Abstract
Dendropanax arboreus have been considered a high phenotypic variable species and the name applied to many different entities from Mexico and the West Indies to Brazil and Bolivia, from sea level up to 3200 m. A circumscription of D. arboreus based on the West Indies populations is proposed. This is the first step in order to delucidate how many taxa have been lumped into the synonymy of that species in the Neotropic. Lectotypes are designated for the names Gilibertia brachypoda and Sciodaphyllum samydifolium.
References
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<p>Cabrera, W. & Fuentes, A. (2009) Aspectos sobre la diversidad y ecología de la familia Araliaceae en la región del Maididi. <em>Revista de la Sociedad Boliviana de Botánica</em> 4: 265–277.</p>
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<p>Cannon, M.J. & Cannon, J.F.M. (1989) Central American Araliaceae – a precursory study for the Flora Mesoamericana. <em>Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Botany</em> 19: 5–61.</p>
<p>Cannon, M.J. & Cannon, J.F.M. (2001) Araliaceae. <em>In:</em> Stevens, W.D., Ulloa Ulloa, C., Pool, A. & Montiel, O.M. (Eds.) Flora de Nicaragua. <em>Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden</em> 85: 189–192.</p>
<p>Cannon, M.J. & Cannon, J.F.M. (2009) Araliaceae. <em>In:</em> Davidse, G., Sousa, M., Knapp, S. & Chiang, S. (Eds.) <em>Flora Mesoamericana, Vol. 4, Pt. 1: Cucurbitaceae a Polemoniaceae</em>. Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico, D.F., Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis & The Natural History Museum, London, pp. 365–385.</p>
<p>Correa, M., Galdamez, C. & de Stapf, M. (2004) <em>Catálogo de las plantas vasculares de Panamá</em>. Universidad de Panamá, Instituto Smithsonian de Investigaciones Tropicales, Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá, 599 pp.</p>
<p>Decaisne, J. & Planchon, J.E. (1854) Equisse d’une monographie des Araliacées. <em>Revue Horticole série </em>4, 3: 104–109.</p>
<p>Donnell Smith, J. (1906) Undescribed plants from Guatemala and other Central American Republics XXVIII. <em>Botanical Gazette</em> 42: 292–300. https://doi.org/10.1086/329013</p>
<p>Esser, H.J. & Jebb, M.H.P. (2009) The Araliaceae of Thailand. <em>Thai Forest Bulletin, Botany. Special Issue</em>: 1–6.</p>
<p>Fiaschi, P. (2005) Three new species of <em>Dendropanax</em> (Araliaceae) from Bahia, Brazil. <em>Brittonia</em> 57: 240–247. https://doi.org/10.1663/0007-196X(2005)057[0240:TNSODA]2.0.CO;2</p>
<p>Fiaschi, P. (2014) Two new combinations in Brazilian <em>Dendropanax</em> (Araliaceae). <em>Phytotaxa</em> 159: 236–240. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.159.3.6</p>
<p>Fiaschi, P. (2016) A new species of <em>Dendropanax</em> (Araliaceae) from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. <em>Brittonia </em>68: 103–110. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12228-015-9402-4</p>
<p>Font Quer, P. (1953) <em>Diccionario de Botánica</em>. Labor S., Barcelona, 1244 pp.</p>
<p>Frodin, D.G. & Govaerts, R. (2004) <em>World checklist and bibliography of Araliaceae</em>. The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 444 pp.</p>
<p>Gómez de la Maza, M. & Jimenez, M. (1890) Catalogo de las Pediantiadas Cubanas, Espontaneas y Cultivadas. <em>Anales de la Sociedad Española de Historia Natural</em> 19: 213–278.</p>
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<p>Grisebach, A.H.R. (1866) <em>Catalogus plantarum cubensium: exhibens collectionem wrightianam aliasque minores ex insula Cuba Missas</em>. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, 301 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.177</p>
<p>Hitchcock, A. (1893) List of Plants collected in the Bahamas, Jamaica and Grand Cayman. <em>Annual Report of the Missouri Botanical Garden</em> 4: 47–179. https://doi.org/10.2307/2992177</p>
<p>Idárraga-Piedrahita, A., Ortiz, R.d.C., Callejas-Posada, R & Merello, M. (Eds.) (2011)<em> Flora of Antioquia. Catalogue of vascular plants. Vol. II. Checklist of the vascular plants of the Department of Antioquia.</em> Programa Expedición Antioquia 2013. Series Biodiversidad y Recursos Naturales. Medellýn, Colombia: Universidad de Antioquia, Missouri Botanical Garden y Oficina de Planeación Departamental de la Gobernación de Antioquia, 939 pp.</p>
<p>Idárraga, A., Lowry II, P.P. & de Gracia, J.E. (2015) A new, restricted range species of <em>Dendropanax</em> (Araliaceae) from the Caribbean slope of Panama. <em>Novon </em>24: 165−169. https://doi.org/10.3417/2014020</p>
<p>Koul, P., Sharma, N. & Koul, A.K. (1993) Pollination biology of Apiaceae. <em>Current Science</em> 50: 219–222.</p>
<p>Li, R. & Wen, J. (2013) Phylogeny and biogeography of <em>Dendropanax</em> (Araliaceae), an amphi-Pacific disjunct genus between tropical/subtropical Asia and the Neotropics. <em>Systematic Botany</em> 38: 536−551. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364413X666606</p>
<p>Linnaeus, C. (1759) <em>Systema Naturae</em> ed. 10, vol. 2. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, 1384 pp.</p>
<p>Lowry II, P.P., Plunkett, G.M. & Wen, J. (2004) Generic relationships in Araliaceae: looking into the crystal ball. <em>South African Journal of Botany</em> 70: 382–392. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0254-6299(15)30221-0</p>
<p>Marchal, E. (1891) Primitiae Florae Costaricensis. Araliaceae. <em>Bulletin de la Société Royale de Botanique de Belgique</em> 30: 280–282.</p>
<p>Marchal, E. (1899) Araliaceae. <em>In</em>: Urban, I. (Ed.) <em>Symbolae Antillanae seu Fundamenta Florae Indiae Occidentalis</em> 1 (2): 196–208.</p>
<p>Morales, J.F. (2020) Araliaceae. <em>In</em>: Hammel, B.E., Grayum, M.H., Herrera, C. & Zamora, N. (Eds.) Manual de Plantas de Costa Rica 4 (1), Dicotiledóneas (Acanthaceae-Asteraceae). <em>Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden </em>137: 463–495.</p>
<p>Nevling, Jr., L.I. (1959) Flora of Panama. Araliaceae. <em>Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden</em> 46: 223–242. https://doi.org/10.2307/2394630</p>
<p>Philipson, W.R. (1979) Araliaceae. <em>In</em> Steenis, C.G.G.J. van (Ed.) <em>Flora Malesiana</em> 9. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, The Hague, Pp. 1–105.</p>
<p>Plunkett, G.M., Wen, J & Lowry II, P.P. (2004) Infrafamilial classifications and characters in Araliaceae: Insights from the phylogenetic analysis of nuclear (ITS) and plastid (trnL-trnF) sequence data. <em>Plant Systematics and Evolution</em> 245: 1–39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-003-0101-3</p>
<p>Plunkett, G.M., Wen, J., Lowry II, P.P., Henwood, M.J., Fiaschi, P. & Mitchell, A.D. (2019) Araliaceae. <em>In</em>: Kadereit, J.W. & Bittrich, V. (Eds.) <em>The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants </em>15. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, pp. 413–446. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93605-5_4</p>
<p>Radford, A. E, Dickison, W.C., Massey, J.R. & Bell, C.R. (1974) <em>Vascular plant systematics</em>. Harper & Row Publishers, New York, 891 pp.</p>
<p>Reuther, K. & Claßen-Bockhoff, R. (2013) Andromonoecy and developmental plasticity in <em>Chaerophyllum bulbosum</em> (Apiaceae–Apioideae). <em>Annals of Botany</em> 112: 1495–1503. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mct073</p>
<p>Richards, A.J. (1997) <em>Plant breeding systems</em>, ed. 2. Chapman & Hall, London, 529 pp. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3043-9</p>
<p>Schlessman, M. (2010) Major events in the evolution of sexual systems in Apiales: ancestral andromonoecy abandoned. <em>Plant Diversity and Evolution</em> 128: 233–245. https://doi.org/10.1127/1869-6155/2010/0128-0011</p>
<p>Schneider, R.C. (1909) New combination in Araliaceae. <em>Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club</em> 36: 643–644. https://doi.org/10.2307/2478926</p>
<p>Seemann, B.C. (1868) Revision of the Natural order Hederaceae. <em>Journal of Botany, British and Foreign</em> 6: 129–142.</p>
<p>Smith, A.C. (1944) Araliaceae.<em> In: </em>Rickett, H.W. (Ed.) <em>North American Flora </em>28B, <em>Part </em>1. The New York Botanical Garden, New York, pp. 3–41.</p>
<p>Souza, V. (1982) <em>Flora de Veracruz</em>. <em>Fasciculo 8</em>. <em>Araliaceae</em>. Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones sobre Recursos Bioticos, Xalapa, Veracruz, 38 pp.</p>
<p>Stearn, W.T. (2004) <em>Botanical Latin</em>, ed. 4. Timber Press, Portland, 546 pp.</p>
<p>Swartz, O. (1797) <em>Flora Indiae Occidentalis</em> 1. Londini, Erlangen, 640 pp.</p>
<p>Thiers, B. (2021) [continuously updated] <em>Index Herbariorum: A global directory of public herbaria and associated staff. </em>New York Botanical Garden’s Virtual Herbarium. Available from: http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/ (accessed 29 November 2021).</p>
<p>Urban, I. (1908) Nova Genera et species III<em>. In:</em> Urban, I. (Ed.) <em>Symbolae Antillanae seu Fundamenta Florae Indiae Occidentalis</em> 5: 297–531.</p>
<p>Adams, C.D. (1972) <em>Flowering Plants of Jamaica.</em> University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica, 848 pp.</p>
<p>Cabrera, W. & Fuentes, A. (2009) Aspectos sobre la diversidad y ecología de la familia Araliaceae en la región del Maididi. <em>Revista de la Sociedad Boliviana de Botánica</em> 4: 265–277.</p>
<p>Candolle, A.P. de (1830) Araliaceae. <em>In:</em> Candolle, A.P. de (Ed.) <em>Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis </em>4. Treuttel & Würtz, Paris, pp. 251–266.</p>
<p>Cannon, M.J. & Cannon, J.F.M. (1989) Central American Araliaceae – a precursory study for the Flora Mesoamericana. <em>Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Botany</em> 19: 5–61.</p>
<p>Cannon, M.J. & Cannon, J.F.M. (2001) Araliaceae. <em>In:</em> Stevens, W.D., Ulloa Ulloa, C., Pool, A. & Montiel, O.M. (Eds.) Flora de Nicaragua. <em>Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden</em> 85: 189–192.</p>
<p>Cannon, M.J. & Cannon, J.F.M. (2009) Araliaceae. <em>In:</em> Davidse, G., Sousa, M., Knapp, S. & Chiang, S. (Eds.) <em>Flora Mesoamericana, Vol. 4, Pt. 1: Cucurbitaceae a Polemoniaceae</em>. Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico, D.F., Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis & The Natural History Museum, London, pp. 365–385.</p>
<p>Correa, M., Galdamez, C. & de Stapf, M. (2004) <em>Catálogo de las plantas vasculares de Panamá</em>. Universidad de Panamá, Instituto Smithsonian de Investigaciones Tropicales, Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá, 599 pp.</p>
<p>Decaisne, J. & Planchon, J.E. (1854) Equisse d’une monographie des Araliacées. <em>Revue Horticole série </em>4, 3: 104–109.</p>
<p>Donnell Smith, J. (1906) Undescribed plants from Guatemala and other Central American Republics XXVIII. <em>Botanical Gazette</em> 42: 292–300. https://doi.org/10.1086/329013</p>
<p>Esser, H.J. & Jebb, M.H.P. (2009) The Araliaceae of Thailand. <em>Thai Forest Bulletin, Botany. Special Issue</em>: 1–6.</p>
<p>Fiaschi, P. (2005) Three new species of <em>Dendropanax</em> (Araliaceae) from Bahia, Brazil. <em>Brittonia</em> 57: 240–247. https://doi.org/10.1663/0007-196X(2005)057[0240:TNSODA]2.0.CO;2</p>
<p>Fiaschi, P. (2014) Two new combinations in Brazilian <em>Dendropanax</em> (Araliaceae). <em>Phytotaxa</em> 159: 236–240. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.159.3.6</p>
<p>Fiaschi, P. (2016) A new species of <em>Dendropanax</em> (Araliaceae) from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. <em>Brittonia </em>68: 103–110. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12228-015-9402-4</p>
<p>Font Quer, P. (1953) <em>Diccionario de Botánica</em>. Labor S., Barcelona, 1244 pp.</p>
<p>Frodin, D.G. & Govaerts, R. (2004) <em>World checklist and bibliography of Araliaceae</em>. The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 444 pp.</p>
<p>Gómez de la Maza, M. & Jimenez, M. (1890) Catalogo de las Pediantiadas Cubanas, Espontaneas y Cultivadas. <em>Anales de la Sociedad Española de Historia Natural</em> 19: 213–278.</p>
<p>Grisebach, A.H.R. (1864) <em>Flora of the British West Indian Islands</em>. London Reeve & Co., 789 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.143</p>
<p>Grisebach, A.H.R. (1866) <em>Catalogus plantarum cubensium: exhibens collectionem wrightianam aliasque minores ex insula Cuba Missas</em>. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, 301 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.177</p>
<p>Hitchcock, A. (1893) List of Plants collected in the Bahamas, Jamaica and Grand Cayman. <em>Annual Report of the Missouri Botanical Garden</em> 4: 47–179. https://doi.org/10.2307/2992177</p>
<p>Idárraga-Piedrahita, A., Ortiz, R.d.C., Callejas-Posada, R & Merello, M. (Eds.) (2011)<em> Flora of Antioquia. Catalogue of vascular plants. Vol. II. Checklist of the vascular plants of the Department of Antioquia.</em> Programa Expedición Antioquia 2013. Series Biodiversidad y Recursos Naturales. Medellýn, Colombia: Universidad de Antioquia, Missouri Botanical Garden y Oficina de Planeación Departamental de la Gobernación de Antioquia, 939 pp.</p>
<p>Idárraga, A., Lowry II, P.P. & de Gracia, J.E. (2015) A new, restricted range species of <em>Dendropanax</em> (Araliaceae) from the Caribbean slope of Panama. <em>Novon </em>24: 165−169. https://doi.org/10.3417/2014020</p>
<p>Koul, P., Sharma, N. & Koul, A.K. (1993) Pollination biology of Apiaceae. <em>Current Science</em> 50: 219–222.</p>
<p>Li, R. & Wen, J. (2013) Phylogeny and biogeography of <em>Dendropanax</em> (Araliaceae), an amphi-Pacific disjunct genus between tropical/subtropical Asia and the Neotropics. <em>Systematic Botany</em> 38: 536−551. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364413X666606</p>
<p>Linnaeus, C. (1759) <em>Systema Naturae</em> ed. 10, vol. 2. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, 1384 pp.</p>
<p>Lowry II, P.P., Plunkett, G.M. & Wen, J. (2004) Generic relationships in Araliaceae: looking into the crystal ball. <em>South African Journal of Botany</em> 70: 382–392. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0254-6299(15)30221-0</p>
<p>Marchal, E. (1891) Primitiae Florae Costaricensis. Araliaceae. <em>Bulletin de la Société Royale de Botanique de Belgique</em> 30: 280–282.</p>
<p>Marchal, E. (1899) Araliaceae. <em>In</em>: Urban, I. (Ed.) <em>Symbolae Antillanae seu Fundamenta Florae Indiae Occidentalis</em> 1 (2): 196–208.</p>
<p>Morales, J.F. (2020) Araliaceae. <em>In</em>: Hammel, B.E., Grayum, M.H., Herrera, C. & Zamora, N. (Eds.) Manual de Plantas de Costa Rica 4 (1), Dicotiledóneas (Acanthaceae-Asteraceae). <em>Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden </em>137: 463–495.</p>
<p>Nevling, Jr., L.I. (1959) Flora of Panama. Araliaceae. <em>Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden</em> 46: 223–242. https://doi.org/10.2307/2394630</p>
<p>Philipson, W.R. (1979) Araliaceae. <em>In</em> Steenis, C.G.G.J. van (Ed.) <em>Flora Malesiana</em> 9. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, The Hague, Pp. 1–105.</p>
<p>Plunkett, G.M., Wen, J & Lowry II, P.P. (2004) Infrafamilial classifications and characters in Araliaceae: Insights from the phylogenetic analysis of nuclear (ITS) and plastid (trnL-trnF) sequence data. <em>Plant Systematics and Evolution</em> 245: 1–39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-003-0101-3</p>
<p>Plunkett, G.M., Wen, J., Lowry II, P.P., Henwood, M.J., Fiaschi, P. & Mitchell, A.D. (2019) Araliaceae. <em>In</em>: Kadereit, J.W. & Bittrich, V. (Eds.) <em>The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants </em>15. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, pp. 413–446. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93605-5_4</p>
<p>Radford, A. E, Dickison, W.C., Massey, J.R. & Bell, C.R. (1974) <em>Vascular plant systematics</em>. Harper & Row Publishers, New York, 891 pp.</p>
<p>Reuther, K. & Claßen-Bockhoff, R. (2013) Andromonoecy and developmental plasticity in <em>Chaerophyllum bulbosum</em> (Apiaceae–Apioideae). <em>Annals of Botany</em> 112: 1495–1503. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mct073</p>
<p>Richards, A.J. (1997) <em>Plant breeding systems</em>, ed. 2. Chapman & Hall, London, 529 pp. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3043-9</p>
<p>Schlessman, M. (2010) Major events in the evolution of sexual systems in Apiales: ancestral andromonoecy abandoned. <em>Plant Diversity and Evolution</em> 128: 233–245. https://doi.org/10.1127/1869-6155/2010/0128-0011</p>
<p>Schneider, R.C. (1909) New combination in Araliaceae. <em>Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club</em> 36: 643–644. https://doi.org/10.2307/2478926</p>
<p>Seemann, B.C. (1868) Revision of the Natural order Hederaceae. <em>Journal of Botany, British and Foreign</em> 6: 129–142.</p>
<p>Smith, A.C. (1944) Araliaceae.<em> In: </em>Rickett, H.W. (Ed.) <em>North American Flora </em>28B, <em>Part </em>1. The New York Botanical Garden, New York, pp. 3–41.</p>
<p>Souza, V. (1982) <em>Flora de Veracruz</em>. <em>Fasciculo 8</em>. <em>Araliaceae</em>. Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones sobre Recursos Bioticos, Xalapa, Veracruz, 38 pp.</p>
<p>Stearn, W.T. (2004) <em>Botanical Latin</em>, ed. 4. Timber Press, Portland, 546 pp.</p>
<p>Swartz, O. (1797) <em>Flora Indiae Occidentalis</em> 1. Londini, Erlangen, 640 pp.</p>
<p>Thiers, B. (2021) [continuously updated] <em>Index Herbariorum: A global directory of public herbaria and associated staff. </em>New York Botanical Garden’s Virtual Herbarium. Available from: http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/ (accessed 29 November 2021).</p>
<p>Urban, I. (1908) Nova Genera et species III<em>. In:</em> Urban, I. (Ed.) <em>Symbolae Antillanae seu Fundamenta Florae Indiae Occidentalis</em> 5: 297–531.</p>