journal of Botany </em>12: t. 290.</p>
<p>Barstow, M.&nbsp;(2018)&nbsp;<em>Populus ciliata</em>.&nbsp;The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species&nbsp;2018. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T61959792A61959807.en (accessed 3 May 2019).</p>
<p>Beentje, H.J. &amp; Gupta, A.K.&nbsp;(2017)&nbsp;<em>Juncus bufonius</em>.&nbsp;The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species&nbsp;2017. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T164042A84287155.en (accessed 3 May 2019).</p>
<p>Bell, A. &amp; Bachman, S. (2011)&nbsp;<em>Ephedra intermedia</em>.&nbsp;The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species&nbsp;2011. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T201664A9159437.en (accessed 3 May 2019).</p>
<p>Bentham, G. (1876) <em>Genera Plantarum </em>2: t. 846.</p>
<p>Bentham, G. (1836) <em>Cyananthus integer. Illustrations of Botany and other branches of the Himalayn Mountains and the flora of Cashmere </em>1: t. 309.</p>
<p>Boissier, P.E. (1881) <em>Picea smithiana. Flora orientalis</em> 5: t. 700.</p>
<p>Brown, R. (1810) <em>Polygonum plebeium. Prodromus florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van-Diemen </em>1: t. 420.</p>
<p>Brummitt, N. (2013a)&nbsp;<em>Phleum alpinum</em>.&nbsp;The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species&nbsp;2013. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-2.RLTS.T44393234A44458929.en (accessed 3 May 2019).</p>
<p>Brummitt, N. (2013b)&nbsp;<em>Poa annua</em>.&nbsp;The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species&nbsp;2013. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-2.RLTS.T168729A1217340.en (accessed 3 May 2019).</p>
<p>Candolle, A.P. (1830) <em>Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis, vol. 4-7</em></p>
<p>CGIAR-CSI (2018) Consortium for Spatial information. Available from: http://srtm.csi.cgiar. org (accessed 26 July 2018).</p>
<p>Chadburn, H. &amp; Wilson, B.&nbsp;(2018)&nbsp;<em>Elaeagnus rhamnoides</em>.&nbsp;The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species&nbsp;2018. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.20181.RLTS.T55686342A119996497.en (accessed 3 May 2019).</p>
<p>Chadburn, H. (2012)&nbsp;<em>Oxytropis cachemiriana</em>.&nbsp;The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species&nbsp;2012. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012.RLTS.T19892645A20126020.en (accessed 3 May 2019).</p>
<p>Chandra Sekar, K. &amp; Srivastava, S.K. (2010) A supplement to the flora of Lahaul-Spiti. <em>Journal of Non-Timber Forest Products </em>17 (2): 233–258.</p>
<p>Chandra Sekar, K., Pandey, A., Bhatt, D., Dey, D., Bisht, K. &amp; Rawal, R.S. (2018) <em>Allardia stoliczkae</em> C.B. Clarke (Asteraceae) – A new record for the Uttarakhand, India. <em>Indian Forester </em>144 (5): 479–480.</p>
<p>Chandra Sekar, K., Manikandan, R., &amp; Srivastava, S.K. (2012) Invasive alien plants of Uttarakhand Himalaya. <em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section</em> <em>B: Biological Sciences </em>82: 375–383. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40011-012-0040-2</p>
<p>Chandra Sekar, K., Pandey, A. &amp; Giri, L. (2014) Floristic diversity in Milam Valley: A cold desert regions of Uttarakhand. <em>International Journal of Research in Engineering and</em> <em>Bioscience </em>2 (6): 143–147.</p>
<p>Chase, M.W., Christenhusz, M.J.M., Fay, M.F., Byng, J.W., Judd, W.S., Soltis, D.E., Mabberley, D.J., Sennikov, A.N., Soltis, P.S. &amp; Stevens, P.F. (2016) An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV. <em>Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</em> 181 (1): 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12385</p>
<p>Chen, Y., Gibbs, D. &amp; Oldfield, S.&nbsp;(2018) <em>Acer acuminatum</em>.&nbsp;The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species&nbsp;2018. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T193514A2240864.en (accessed 3 May 2019).</p>
<p>Clarke, C.B. (1879) <em>Heracleum thomsonii. The Flora of British India </em>2: t. 711.</p>
<p>Crook, V. &amp; Bachman, S. (2013)&nbsp;<em>Arisaema jacquemontii</em>.&nbsp;The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species&nbsp;2013. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-2.RLTS.T44393284A44482120.en (accessed 3 May 2019).</p>
<p>Dhar, U. &amp; Samant, S.S. (1993) Endemic plant diversity in Indian Himalaya I. Ranunculaceae and Paeoniaceae. <em>Journal of Biogeography </em>20: 659–668. https://doi.org/10.2307/2845521</p>
<p>Don, D. (1824) <em>Juniperus squamata. Revue Horticole </em>2: t. 17.</p>
<p>Don, D. (1825) <em>Betula utilis. Prodromus Florae Nepalensis </em>1: t. 58.</p>
<p>Don, D. (1840) <em>Lilium polyphyllum. Illustrations of Botany and other branches of the Himalayn Mountains and the flora of Cashmere </em>1: t. 388.</p>
<p>Durani, P.K., Singh, G. &amp; Kachroo, P. (1975) Phytosociological studies on the vegetation of Ladakh desert. <em>Annals of Arid Zone </em>14 (2): 75–86.</p>
<p>Edgeworth, M.P. (1846) <em>Angelica glauca. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London </em>20: t. 53. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1846.tb00410.x</p>
<p>Farjon, A. &amp; Rushforth, K. (2013)&nbsp;<em>Picea smithiana</em>.&nbsp;The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species&nbsp;2013. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42338A2973761.en (accessed 3 May 2019).</p>
<p>Farjon, A. (2013a)&nbsp;<em>Cedrus deodara</em>.&nbsp;The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species&nbsp;2013. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42304A2970751.en (accessed 3 May 2019).</p>
<p>Farjon, A.&nbsp;(2013b)&nbsp;<em>Juniperus communis</em>.&nbsp;The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species&nbsp;2013. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42229A2963096.en (accessed 3 May 2019).</p>
<p>Farjon, A. (2013c)&nbsp;<em>Juniperus indica</em>.&nbsp;The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species&nbsp;2013. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42238A2965473.en (accessed 3 May 2019).</p>
<p>Farjon, A. (2013d)&nbsp;<em>Juniperus semiglobosa</em>.&nbsp;The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species&nbsp;2013. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42253A2967149.en (accessed 3 May 2019).</p>
<p>Farjon, A.&nbsp;(2013e)&nbsp;<em>Juniperus squamata</em>.&nbsp;The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species&nbsp;2013. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42254A2967233.en (accessed 3 May 2019).</p>
<p>Farjon, A.&nbsp;(2013f)&nbsp;<em>Pinus wallichiana</em>.&nbsp;The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species&nbsp;2013. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42427A2979371.en (accessed 3 May 2019).</p>
<p>Garbyal, S.S., Grover, A., Aggarwal, K.K. &amp; Babu, C.R. (2007) Traditional phytomedicinal knowledge of <em>Bhotias</em>of Dharchula in Pithoragarh. <em>Indian Journal of Traditional</em> <em>Knowledge </em>6 (2): 360–364.</p>
<p>Gaur, R.D. (1999) <em>Flora of the district Garhwal, North West Himalaya (with ethnobotanical notes), </em>TransMedia, Srinagar.</p>
<p>Grisebach, A. (1842) <em>Dioscorea deltoidea. Flora brasiliensis </em>3: t. 43.</p>
<p>Güner, A., &amp; Zielinski, J.,&nbsp;1998.&nbsp;<em>Cotoneaster transcaucasicus</em>.&nbsp;The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1998. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T34896A9892058.en (accessed 3 May 2019).</p>
<p>Gupta, A.K. &amp; Thacker, H.&nbsp;(2013)<em>&nbsp;Fimbristylis dichotoma.&nbsp;</em>The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species&nbsp;2013. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T169008A68272468.en (accessed 3 May 2019).</p>
<p>Hill, J. (1769) <em>Sonchus asper. British Herbal </em>1: t. 47.</p>
<p>Hooker, J.D. (1878) <em>The Flora of British India, vol. </em>2.</p>
<p>Hugot, L.&nbsp;(2010)&nbsp;<em>Myosotis soleirolii</em>.&nbsp;The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species&nbsp;2010. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-2.RLTS.T164074A5695276.en (accessed 3 May 2019).</p>
<p>Humbert-Droz, B. &amp; Dawa, S. (2004) <em>Biodiversity of Ladakh: strategy and action plan. </em>LEDeG, Sampark.</p>
<p>IUCN (2017) <em>The IUCN red list of threatened species</em>, version 2014.3. IUCN Red List Unit, Cambridge, U.K. Available from: http://www.iucnredlist.org/ (accessed 16 December 2017).</p>
<p>Jacquemont, V. (1905) <em>Aconitum violaceum. Annals of Royal Botanical Garden </em>10: t. 144.</p>
<p>Jain, S.K. &amp; Rao, R.R. (1977) <em>A handbook of field and herbarium methods</em>. Today and Tomorrow’s printers and publishers, New Delhi.</p>
<p>Jain, S.K. &amp; Sastry, A.R.K. (1984) <em>The Indian Plant Red Data Book, Vol. I.</em> BSI, Calcutta. pp. 22–157.</p>
<p>Johnston, I.M. (1954) <em>Arnebia benthamii</em>. <em>Journal of the Arnold Arboretum </em>35: t. 56. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.8316</p>
<p>Joshi, P.K., Rawat, B., Padilya, H. &amp; Roy, P.S. (2006) Biodiversity characterization in Nubra valley, Ladakh with special reference to plant resources conservation and bioprospecting. <em>Biodiversity and conservation </em>15 (13): 4253–4270.&nbsp; https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-005-3578-y</p>
<p>Kala, C.P., 2003. <em>Medicinal plants in Indian Trans Himalaya: focus on Tibetan use of</em> <em>medicinal resources. </em>Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehradun.</p>
<p>Kala, C.P. &amp; Mathur, V.B. (2002) Patterns of plant species distribution in the Trans- Himalayan region of Ladakh, India. <em>Journal of Vegetation Science</em> 13 (6): 751–754.&nbsp; https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-1103.2002.tb02104.x</p>
<p>Kaul, M.K. (1983) Vegetation of Tsokar Lake and Puga Valley, Trans Himalaya. <em>Folia Geo Botanica et Phytotaxonomica</em>18 (3): 301–308. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02855674</p>
<p>Kavak, S. (2014a)&nbsp;<em>Carex orbicularis</em>.&nbsp;The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species&nbsp;2014. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS. T19617694A19621231.en (accessed 3 May 2019).</p>
<p>Kavak, S. (2014b)&nbsp;<em>Epilobium minutiflorum</em>.&nbsp;The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species&nbsp;2014. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS. T19619856A19620946.en (accessed 3 May 2019).</p>
<p>Khela, S.&nbsp;(2012a)&nbsp;<em>Malva neglecta</em>.&nbsp;<em>The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</em>&nbsp;2012: e.T203358A2764349&nbsp;(accessed 26 June 2019).</p>
<p>Khela, S. (2013b)&nbsp;<em>Salix daphnoides</em>.&nbsp;The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species&nbsp;2013. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-2.RLTS.T203468A2765980.en (accessed 3 May 2019).</p>
<p>Kumar, A., Mitra, M., Adhikari, B.S. and Rawat, G.S. (2016) Flora of Niti Valley: a cold arid region of Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve, Western Himalaya, India. <em>Check List </em>12 (1): 1824. https://doi.org/10.15560/12.1.1824</p>
<p>Kuntze, O. (1891) <em>Malaxis muscifera. Revisio Generum Plantarum </em>2: t. 673.</p>
<p>Kyratzis, A., Economou, G. &amp; Maxted, N.&nbsp;(2011)&nbsp;<em>Hordeum vulgare</em>.&nbsp;The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011: e.T172105A6824840 (accessed 3 May 2019).</p>
<p>Lansdown, R.V. (2014a)&nbsp;<em>Agrostis stolonifera</em>.&nbsp;The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species&nbsp;2014. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T164020A42383133.en (accessed 3 May 2019).</p>
<p>Lansdown, R.V.&nbsp;(2014b)&nbsp;<em>Carex microglochin</em>.&nbsp;The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species&nbsp;2014. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T19617691A19621251.en (accessed 3 May 2019).</p>
<p>Lansdown, R.V.&nbsp;(2014c)&nbsp;<em>Epilobium palustre</em>.&nbsp;The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species&nbsp;2014. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T168737A1219085.en (accessed 3 May 2019).</p>
<p>Li, N., Farjon, A., Christian, T. &amp; Rushforth, K.&nbsp;(2013)&nbsp;<em>Juniperus recurva</em>.&nbsp;The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species&nbsp;2013. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42247A2966352.en (accessed 3 May 2019).</p>
<p>Linneaus, C. (1753) <em>Species Plantarum, vol. 2.</em></p>
<p>Lipsch, (1964) <em>Saussurea costus. Botanicheskii Zhurnal (Moscow &amp; Leningrad) </em>49: t. 131.</p>
<p>Lopez Poveda, L.&nbsp;(2012a)&nbsp;<em>Lespedeza cuneata</em>.&nbsp;The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species&nbsp;2012. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012.RLTS.T19892702A20093791.en (accessed 3 May 2019).</p>
<p>Lopez Poveda, L.&nbsp;(2012b)&nbsp;<em>Trigonella fimbriata</em>.&nbsp;The IUCN Red List of ThreatenedSpecies&nbsp;2012. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012.RLTS.T19892795A20158710.en (accessed 3 May 2019).</p>
<p>Maiti, Dutta, R.M. &amp; Babu (1980) <em>Aconogonon kuttiense. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society </em>77: t. 303.</p>
<p>Maiz-Tome, L.&nbsp;(2016a)&nbsp;<em>Epilobium latifolium</em>.&nbsp;The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species&nbsp;2016. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T64311344A67729406.en (accessed 3 May 2019).</p>
<p>Maiz-Tome, L. (2016b)&nbsp;<em>Koenigia islandica</em>.&nbsp;The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species&nbsp;2016. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T64316823A67729932.en (accessed 3 May 2019).</p>
<p>Maiz-Tome, L.&nbsp;(2016c)&nbsp;<em>Poa pratensis</em>.&nbsp;The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species&nbsp;2016. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T176440A78457132.en (accessed 3 May 2019).</p>
<p>Maiz-Tome, L.&nbsp;(2016d)&nbsp;<em>Potentilla anserina</em>.&nbsp;The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species&nbsp;2016. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T64321666A67730547.en (accessed 3 May 2019).</p>
<p>Maiz-Tome, L.&nbsp;(2016e)&nbsp;<em>Prunella vulgaris</em>.&nbsp;The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species&nbsp;2016. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T203256A78457152.en (accessed 3 May 2019).</p>
<p>Maiz-Tome, L.&nbsp;(2016f)&nbsp;<em>Ranunculus cymbalaria</em>.&nbsp;The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species&nbsp;2016. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T64322147A66909828.en (accessed 3 May 2019).</p>
<p>Maiz-Tome, L.&nbsp;(2016g)&nbsp;<em>Ranunculus hyperboreus</em>.&nbsp;The IUCN Red List of ThreatenedSpecies&nbsp;2016. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T64322180A67730642.en (accessed 3 May 2019).</p>
<p>Maiz-Tome, L.&nbsp;(2016h)&nbsp;<em>Ranunculus sceleratus</em>.&nbsp;The IUCN Red List of ThreatenedSpecies&nbsp;2016. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T164175A1027583.en (accessed 3 May 2019).</p>
<p>Maiz-Tome, L.&nbsp;(2016i)&nbsp;<em>Saxifraga hirculus</em>.&nbsp;The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species&nbsp;2016. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T162099A78457172.en (accessed 3 May 2019).</p>
<p>Maiz-Tome, L. (2016j)&nbsp;<em>Urtica dioica</em>.&nbsp;The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species&nbsp;2016. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T167815A78457212.en (accessed 3 May 2019).</p>
<p>Mani, S.&nbsp;(2011)&nbsp;<em>Parochetus communis</em>.&nbsp;The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species&nbsp;2011. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS. T176913A7330107.en (accessed 3 May 2019).</p>
<p>Medikus, F.K. (1789) <em>Cotoneaster. Philosophische Botanik </em>1: t. 154.</p>
<p>Mukherjee, P.K. &amp; Constance, L. (1993) <em>Umbelliferae (Apiaceae) of India.</em> Oxford &amp; IBH, Calcutta.</p>
<p>Murti, S.K. (2001) <em>Flora of cold deserts of Western Himalaya, Vol.I (Monocotyledons). </em>Botanical Survey of India, Dehradun.</p>
<p>Naithani, B.D. (1984) <em>Flora of Chamoli, Vol. 1 &amp; 2. </em>Botanical Survey of India, Howrah.</p>
<p>Naithani, B.D. (1988) Botanising the Jadh Ganga Valley in Uttarkashi, Garhwal, U.P. <em>Journal</em> <em>of Economic and Taxonomic Botany </em>19 (1): 63–74.</p>
<p>Nayar, M.P. &amp; Sastry, A.R.K. (1987) <em>Red Data Book of Indian Plants Volume-1</em>. BSI Calcutta.</p>
<p>Nayar, M.P. &amp; Sastry, A.R.K. (1988) <em>Red Data Book of Indian Plants Volume-2</em>. BSI, Calcutta.</p>
<p>Nayar, M.P. &amp; Sastry, A.R.K. (1990) <em>Red Data Book of Indian Plants Volume-3</em>. BSI, Calcutta.</p>
<p>Negi, S.S. (2002) <em>Cold deserts of India. </em>M.L. Gidwani, Indus publishing, New Delhi.</p>
<p>Negi, V.S., Joshi, B.C., Pathak, R., Rawal, R.S. &amp; Chandra Sekar, K. (2018) Assessment of fuelwood diversity and consumption patterns in cold desert part of Indian Himalaya: implication for conservation and quality of life. <em>Journal of Cleaner Production </em>196: 23–31.</p>
<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.05.237</p>
<p>Oldfield, S.&nbsp;(2017)&nbsp;<em>Fraxinus xanthoxyloides</em>.&nbsp;The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species&nbsp;2017. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T96444738A96444747.en (accessed 3 May 2019).</p>
<p>Osmaston, A.E. (1927) <em>A Forest Flora for Kumaon</em>. Allahabad: Government press, United Provinces.</p>
<p>Pusalkar, P.K. &amp; Singh, D.K. (2012) <em>Flora of Gangotri National Park, Western Himalaya, India. </em>Botanical Survey of India, Kolkata.</p>
<p>Rankou, H.&nbsp;(2011a)&nbsp;<em>Cephalanthera longifolia</em>.&nbsp;The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species&nbsp;2011: e.T176001A7167753 (accessed 3 May 2019).</p>
<p>Rankou, H. (2011b)&nbsp;<em>Goodyera repens</em>.&nbsp;The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species&nbsp;2011: e.T175947A7151117 (accessed 3 May 2019).</p>
<p>Rankou, H.&nbsp;(2011c)&nbsp;<em>Herminium monorchis</em>.&nbsp;The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species&nbsp;2011: e.T176016A7171970 (accessed 3 May 2019).</p>
<p>Rankou, H.&nbsp;(2011d)&nbsp;<em>Neottianthe cucullata</em>.&nbsp;The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species&nbsp;2011: e.T175963A7155812 (accessed 3 May 2019).</p>
<p>Rankou, H., Ouhammou, A., Taleb, M. &amp; Martin, G.&nbsp;(2015)&nbsp;<em>Silene vulgaris</em>.&nbsp;The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species&nbsp;2015. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015 4.RLTS.T19108751A53798707.en (accessed 3 May 2019).</p>
<p>Rawat, G.S. (2005) <em>Alpine Meadows of Uttaranchal: Ecology, Landuse and Status of Medicinal and Aromatic plants</em>. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh. Dehradun, India.</p>
<p>Regel, E.A.V. (1879) <em>Juniperus semiglobosa. Trudy Imperatorskago S -Peterburgskago Botaniceskago Sada; Acta Horti Petropolitani </em>6: t. 487.</p>
<p>Rhodes, L. &amp; Maxted, N.&nbsp;(2016a)&nbsp;<em>Asparagus filicinus</em>.&nbsp;The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species&nbsp;2016. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T20680997A20694886.en (accessed 3 May 2019).</p>
<p>Rhodes, L. &amp; Maxted, N.&nbsp;(2016b)&nbsp;<em>Malus baccata</em>.&nbsp;The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species&nbsp;2016. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T50030498A50030538.en (accessed 3 May 2019).</p>
<p>Rivers, M.C. &amp; Beech, E.&nbsp;(2017)&nbsp;<em>Sorbus aucuparia</em>.&nbsp;The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species&nbsp;2017. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T61957558A112304840.en (accessed 3 May 2019).</p>
<p>Rodgers, W.A. &amp; Panwar, H.S. (1988) <em>Planning a Protected Area Network in India</em>, <em>Vol. I</em>–the Report.&nbsp;Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun.</p>
<p>Roxburgh, W. (1798)<em> Plants of the coast of Coromandel, vol. 2</em>.</p>
<p>Roy, S., Shaw, K. &amp; Wilson, B. (2018)&nbsp;<em>Corylus jacquemontii</em>.&nbsp;The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species&nbsp;2018. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T194646A2355556.en (accessed 3 May 2019).</p>
<p>Royle, J.F. (1836)<em> Illustrations of Botany and other branches of the Himalayn Mountains and the flora of Cashmere,</em> <em>vol. 1</em>. https://doi.org/10.2307/1797888</p>
<p>Saha, D., Ved, D., Ravikumar, K., Haridasan, K. &amp; Dhyani, A.&nbsp;(2015a)&nbsp;<em>Lilium polyphyllum</em>.&nbsp;The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species&nbsp;2015. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T50126623A79918170.en (accessed 3 May 2019).</p>
<p>Saha, D., Ved, D., Ravikumar, K. &amp; Haridasan, K.&nbsp;(2015b)&nbsp;<em>Malaxis muscifera</em>.&nbsp;The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species&nbsp;2015. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T50126625A50131390.en (accessed 3 May 2019).</p>
<p>Saha, D., Ved, D., Ravikumar, K. &amp; Haridasan, K.&nbsp;(2015c)&nbsp;<em>Saussurea costus</em>.&nbsp;The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species&nbsp;2015. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T50126641A50131430.en (accessed 3 May 2019).</p>
<p>Samant, S.S., Dhar, U. and Palni, L.M.S. (1998) <em>Medicinal plants of Indian Himalaya: diversity,</em> <em>distribution, potential values. </em>Gyanodaya Prakashan, Nainital.</p>
<p>Schlechter, R. (1919) <em>Neottianthe cucullata. Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis </em>16: t. 292. https://doi.org/10.1002/fedr.19190160109</p>
<p>Sharma, P., Rana, J.C., Devi, U., Randhawa, S.S. &amp; Kumar, R. (2014) Floristic diversity and distribution pattern of plant communities along altitudinal gradient in Sangla valley, North-west Himalaya. <em>Scientific&nbsp;World&nbsp;Journal </em>2014: 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/264878</p>
<p>Shaw, K., Roy, S. &amp; Wilson, B.&nbsp;(2014)&nbsp;<em>Betula utilis</em>.&nbsp;The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species&nbsp;2014. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T194535A2346136.en (accessed 3 May 2019).</p>
<p>Shukla, A.N. &amp; Srivastava, S.K. (2012) Biodiversity of the world’s highest Ramsar site - Tsomuririlake, Ladakh, Jammu &amp; Kashmir. <em>ENVIS News letter - Botanical Survey of India </em>17 (1): 4–5.</p>
<p>Sims, J. (1823) <em>Spiraea bella. Curtis’s Botanical Magazine </em>50: t. 2426.</p>
<p>Singh, K.N., Brij, Lal, Singh, R.D., Todaria, N.P. &amp; Ahuja, P.S. (2007) Species richness, distribution pattern and conservation status of higher plants in the Spiti cold desert of Trans-Himalaya, India. <em>International Journal of Biodiversity Science and Management </em>3 (4): 223–233. https://doi.org/10.1080/17451590709618176</p>
<p>Singh, P., Karthigeyan, K., Lakshminarasimhan, P. &amp; Dash, S.S. (2015) <em>Endemic Vascular Plants of India</em>. Botanical Survey of India, Kolkata.</p>
<p>Singh, R.P. &amp; Gupta, M.K. (1990) Soil and vegetation study of Lahul-Spiti cold desert of Western Himalaya. <em>The Indian Forester </em>116 (10): 785–790.</p>
<p>Smith, K. (2017)&nbsp;<em>Epipactis gigantea</em>.&nbsp;The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species&nbsp;2017. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T64311354A67729421.en (accessed 3 May 2019).</p>
<p>Som Deva &amp; Naithani, H.B. (1986) <em>The orchid flora of North-west Himalaya. </em>Print &amp; Media Associates, New Delhi.</p>
<p>Soo, (1962) <em>Dactylorhiza hatagirea. Nom Nov Gen </em>1: t. 4.</p>
<p>Spach, E. (1842) <em>Abies spectabilis. Histoire naturelle des végétaux (Phanérogames) </em>11: t. 422.</p>
<p>Srivastava, S.K. (2010) Floristic diversity and conservation strategies in cold desert of western Himalaya, India.&nbsp;<em>Botanica Orientalis: Journal of Plant Science</em>&nbsp;7: 18–25. https://doi.org/10.3126/botor.v7i0.4369</p>
<p>Srivastava, S.K. &amp; Shukla, A.N. (2015) <em>Flora of cold desert - Western Himalaya, India, Vol. 2. </em>Botanical Survey of India, Kolkata.</p>
<p>Srivastava, S.K. &amp; Singh, D.K. (2005). <em>Glimpses of Plant Wealth of Uttaranchal</em>. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehradun.</p>
<p>Stapf, O. (1889) <em>Ephedra gerardiana. Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften / Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe </em>56: t. 75.</p>
<p>Thomson, T (1876) <em>Anaphalis virgata. Compositae Indicae </em>1: t. 107.</p>
<p>Uniyal, S.K., Awasthi, A. &amp; Rawat, G.S. (2002) Current status and distribution of commercially exploited medicinal and aromatic plants in upper Gori valley, Kumaon Himalaya, Uttaranchal.&nbsp;<em>Current Science </em>82 (10): 1246–1252.</p>
<p>Ved, D., Saha, D., Ravikumar, K. &amp; Haridasan, K.&nbsp;(2015a)&nbsp;<em>Aconitum heterophyllum</em>.&nbsp;The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species&nbsp;2015. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-3.RLTS.T50126560A79579556.en (accessed 3 May 2019).</p>
<p>Ved, D., Saha, D., Ravikumar, K. &amp; Haridasan, K. (2015b)&nbsp;<em>Aconitum violaceum</em>.&nbsp;The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species&nbsp;2015. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-3.RLTS.T50126562A79581679.en (accessed 3 May 2019).</p>
<p>Ved, D., Saha, D., Ravikumar, K. &amp; Haridasan, K.&nbsp;(2015c)&nbsp;<em>Angelica glauca</em>.&nbsp;The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species&nbsp;2015. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T50126564A50131275.en (accessed 3 May 2019).</p>
<p>Ved, D., Saha, D., Ravikumar, K. &amp; Haridasan, K. (2015d)&nbsp;<em>Nardostachys jatamansi</em>.&nbsp;The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species&nbsp;2015. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T50126627A50131395.en (accessed 3 May 2019).</p>
<p>Ved, D.K., Kinhal, G.A., Ravikumar, K., Prabhakaran, V., Ghate, U., Vijayashankar, R. &amp; Indresha, J.H. (2003) <em>Conservation Assessment and Management Prioritisation</em>. FRLHT.</p>
<p>Verma, R.K. &amp; Kapoor, K.S. (2011) Plant species diversity in Ropa-Giavung valley in cold deserts of District Kinnaur, Himachal Pradesh. <em>Biological Forum </em>3 (2): 34–43.</p>
<p>Watve, A. (2011)&nbsp;<em>Polygonum plebeium</em>.&nbsp;The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species&nbsp;2011. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T177128A7373683.en (accessed 3 May 2019).</p>
<p>Williams, F.N. (1896) <em>Silene kumaonensis. The Journal of the Linnean Society </em>32: t. 43. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1896.tb00695.x</p>
<p>Xiang, Q., Carter, G. &amp; Rushforth, K. (2013)&nbsp;<em>Abies pindrow</em>.&nbsp;The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42294A2970337.en (accessed 3 May 2019).</p>
<p>Ying, T.S. (1985) <em>Sinopodophyllum hexandrum. Flora of Taiwan </em>2: t. 119.</p>
<p>Zhang, D. &amp; Christian, T. (2013)&nbsp;<em>Cupressus torulosa</em>.&nbsp;The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species&nbsp;2013. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T32131A2810351.en (accessed 3 May 2019).</p>
<p>Zhang, D., Rushforth, K. &amp; Katsuki, T.&nbsp;(2011)&nbsp;<em>Abies spectabilis</em>.&nbsp;The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2. RLTS.T42300A10686224.en (accessed 3 May 2019).</p>